Chapman v Colson

The appeal

1. Section 39 of the Local Court Act 2007 (NSW) provides that a party who is dissatisfied with a judgment or order of the Local Court may appeal to the Supreme Court, but only on a question of law.
2. Section 40(1) of the Local Court Act provides that a party who is dissatisfied with a judgment or order of the Local Court may appeal to the Supreme Court on a ground that involves a question of mixed law and fact, but only by leave of the Supreme Court.
3. Section 41(1) of the Local Court Act provides that this Court may determine an appeal either (a) by varying the terms of the judgment or order, or (b) by setting aside the judgment or order, or (c) by setting aside the judgment or order and remitting the matter to the Local Court for determination in accordance with the Supreme Court's directions, or (d) by dismissing the appeal.

The Local Court proceedings

1. On 18 December 2013, Mr Colson filed an amended statement of claim in the Local Court, Moss Vale. It pleaded: "1. By oral agreement made between the plaintiff and the defendant in late 1999 the plaintiff advanced to the defendant, at the defendant's request, the sum of $50,000.00 (the Loan Agreement). 2. It was an express term and condition of the Loan Agreement that: (a) The loan would be interest free; and (b) Repayable on demand. 3. In late November 2012 the plaintiff made a demand upon the defendant to repay the principal sum of the $50,000.00. 4. The defendant has neglected and/or refused to repay the principal sum to the plaintiff despite the demand having been made by the plaintiff to the defendant."
2. On 17 January 2014, Mr Chapman filed an amended defence. At [5] Mr Chapman pleaded: "5 Further and in the alternative, the Defendant pleads that if he is determined to be indebted to the Plaintiff as described in the Statement of Claim then any action by the Plaintiff to recover any monies owed is statute barred by virtue of section 14(1) Limitation Act 1969."
3. This amended defence was prepared by his solicitor, Harry Couchman of Southern Legal. Mr Chapman had raised a limitation defence. It was an issue in dispute to be determined at trial.

The limitation period - the correct position

1. It was not in dispute that Mr Colson made the loan of $50,000 in 1999. What was in dispute was who Mr Colson made the loan to. Mr Colson's case is that he made the loan solely to Mr Chapman. Mr Chapman denies this and asserts that Mr Colson made the loan to his now ex-wife, Janet Colson, not to him. Janet Colson is Mr Colson's daughter. The undisputed evidence is that the monies were advanced in 1999.
2. Section 14 of the Limitation Act 1969 (NSW) relevantly reads: "14 General (1) An action on any of the following causes of action is not maintainable if brought after the expiration of a limitation period of six years running from the date on which the cause of action first accrues to the plaintiff or to a person through whom the plaintiff claims: (a) a cause of action founded on contract (including quasi contract) not being a cause of action founded on a deed."
3. It is settled law that a loan expressed to be repayable on demand is repayable at once, without the need for any demand. Further, a demand is not a condition precedent to a right to an action for recovery of the debt and accordingly, the limitation period commences on the date when the loan was made.
4. In Young v Queensland Trustees Limited [1956] HCA 51; (1956) 99 CLR 560, the High Court said at [10]: "A loan of money payable on request creates an immediate debt. Speaking of a promissory note payable on demand Parke B, in Norton v Ellam [1837] 1 EnaR 183: (1837) 2 M&W 463 (150 ER 839), said: 'It is the same as the case of money lent payable upon request, with interest, where no demand is necessary before bringing the action. There is no obligation in law to give any notice at all; if you choose to make it part of the contract that notice shall be given, you may do so. The debt which constitutes the cause of action arises instantly on the loan. Where money is lent, simply, it is not denied that the statute begins to run from the time of lending" (1837) 2M &W, at p 464 (150 ER, at p 840). This was settled at the end of the seventeenth century, as appears from the report of Collins v Benning (1700) 12 Mod 444 (88 ER 1440)."
5. In Woodward v McGregor [2003] NSWSC 672, Master McLaughlin said at [83]: "It is settled law that a simple loan expressed to be repayable on demand is repayable at once, without the need for any demand. Further, that a demand is thus not a condition precedent to a right to commence an action for recovery of the debt. Accordingly, the limitation period commences on the date when the loan was made. In Young v Queensland Trustees Limited (1965) 99 CLR 560 the High Court of Australia (in the joint judgment of Dixon CJ, McTiernan and Taylor JJ) said, at 566, 'A loan of money payable on request creates an immediate debt...'."
6. Master McLaughlin continued at [85]: "As a result, once the loan is outstanding for more than six years (which not infrequently happens in the case of loans between friends or members of a family - as in the instant case), the lender's right to recover the money lent becomes barred, notwithstanding that no demand for repayment has been made. The unfairness and injustice which can result from the application of this rule of law to loans between family members or close friends were recognised by the enactment in 1980 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of section 6 of the Limitation Act 1980 (United Kingdom) (see Twenty-First Report of the Law Reform Committee, Cmnd 6923 (1977), paragraphs 3.19 - 3.26; see, also, Boot v Boot (1996) 2 FCR 713). However, no such equivalent provision has been inserted in the New South Wales statute."
7. In Ki Bun Kwon v Kun Il Cha [2013] NSWSC 1372 at [17], White J applied the decision of Young v Queensland Trustees Limited. His Honour stated: "The reason it would be essential for the plaintiff to plead the terms of the loan is that if the loan were repayable on demand the limitation period for commencing proceedings for recovery of the money lent would have expired after six years, that is, sometime in 1985 (see Young v Queensland Trustees Limited (1956) 99 CLR 560; Ogilvie v Adams [1981] VR 1041; Haller v Eyre [2005] QCA 224; [2005] 2 Qd R 410). Unless there was an acknowledgment of the debt in writing, or some other basis upon which the limitation period would be extended then, if the loan were repayable on demand, the claim would be statute barred." See also the decisions of Lindsay J in Voce v Deloraine [2012] NSWSC 1187 at [11] and Ward J in Chidiac v Maatouk [2010] NSWSC 386 at [235]-[239].
8. It is common ground between the parties that a person who claims repayment of a loan, payable upon demand, has only six years from the date of the loan in which to bring proceedings for its recovery. As the loan funds were advanced in 1999, Mr Colson's cause of action became statute barred by the end of 2005 at the latest. Had Mr Chapman argued his limitation defence at trial, the Magistrate may have held that Mr Colson's cause of action was not maintainable at law and that Mr Chapman was entitled to judgment in his favour.

The hearing in the Local Court on 14 May 2014

1. At the Local Court hearing, which took place before the Magistrate at the Local Court Moss Vale on 14 May 2014, Mr Colson relied on his affidavit dated 4 March 2014 and the affidavit of his daughter Janet Lee Colson sworn 7 March 2015. Mr Chapman relied on his affidavit dated 8 April 2014. This affidavit had also been prepared by his solicitor.
2. The Magistrate identified what were the issues to be resolved. They were firstly, whether there was a loan of $50,000 made to Mr Chapman and/or to Janet Colson by Robert Colson for the purpose of assisting in the purchase of a home in 1999; secondly, how that loan was paid; thirdly, how the consent orders made between Ms Colson and Mr Chapman on 17 December 2008 were significant; and finally, whether Mr Colson's claim was statute barred.
3. Mr Colson was represented at the hearing by his solicitor Mr Reading. When the matter was first called, Mr Harry Couchman initially appeared on behalf of Mr Chapman but sought leave of the Court to withdraw. The Magistrate granted Mr Couchman leave. Mr Chapman appeared before the Court without legal representation (Aff, Mr Reading 10/02/2015 at [8] to [11]).
4. In order to examine what happened to Mr Chapman's limitation defence at the hearing in the Local Court, it is necessary to reproduce some of the transcript.
5. At the outset, the parties outlined their cases at (T 1-4) as follows: "READING: … the plaintiff's case is that in 1999 he advanced the sum of $50,000 to the defendant. The terms of that loan was an interest free repayment upon demand. The demand was made in or about 2010, and hence the proceedings. The issue is whether the loan was to the defendant or to his former wife, or to both; that's what his case will be. So that the evidence that I'll be relying upon will be the plaintiff plus his daughter, Janet Colson… … HER HONOUR: … Mr Chapman, what's your case in a nutshell? DEFENDANT: … The money was gifted to Janet, my ex-wife, by her father. It was a family tradition, he'd done it previously with his elder daughter, a similar sort of circumstance. And as such she's already - when it suited her many years later admitted to that fact. And I can't see why we're here because I was not the recipient of any of that money. I was part of the conversation. Yes, there was money given but it was not given or lent to me, it was entirely to Janet. HER HONOUR: Now I note that there's an issue of - has this been resolved or not, the issue of limitations, the statute of limitations issue? READING: It's in the defence, s 14 of the Limitation Act, your Honour, is very clear. Their time starts to run when the cause of action - HER HONOUR: Have you got a copy of the section there? READING: 14, Limitation Act 1969. HER HONOUR: You don't have a copy of it? READING: I do, I do. … HER HONOUR: - now Mr Chapman is unrepresented and I doubt if - READING: I can hand it up to your Honour. HER HONOUR: Have you got a copy of that particular section? DEFENDANT: No your Honour. I feel like I'm on a boat with no sail out in the ocean at the moment. But I haven't got much - READING: I can if - I have got it in the file, your Honour. HER HONOUR: Mr Chapman, the Court will do their best to assist you but I'm not a lawyer in respect to I don't assist anybody that appears before me with legal advice. DEFENDANT: I appreciate that. HER HONOUR: I only can tell you as best that I can the processes involved. Okay? DEFENDANT: Thanks. HER HONOUR: And Mr Reading is obviously an officer of the Court and he will assist the Court as best he can, given that we've got an unrepresented person before the Court. READING: Yes, thank you your Honour. I wonder if - I've only got one copy, your Honour. The s 14 - HER HONOUR: Okay. Well maybe the court officer can take a copy of that for us. ... READING: I'm just showing s 14 to Mr Chapman. I do have a spare copy, your Honour. HER HONOUR: Thank you Mr Reading, thank you. All right, I might hear from you on this point, Mr Reading, first. READING: Thank your Honour. HER HONOUR: Because I don't think - Mr Chapman can speak after you do. … HER HONOUR: Mr Chapman can make his submissions after he hears from you. READING: Yeah. Well, your Honour, it clearly says "from the date that the cause of action first accrues". That the loan was made in 1999 and my friend seems to think that's the date time starts to run. If that was the case, your Honour, just about every mortgage from the bank would be unenforceable on 25 year loans. The cause of action first accrued when the plaintiff makes a demand for payment. It would be absurd to have a situation any other way. … HER HONOUR: Okay, Well that's immediately, that has come to mind, is the cause of action couldn't possibly start when the loan was made, or if it was in fact a loan. READING: Correct. HER HONOUR: I don't know what - Mr Chapman, what do you have to say about this? And when you speak to the Court you stand up, and when the other side is standing up you sit down, because they're usually talking. And then when you talk they sit down, okay? DEFENDANT: Thanks. HER HONOUR: So we've got this statute of limitations s 14, and that's raised in your amended defence. Are you aware of that? You've got your defence? DEFENDANT: I don't have a defence or any amended defence. To shed light on that, I know that my former solicitor, Mr Couchman, said that he wanted to seek this as the reason to - make it go away. And I said to him at the time, which I'll say now, 'To me that looks like we're just trying to avoid something through legality. I don't want to avoid it through some legal loophole like a statute of time, it's not' - 'it didn't happen, I didn't get a loan, so why am I trying to find a loophole to get rid of it'. So if it pleases you I'm happy to just get rid of that right now, go on evidence. HER HONOUR: All right. Well we're not then going to rely on that particular cause." (My emphasis).
6. Both Mr Colson's affidavits were then tendered into evidence and admitted without objection. Mr Colson was cross examined. Janet Colson was not required for cross examination (although Mr Chapman was given the option of an adjournment in order for Ms Colson to come to court for cross examination). Mr Chapman's affidavit was read in evidence (except paragraphs 5, 6, 8 and 16 which were rejected). Mr Chapman was cross examined.
7. There was only one further mention of the limitation period. It occurred towards the end of the hearing when Mr Reading was making submissions (T 51.27-30). He asked: "READING: Your Honour, I'd ask - I think your Honour does not wish me to address on the issue of limitation? HER HONOUR: The statute, no."
8. Neither party made any closing submissions on the limitation ground.
9. On 22 May 2014, the Magistrate delivered judgment. She stated: "1. The question in this action is whether the Plaintiff gave a loan to the Defendant to assist in purchasing a home which he shared with his then wife, Janet Lee Coulson [sic] of $50,000.00 exclusively to the Defendant or did the Plaintiff give the loan of $50,000.00 exclusively to his daughter for the purchase of the said home. The court has to decide whether the loan was made to one or the other or both parties whilst Mr Chapman, the Defendant was still married to Ms Coulson [sic], the daughter of the Plaintiff. … Matters to be Resolved A. Was there a loan of $50,000.00 made to Richard Chapman and or to Janet Coulson [sic] by Robert Coulson [sic] for the purpose of assisting in the purchase of a home in 1999 B. How was the loan paid C. How are the Consent Orders made between Ms Coulson and Mr Chapman on the 17 December 2008 significant in this matter."
10. The limitation ground referred to in this appeal was not mentioned in the Magistrate's reasons for her decision.

The grounds of appeal

1. Mr Chapman appeals from the whole of the decision of the Magistrate on four main grounds: 1. That the Magistrate erred in law by failing to give any reason for rejecting his reliance on s 14(1) of the Limitation Act as a defence to Mr Colson's claim ("the limitation ground"); 2. That the Magistrate erred in law by failing in her reasons to identify the limitation ground as an issue to be determined in the case despite the fact it had been pleaded in the defence; 3. That the Magistrate erred in law by failing to dismiss the proceedings as not being maintainable as a result of the limitation ground in circumstances where on Mr Colson's own case and on the facts found by the Magistrate: (a) the agreement relied upon to ground his cause of action was oral; (b) the agreement was entered into in 1999; (c) the agreement constituted a simple loan repayable on demand; and (d) the proceedings in the Local Court were not commenced until 2013; and 4. The Magistrate denied the plaintiff procedural fairness.
2. It is convenient that I deal with Grounds 1 to 3 together and then Ground 4, which all involve the limitation issue.

(1) The limitation issue

1. In oral submissions before this Court, counsel for Mr Colson highlighted two passages of the transcript, namely, where the Magistrate told Mr Chapman that Mr Reading "is an officer of the Court and he will assist the Court as best he can", and then where the Magistrate asked Mr Reading for his submissions on the limitation defence. Mr Reading submitted at T 3.38 that: "READING: …the loan was made in 1999 and my friend seems to think that's the date time starts to run. If that was the case, your Honour, just about every mortgage from the bank would be unenforceable on 25 year loans. The cause of action first accrued when the plaintiff makes a demand for payment. It would be absurd to have a situation any other way."
2. The Magistrate agreed with this proposition by saying, "Well that's immediately, that has come to my mind, is the cause of action couldn't possibly start when the loan was made, or if it was in fact a loan."
3. Counsel for Mr Chapman submitted that both the submissions at the hearing, (relating to the law applicable to the limitation defence made by Mr Colson's solicitor) and the Magistrate's comments were clearly erroneous, and misled Mr Chapman so that he was not put in a position to make an effective choice. Counsel submitted that it was most improbable that the Magistrate, if aware as to the correct application of the law relating to the running of the limitation period, would have taken Mr Chapman to have conceded the issue if that is what this Court finds occurred from the exchange referred to in the transcript.
4. Counsel for Mr Chapman asserts that he [Mr Chapman] responded at T 4.21: "DEFENDANT: I don't have a defence or any amended defence. To shed light on that, I know that my former solicitor, Mr Couchman, said that he wanted to seek this as the reason to - make it go away. And I said to him at the time, which I'll say now, 'To me that looks like we're just trying to avoid something through legality. I don't want to avoid it through some legal loophole like a statute of time, it's not' - 'it didn't happen, I didn't get a loan, so why am I trying to find a loophole to get rid of it'. So if it pleases you I'm happy to just get rid of that right now, go on evidence."
5. Counsel for Mr Chapman further submitted that a fair minded observer would come to the view that in the circumstances of this case, the interests of justice dictate that Mr Chapman should be allowed to rely on the limitation ground pleaded in his amended defence.
6. Counsel for Mr Colson submitted that, contrary to counsel for Mr Chapman's submissions, it was clear that Mr Chapman had long held that position about his defence, and was not influenced by Mr Reading's submission on the bases that: * First, Mr Chapman's explanation to the Court was clear and unambiguous: his former solicitor had informed him of both the existence and the effect of the limitation defence. He was aware of the implications of abandoning it, and he nevertheless made the considered choice to do so. * Secondly, Mr Chapman had told his former solicitor that he did not wish to rely on the limitation ground - presumably when either the original defence or the amended defence (dated 17 January 2014 - four months earlier) was prepared. * Thirdly, Mr Chapman's statement to the Court does not accept that the "legal loophole" of a "statute of time" was incorrect for the reasons contended by Mr Reading. * Finally, Mr Chapman did not address the Court on the limitation ground in his closing submissions. The reason for this is that he had withdrawn the limitation ground earlier in the day, and was aware that it was no longer available for argument in the proceedings, so he simply did not pursue the ground.
7. Consequently, counsel for Mr Colson submitted that it was not necessary for the Magistrate to give any further consideration to Mr Chapman's reliance on the limitation ground. The Magistrate was entitled to accept Mr Chapman's statement to the Court as a clear statement of how he wished to conduct his defence, and it is clear that she did so. It was for this reason that the Magistrate did not require Mr Reading to address her on the limitation ground. As the Magistrate made no decision to reject Mr Chapman's reliance on the limitation ground, counsel for Mr Colson said it was not incumbent on her to give any reasons, as she had made no decision that required reasons, and that this ground of appeal must fail.
8. Mr Chapman had received legal advice in relation to the limitation issue from his solicitor when the defence was drafted. That solicitor also prepared the affidavit that Mr Chapman relied upon at the hearing. It was only at court on the morning of the hearing before the Magistrate that the solicitor ceased to act for him.
9. Before the limitation issue was raised by the Magistrate, Mr Chapman had outlined his case in a nutshell as: "the money was gifted to Janet, my ex-wife, by her father" and "there was money given but it was not given or lent to me, it was entirely to Janet". When Mr Chapman was asked whether he had a copy of s 14 of the Limitation Act, he replied, "I feel like I'm a boat with no sail out in the ocean at the moment." A copy of the relevant section was given to him.
10. The Magistrate explained to Mr Chapman, "the Court will do their best to assist you but I'm not a lawyer in respect to I don't assist anybody that appears before me with legal advice" and that she could only tell him "the best [she] could the processes involved." The Magistrate informed Mr Chapman that Mr Reading was an officer of the Court and that he would assist the Court as best he could, given that Mr Chapman was unrepresented. It was after these statements were made that the two passages highlighted by counsel for Mr Chapman took place. The solicitor and the Magistrate's view as to when time started to run was uninformed by legal authority and as it turns out, was incorrect.
11. Mr Chapman then was asked whether he had his amended defence in Court. He acknowledged that he did not have either his defence or amended defence with him. Mr Chapman informed the Magistrate that his former solicitor had advised him that he (his then solicitor) wanted to rely on the limitation period to "make the case go away". Critically, Mr Chapman then said, "And I said to him at the time, which I'll say now, 'To me that looks like we're just trying to avoid something through legality. I don't want to avoid it through some legal loophole like a statute of time, it's not'." Mr Chapman then reiterated what he told the Magistrate at the outset, "it didn't happen, I didn't get a loan." Mr Chapman then said, "So why am I trying to find a loophole to get rid of it. So if it pleases you I'm happy to just get rid of that right now, go on evidence." The Magistrate then stated, "All right. Well we're not then going to rely on that particular cause."
12. In my view, Mr Chapman, informed by legal advice, made an election to abandon his limitation issue. He was aware that his solicitor had advised him to rely upon it yet chose not to do so. At the hearing, the Magistrate confirmed that "we" [being the Court and the parties] are not going to rely on the limitation "cause". The hearing proceeded on the basis that the limitation point was no longer in issue.
13. The comments of Basten JA in Moon v Mun [2013] NSWCA 217 have particular relevance. According to Basten JA at [11]: "So far as the hearing before the trial judge was concerned, whatever the powers of a judge hearing an appeal under s 39 of the Local Court Act, they do not extend to making orders in relation to issues which could have been, but were not, addressed by the Magistrate, on a procedural basis which was not before the Magistrate. No doubt there is a natural inclination, reinforced by ss 56-60 of the Civil Procedure Act, to take all possible steps to promote the just, quick and cheap resolution of disputes. That consideration does not, however, permit the court to exercise powers which it does not have."
14. As the limitation issue was abandoned, it is my view that it was not incumbent on the Magistrate to identify it in her reasons as an issue to be determined (Ground 2). It follows that the Magistrate is not required to give specific reasons for rejecting Mr Chapman's reliance on s 14(1) (Ground 1). Her Honour was not obliged to dismiss the proceedings on the basis of the limitation issue that was not fully argued (Ground 3). These grounds of appeal fail.

(4) Procedural fairness

1. The fourth ground is that the Magistrate denied Mr Chapman procedural fairness in that she failed to inform him (an unrepresented litigant) that: (a) While his opponent's solicitor was an officer of the Court and bound to assist the court, his expressed view on the law concerning when time commenced to run for the purpose of the limitation defence, may be wrong; (b) The Magistrate's statement to the effect that the position stated by Mr Chapman's solicitor - namely, that time commenced to run when a demand for repayment was made - was correct, was not a concluded view, that she had not looked at the authorities, and that it may not be correct; (c) If the action was, indeed, "out of time", that provided a complete defence to the action; and (d) The consequence of any true abandonment of the limitation point by Mr Chapman would be that the Magistrate would not go on to consider the issue.

Procedural Fairness in the Local Court

1. In relation to procedural fairness, in Kioa v West [1985] HCA 81; (1985) 159 CLR 550 Mason J (at 584-585) made the well-known statements that the law had developed to a point where it may be accepted that there is a common law duty to act fairly, in the sense of according procedural fairness, in the making of administrative decisions which affect rights, interests and legitimate expectations, subject only to the clear manifestation of a contrary statutory intention. Procedural fairness is a notion of a flexible obligation to adopt fair procedures, which are appropriate and adapted to the circumstances of the particular case. Whether there is a denial of procedural fairness depends on the circumstances in each case.
2. In Re Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Lam [2003] HCA 6; (2003) 214 CLR 1, the High Court discussed the manner in which procedural fairness cases are approached by the courts. Gleeson CJ (at 14, [37]) stated: "[37] …Fairness is not an abstract concept. It is essentially practical. Whether one talks in terms of procedural fairness or natural justice, the concern of the law is to avoid practical injustice."
3. In Kojima Australia Pty Ltd v Australian Chinese Newspapers Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 1153 and Wakim v Mathiew Pty Ltd t/as Dove Migration Services [2002] NSWSC 405, O'Keefe J (as 23-24 and at 20-21 respectively) made essentially identical observations on natural justice, now referred to as procedural fairness. His Honour in referring to the Local Court stated: "…This is clear from the nature of the function to be performed by that tribunal and the statutory recognition that is afforded to natural justice by s 69(2A) of the Act. The contents of the requirements of natural justice is not fixed. The content is fluctuating. The overarching requirement is that of fairness (National Companies and Securities Commission v News Corp Ltd (1984) 156 CLR 296 at 312 per Gibbs CJ whom Brennan J agreed). For a court that normally involves a duty to: i. act judicially; ii. deal with the matter for decision without bias; iii. give each party the opportunity of adequately presenting its case; iv. observe the procedural and other rules provided for in the relevant statute; v. come to its decision with that sense of responsibility that is the necessary accompaniment of the duty to do justice."
4. Mr Chapman referred to the comments of Beazley JA in Hamod v State of New South Wales [2011] NSWCA 375 at 309 where her Honour stated: "Courts' duty to unrepresented litigants [309] …In the context of an unrepresented litigant, the duty [of the court in dealing with an unrepresented litigant] requires that a person does not suffer a disadvantage from exercising the recognised right of a litigant to be self-represented: R v Zorad (1990) 19 NSWLR 91 at 94-95. In MacPherson Mason J, at [31] 534, noted that: 'A trial in which a judge allows an accused to remain in ignorance of a fundamental procedure which, if invoked, may prove to be advantageous to him, can hardly be labelled as "fair".'
5. Mr Chapman further submitted that the comments made by Mr Colson's solicitor and the Magistrate were such so as to not provide him with an "effective choice" when given the option to press his limitation ground defence.
6. It was also argued under this ground of appeal that the comments of Mr Reading and the Magistrate mislead Mr Chapman into withdrawing a defence that he would otherwise have relied upon.
7. According to Mahoney JA in The Commonwealth v Dixon (1988) 13 NSWLR 601 at 619: "The effect of such a limitation is to grant to a defendant a privilege which he may invoke at this option, to defeat the plaintiff's right."
8. In McKain v RW Miller and Company (South Australia) Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 56; (1991) 174 CLR 1, Gaudron J stated at 57 that the effect of limitations is that "It affords protection to a defendant to the extent that it is called in aid and made out …".
9. It is my view that the comments of Mr Reading or the Magistrate did not have the effect of misleading Mr Chapman. As referred to earlier, Mr Chapman made it clear that he had instructed his solicitor not to pursue grounds of defence that involved "…some legal loophole like a statute of time…". It is clear that Mr Chapman therefore never intended to rely upon a defence of limitation grounds and made a positive decision to abandon it.
10. During the highlighted exchange, the Magistrate gave Mr Chapman the opportunity to rely on the limitation ground as a valid defence.
11. Mr Chapman's informed decision to abandon the limitation ground from his defence eliminates the protection referred to by Gaudron J that would otherwise be afforded. While the Court has an obligation to afford procedural fairness as outlined above, it does not extend to ensuring that a party makes the correct decision. It is my view that, in all the circumstances, the Magistrate acted judicially; dealt with the matter for decision without bias; gave each party the opportunity to adequately present their case; observed the procedural and other rules provided for in the relevant statute and came to her decision with that sense of responsibility that is the necessary accompaniment of the duty to do justice.

Should this Court on appeal entertain the limitation ground of defence?

1. In Metwally v University of Wollongong [1985] HCA 28; (1985) 60 ALR 68 at 71, the High Court (in the joint judgment of Gibbs CJ, Mason, Wilson, Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ) stated: "It is elementary that a party is bound by the conduct of his case. Except in the most exceptional circumstances, it would be contrary to all principle to allow a party, after a case has been decided against him, to raise a new argument which, whether deliberately or by inadvertence, he failed to put during the hearing when had an opportunity to do so."
2. The High Court cited this principle with approval in Coulton v Holcombe [1986] HCA 33; (1986) 162 CLR 1 and Whisprun Pty Ltd v Dixon [2003] HCA 48; (2003) 200 ALR 447.
3. So far as an appeal from a decision of the Local Court is concerned, in Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Bradshaw [2013] NSWSC 1276, Bellew J at [105] said: "[105] The fact that a point may be conceded at trial may, in some circumstances, be a strong factor tending against allowing the same factor to be raised on appeal (see Robinson v Campbell (1992) 30 NSWLR 503). However, the fact that a submission was not put in the court below does not operate as an absolute prohibition upon the point being raised in the hearing of an appeal. Whether such a course is permitted to be taken is dependent upon whether it is in the interests of justice to do so having regard to all of the circumstances of the case (see Multicon Engineering Pty Limited v Federal Airports Corporation (1997) 47 NSWLR 631)."
4. Counsel for Mr Chapman submitted that it would be in the interest of justice to allow Mr Chapman to now rely on that defence in this appeal given the following circumstances: (a) It is not a new point, having been raised in the amended defence; (b) There is no further evidence that could have been adduced that would affect the legal argument that arises as to the application of s 14(1) of the Limitation Act; (c) Mr Chapman was a self represented litigant; and (d) Any concession was clearly ill-conceived and would not have been made if Mr Chapman was made aware of the settled law applicable to the limitation defence.
5. Counsel for Mr Colson contended that Mr Chapman is not entitled to raise, in this appeal, the limitation ground because the Magistrate did not err and the statutory provisions conferring the appellate powers do not extend to the running of a ground not pursued at the trial. Counsel for Mr Colson further submitted that all the authorities assert that it would only be in truly exceptional circumstances that, if the Court has jurisdiction to do so under the Act conferring the right of appeal, an appeal court may allow a party to raise a point that was available but was not taken at the trial.
6. According to Mr Colson, the present case is not such an exceptional circumstance that would justify this court allowing Mr Chapman to raise the limitation ground at this time and, that Tanwar Enterprises at [27] does not advance Mr Chapman's case. He argued that this is not a case where a simple submission was not put in the court below. The entirety of the limitation ground point was conceded at the hearing in the Local Court, and this is a strong factor tending against allowing the ground to be raised on appeal: see Robinson v Campbell (No 2) (1992) 30 NSWLR 503.
7. The Magistrate understood that Mr Chapman had abandoned his limitation point and said so. The hearing proceeded on the basis that the limitation point was not an issue at the hearing. No questions were asked on the limitation issue. It was only briefly mentioned in closing submissions by the solicitor for Mr Colson to confirm that the point had been abandoned.
8. Mr Chapman did not simply forget to make a submission to the Court. He made a positive decision to abandon the limitation ground. The hearing proceeded on that basis.
9. Had the limitation issue remained, counsel for Mr Colson submitted that his case may have been run differently. He may have relied upon s 54(1) and s 68A of the Limitation Act. So far as s 54(1) of the Limitation Act is concerned, Mr Colson said he may have argued that the limitation period had been postponed. S 54(1) reads: "54 Confirmation (1) Where, after a limitation period fixed by or under this Act for a cause of action commences to run but before the expiration of the limitation period, a person against whom (either solely or with other persons) the cause of action lies confirms the cause of action, the time during which the limitation period runs before the date of the confirmation does not count in the reckoning of the limitation period for an action on the cause of action by a person having the benefit of the confirmation against a person bound by the confirmation".
10. Mr Colson submitted that he could have argued that the parties had a conversation which acknowledged the existence of the debt. At [5.7] of Mr Colson's affidavit he deposed to the following conversation with Mr Chapman. "5.7 A few days after my telephone conversation with Ric referred to in paragraph 5.6 above, I telephoned him again and I had the following conversation with Ric: Me: 'What have you decided to do about repaying the money?' Ric: 'The solicitor said I don't have to pay it. I may have to pay you $25,000.00.' Me: 'Apart from what the solicitor said, as you owe me the money, what do you want to do about it? It was a gentleman's agreement.' Ric: 'I know I owe you the money but I'm not going to pay you.' Me: 'You are definitely not going to pay me the money?' Ric: 'No.' Me: 'Do you want to meet and discuss it?' Ric: 'No.' Me: 'As you don't want to discuss it I'll have to take legal action.' Ric: 'Go for it…(omitted)'"
11. At the hearing in the Local Court, Mr Chapman's counsel may have elected to cross examine Mr Colson about this conversation and the evidence given may have assisted.
12. Mr Colson's argument is that the limitation period that ran prior to this confirmation would not count towards the overall limitation period. However, in order to raise such an argument, the acknowledgement has to be in writing and signed by the maker under s 54(4), and this does not appear to have occurred.
13. As previously stated, Mr Chapman raised the limitation defence in the amended defence at [5]. Essentially, it pleads that if he [Mr Chapman] is determined to be indebted to Mr Colson (as he was), then any action by Mr Colson to recover any moneys owed is statute barred by s 14(1) of the Limitation Act.
14. In response Mr Colson says he could have argued in the Local Court that s 14(1) of the Limitation Act operates to bar a cause of action, but does not confer an automatic right of extinguishment upon the Court. The actual extinguishment of a cause of action is achieved through s 63(1) of the Limitation Act.
15. Section 63(1) reads: "63 Debt, damages etc (1) …on the expiration of a limitation period fixed by or under this Act for a cause of action to recover any debt damages or other money, the right and title of the person formerly having the cause of action to the debt damages or other money is, as against the person against whom the cause of action formerly lay and as against the person's successors, extinguished."
16. Mr Colson's argument continues that in order to achieve this extinguishment, s 63(1) must be read in conjunction with s 68A of the Limitation Act.
17. Section 68A(1) reads: "68A Extinction of right or title must be alleged in proceedings (1) Where in proceedings before a judicial tribunal a question arises as to extinction under this Division of a right or title, a party to the proceedings shall not have the benefit in those proceedings of any such extinction of that right or title unless, as part of the proceedings, the party has pleaded or otherwise appropriately claimed in accordance with the procedures of the tribunal that the right or title has been so extinguished."
18. It is Mr Colson's submission that the effect of s 68A is that a party will not get the benefit of s 63 unless it has "pleaded or otherwise appropriately claimed" that the relevant right or title has been extinguished.
19. In order to comply with s 68A, rule 14.29 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) provides that a claim may be made by affidavit or by notice.
20. Mr Colson says he would have argued that given that neither the statue bar under s 14(1), nor extinguishment under s 63 (1), operate automatically, Mr Chapman's failure to invoke either or both of these provisions would have permitted the Magistrate to consider Mr Colson's claim without regard to any limitation defence.
21. While these arguments appear to be weak, I am not in a position to say with certainty that Mr Colson would not have run his case differently had the limitation point remained in issue at the hearing in the Local Court.
22. It is my view that in these circumstances, Mr Chapman cannot now rely on the limitation defence. The result is that the appeal is dismissed.
23. The decision of her Honour Magistrate Ryan dated 22 May 2014 is affirmed. The amended summons filed 10 February 2015 is dismissed.
24. Costs are discretionary. Costs usually follow the event. The plaintiff is to pay the defendant's costs as agreed or assessed. The Court orders that: (1) The appeal is dismissed. (2) The decision of her Honour Magistrate Ryan dated 22 May 2014 is affirmed. (3) The amended summons filed 10 February 2015 is dismissed. (4) The plaintiff is to pay the defendant's costs as agreed or assessed.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 27 February 2015