Byrne v Repatriation Commission

THE ACT 7 The intention of the Act, as made clear from its long title, is to provide for the payment of pensions and other benefits to, and to provide medical and other treatment for, veterans and others. The starting point for the purposes of the case before me is s 13 and s 14, which provide that where a veteran is incapacitated from a war-caused injury the Commonwealth is liable to pay a pension by way of compensation to the veteran (s 13) and a veteran may claim for a pension (s 14). 8 It is not in dispute before me that: · the applicant is a veteran within the meaning of s 5C(1); and · the applicant was rendering eligible war service within the meaning s 7(1) and 'operational service' within the meaning of s 6C(1) on 9 November 1969. 9 Section 9(1)(a) and s 9(2) provides in relation to an injury suffered while a veteran was rendering operational service as follows: '(1) Subject to this section and section 9A, for the purposes of this Act, an injury suffered by a veteran shall be taken to be a war-caused injury, or a disease contracted by a veteran shall be taken to be a war-caused disease, if: (a) the injury suffered, or disease contracted, by the veteran resulted from an occurrence that happened while the veteran was rendering operational service; … … (2) For the purposes of this Act, where any incapacity of a veteran was, in the opinion of the Commission, due to an accident that would not have occurred, or due to a disease that would not have been contracted, but for his or her having rendered eligible war service or but for changes in the veteran's environment consequent upon his or her having rendered eligible war service: (a) if that incapacity was due to an accident--that incapacity shall be deemed to have arisen out of the injury suffered by the veteran as a result of the accident and the injury so suffered shall be deemed to be a war‑caused injury suffered by the veteran; or (b) if the incapacity was due to a disease - the incapacity shall be deemed to have arisen out of that disease and that disease shall be deemed to be a war-caused disease contracted by the veteran.' 10 The assumptions in s 9(1) do not apply if, for example, the injury or disease arose from serious default or wilful act of the veteran (s 9(3)(a)) or a serious breach of discipline of the veteran (s 9(3)(b)) or a serious default or wilful act of the veteran that happened after the veteran ceased, or last ceased, to render eligible war service (s 9(4)). These provisions do not however apply in the case before me, as there is no evidence of a serious breach of discipline or serious default or wilful act of the applicant which would disqualify the applicant from relying on the provisions of s 9(1). 11 The standard of proof in respect of claims under the Act is determined by s 120 of the Act, which provides so far as relevant as follows: '(1) Where a claim under Part II for a pension in respect of the incapacity from injury or disease of a veteran, or of the death of a veteran, relates to the operational service rendered by the veteran, the Commission shall determine that the injury was a war‑caused injury, that the disease was a war‑caused disease or that the death of the veteran was war‑caused, as the case may be, unless it is satisfied, beyond reasonable doubt, that there is no sufficient ground for making that determination. Note: This subsection is affected by section 120A. (2) … (3) In applying subsection (1) or (2) in respect of the incapacity of a person from injury or disease, or in respect of the death of a person, related to service rendered by the person, the Commission shall be satisfied, beyond reasonable doubt, that there is no sufficient ground for determining: (a) that the injury was a war-caused injury or a defence-caused injury; (b) that the disease was a war-caused disease or a defence-caused disease; or (c) that the death was war-caused or defence-caused; as the case may be, if the Commission, after consideration of the whole of the material before it, is of the opinion that the material before it does not raise a reasonable hypothesis connecting the injury, disease or death with the circumstances of the particular service rendered by the person. Note: This subsection is affected by section 120A.' 12 Section 120A, which affects the operation of both s 120(1) and (3), requires the reasonableness of a hypothesis connecting the injury, disease or death of a veteran with the circumstances of the particular service rendered by the person for the purposes of s 120(3) to be assessed by reference to appropriate Statements of Principles ('SoPs'). In particular, s 120A(3) provides: 'For the purposes of subsection 120(3), a hypothesis connecting an injury suffered by a person, a disease contracted by a person or the death of a person with the circumstances of any particular service rendered by the person is reasonable only if there is in force: (a) a Statement of Principles determined under subsection 196B(2) or (11); or (b) a determination of the Commission under subsection 180A(2); that upholds the hypothesis. 13 A hypothesis in this context cannot be reasonable if it is contrary to known scientific facts or is obviously fanciful or untenable: Byrnes v Repatriation Commission (1993) 177 CLR 564 at 571. Further, in Bushell v Repatriation Commission (1992) 175 CLR 408 at 416 the High Court said: 'The Commission will be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt "that there is no sufficient ground for making [the] determination" if it is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that it cannot accept the raised facts or so many of them as are necessary to support the hypothesis. Thus, if the Commission is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that it cannot accept the raised facts because of the unreliability of the material which is claimed to support them or because of the superior reliability of other parts of the material before the Commission or because the raised facts depend on inferences which the Commission is satisfied cannot be drawn, the Commission will be satisfied that there is no sufficient ground for making the determination.' 14 The interaction of s 120 and s 120A were considered in detail by the Full Court of the Federal Court in Repatriation Commission v Keeley (2000) 98 FCR 108 at 114-115. In that case, which concerned the death of a veteran, Lee and Cooper JJ observed that: · Section 120(3) defines the scope of operation of s 120(1). · A reasonable hypothesis which 'connects' the death of a veteran with 'the circumstances of the particular service' of the veteran may be taken to be a theory, proposition, suggestion or postulation which suggests reasonably, although without proof, that some event in, or aspect of, the service rendered by the veteran may be linked to the death of the veteran. · If a claimant's case relies upon the raising of a reasonable hypothesis to avoid the Commission being satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that death is not 'war-caused' then s 120A(3) and s 196B will apply, if the hypothesis is one addressed by a determination made under s 196B. · Notwithstanding s 120A(3), a reasonable hypothesis may be shown to be untenable and, therefore disregarded, if the Commission is satisfied under s 120(1) that the material before it proves beyond reasonable doubt that the assumed factual foundation for the hypothesis did not exist. · Sections 120(3) and 120A(3) will apply if the material does not establish to the reasonable satisfaction of the Commission that the death was 'war-caused' and the Commission must consider whether it is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the death was not 'war-caused'.

DELEDIO 15 The leading case articulating the process of reasoning the Tribunal is to undertake in considering a claim under the Act in respect of incapacity of a person from injury or disease, or in respect of the death of a person related to service rendered by that person, is the decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court in Repatriation Commission v Deledio (1998) 83 FCR 82. The Full Court at 97-98 said as follows: 1. The Tribunal must consider all the material which is before it and determine whether that material points to a hypothesis connecting the injury, disease or death with the circumstances of the particular service rendered by the person. No question of fact finding arises at this stage. If no such hypothesis arises, the application must fail. 2. If the material does raise such a hypothesis, the Tribunal must then ascertain whether there is in force an SoP determined by the Authority under s 196B(2) or (11). If no such SoP is in force, the hypothesis will be taken not to be reasonable and, in consequence, the application must fail. 3. If an SoP is in force, the Tribunal must then form the opinion whether the hypothesis raised is a reasonable one. It will do so if the hypothesis fits, that is to say, is consistent with the 'template' to be found in the SoP. The hypothesis raised before it must thus contain one or more of the factors which the Authority has determined to be the minimum which must exist, and be related to the person's service (as required by s 196B(2)(d) and (e)). If the hypothesis does contain these factors, it could neither be said to be contrary to proved or known scientific facts, nor otherwise fanciful. If the hypothesis fails to fit within the template, it will be deemed not to be 'reasonable' and the claim will fail. 4. The Tribunal must then proceed to consider under s 120(1) whether it is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the death was not war-caused, or in the case of a claim for incapacity, that the incapacity did not arise from a war-caused injury. If not so satisfied, the claim must succeed. If the Tribunal is so satisfied, the claim must fail. It is only at this stage of the process that the Tribunal will be required to find facts from the material before it. In so doing, no question of onus of proof or the application of any presumption will be involved.

DECISION OF THE TRIBUNAL 16 As I noted earlier in this judgment, the Tribunal was satisfied that the period of defence service relevant to the claim of the applicant, namely from 4 June 1969 until 15 May 1970, was operational service and eligible war service as those terms are defined in s 7 and s 6C of the Act. Further, the Tribunal was satisfied that there was evidence for the diagnoses of post traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder in the reports of the psychiatrists Dr Athey and Dr Mulholland. 17 The Tribunal was also satisfied that, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant was on leave on 9 November 1969, this did not affect his status of being allotted for operational service during that time. 18 Finally, the Tribunal was satisfied that the applicant had not suffered injury as a result of serious default or wilful act as defined in s 9. 19 The Tribunal then considered the four-step course as outlined in Deledio that the Tribunal is to take in considering a claim of this nature.

First step 20 First, the Tribunal concluded that there was material pointing to a hypothesis connecting the applicant's claimed conditions of past traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder with the events of 9 November 1969. 21 Accordingly, the first Deledio step was satisfied.

Second step 22 Second, the Tribunal considered the position with respect to SoPs. SoPs are determined by the Repatriation Medical Authority pursuant to s 196B of the Act. 23 The Tribunal concluded that two SoPs were relevant, namely Instrument No 3 of 1999 (as amended by Instrument No 54 of 1999) concerning post traumatic stress disorder and Instrument No 58 of 1998 concerning depressive disorder. For the purposes of the claim, the relevant paragraphs were: · In the SoP concerning depressive disorder (Instrument No 58 of 1998), pars 5 and 8. Paragraph 5 defines factors that must as a minimum exist before it can be said that a reasonable hypothesis has been raised connecting the depressive disorder with the circumstances of a person's relevant service including: '… (b) experiencing a severe psychosocial stressor or stressors within the two years immediately before the clinic onset of depressive disorder.' Paragraph 8 defines 'severe psychosocial stressor' as meaning: 'an identifiable occurrence that evokes feelings of substantial distress in an individual, for example, being shot at, death or serious injury of a close friend or relative, assault (including sexual assault), severe illness or injury, experiencing a loss such as divorce or separation, loss of employment, major financial problems or legal problems.' 24 Throughout the case it has not been disputed that the dysthymic disorder from which the applicant suffers is a disorder which falls within the SoP concerning Depressive Disorder. · In the SoP concerning Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Instrument No 3 of 1999 as amended by Instrument No 54 of 1999), pars 5 and 8. Paragraph 5 defines factors that must as a minimum exist before it can be said that a reasonable hypothesis has been raised connecting post traumatic stress disorder with the circumstances of a person's relevant service including: '(a) experiencing a severe stressor prior to the clinical onset of post traumatic stress disorder …' Paragraph 8 defines 'experiencing a severe stressor' as meaning that: 'the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threat of death or serious injury, or a threat to the person's, or another person's, physical integrity. In the setting of service in the Defence forces, or other service where the Veterans' Entitlements Act applies, events that qualify as severe stressors include: (i) threat of serious injury or death; or (ii) engagement with the enemy; or (iii) witnessing casualties or participation in or observation of casualty clearance, atrocities or abusive violence.' 25 Accordingly, the second Deledio step was satisfied.

Third step 26 Third, the Tribunal found that the hypothesis advanced, namely that the psychiatric conditions of the applicant were attributable to the events of 9 November 1969, was reasonable in the context of both the SoPs concerning Depressive Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In doing so, the Tribunal accepted the summary of evidence given by the applicant and other witnesses. 27 Accordingly, the third Deledio step was satisfied.

Fourth step 28 However, the Tribunal found against the applicant in respect of the fourth Deledio step. In other words, the Tribunal found that the incapacities of the applicant, namely the post traumatic stress disorder and the dysthymic disorder, were not war-caused. In summary: (a) in relation to the claim for post traumatic stress disorder, the Tribunal was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the incident at Nui Dat on 9 November 1969 did not have a significant effect on the applicant for reasons that: · it was clear that, when giving evidence, the applicant's recollections of the event were vague. · the applicant remained some distance from the injured men, and did not speak with them or provide assistance such as loading the wounded into a medivac helicopter. · the evidence indicates that the applicant had no recall of any aspect of the event until he spoke with Mr Ellis at a reunion of personnel from his RAAF squadron 30 years later. · the Tribunal was unable to accept the correctness of the applicant's recall of the nature of his reaction to the sight of the wounded soldiers. · the evidence of the applicant and Mr Ellis and Mr Smith, both of whom also gave evidence, was that after they left the minefield they undertook an uneventful tour of Vietnamese villages. · on 14 November 1969, five days after the event, the applicant wrote a letter to his parents referring to the day he spent with Mr Ellis and Mr Smith but not referring to the minefield incident. · the evidence of Dr Barry was, inter alia, that an inability to recollect details of a stressful event is a characteristic of post traumatic stress disorder, however that the minefield incident was in itself not sufficient to result in post traumatic stress disorder. Her diagnosis was that the applicant's post traumatic stress disorder was based upon the impact of a range of experiences. As a result of this however the Tribunal was concerned as to her evidence in the light of the applicant's claim as the SoP concerning Post Traumatic Stress Disorder requires the applicant to experience a severe stressor. The Tribunal was of the view that if the events of 9 November 1969 did not constitute a severe stressor which was sufficient, in Dr Barry's diagnosis, to trigger post traumatic stress disorder, it would also not result in the suppression of memory which is a symptom associated with that disorder. · The evidence of Dr Athey was, in the view of the Tribunal, of limited use as Dr Athey was not made aware of the incident of 9 November 1969 by the applicant. · The evidence of Dr Mulholland was, in the view of the Tribunal, coloured by the version of the events given by the applicant to Dr Mulholland, namely that the applicant had been 'dragooned' into an 'operation' in which he was 'acting as an escort for the evacuation of wounded soldiers' which 'lasted a few hours' and which left him 'pretty much exposed'. The Tribunal was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that what actually occurred on 9 November 1969 was not consistent with the version relied upon by Dr Mulholland. (b) In any event, the Tribunal stated that it was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the incident at Nui Dat was not an event that met the requirements of 'experiencing a severe stressor' as provided for in the SoP concerning Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Accordingly, the condition was not 'war-caused' under s 9. (c) The analysis in relation to post traumatic stress disorder was equally applicable in relation to the applicant's claim concerning dysthymic disorder, namely as to whether the minefield incident was a severe psycho-social stressor. The Tribunal was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the evidence did not disclose a reaction by the applicant which equated to substantial distress. In the view of the Tribunal, while there is evidence that the applicant experienced depression not long after returning to Australia, this was as a result of events not associated with his service in Vietnam. These events were also referred to by the medical experts, specifically: · the severance of the applicant's relationship with his then girlfriend · the applicant learning that one of the crewmen with whom he had worked in Vietnam had been killed there. 29 As the Tribunal was of the view that the claim of the applicant did not satisfy the fourth Deledio step and was not war-caused, the Tribunal affirmed the decision under review in relation to post traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder.

CASE BEFORE THIS COURT 30 In terms of the four-step test articulated in Deledio, which was applied by the Tribunal, the only 'step' which is in contention is the fourth step which involves consideration of causation. As I noted earlier in this judgment, the Tribunal was otherwise satisfied that there was material before it pointing to a hypothesis connecting the applicant's claimed condition of depression and dysthymic disorder with the events of 9 November 1969, that there were relevant SoPs in force supporting the hypothesis, and that the hypothesis was reasonable. 31 As made clear by the decisions of the High Court in Byrnes and the Full Court in Deledio, once the decision-maker has determined that the hypothesis raised is reasonable, the decision-maker must then proceed to consider under s 120(1) whether it is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the injury was not war-caused. It is only at this stage that the decision-maker will be required to find facts from the material before it. As the High Court said in Byrnes: 'The claim will succeed unless: (a) one or more of the facts necessary to support the hypothesis are disproved beyond reasonable doubt; or (b) the truth of another fact in the material, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis, is proved beyond reasonable doubt, thus disproving, beyond reasonable doubt, the hypothesis.' 32 The questions of law set out in the notice of appeal are whether, in its application of the relevant SoPs, the Tribunal misconstrued or misapplied the SoPs when considering the applicant's claims for pensions benefits under the Act in respect of incapacity from post traumatic stress disorder and/or depressive disorder by: (i) failing to consider s 2(b)(C) of the SoP concerning Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, namely criterion C avoidance and the impact on his memory (ii) failing to consider whether the applicant subjectively experienced a 'severe stressor' (iii) failing to consider whether events claimed to lead to the 'severe stressor' experienced by the applicant may have arisen or occurred from a threat to his or another person's physical integrity (iv) failing to consider whether the injured men he witnessed outside of Nui Dat was 'witnessing casualties or participation in or observation of casualty clearance' within the meaning of the SoP (v) failing to consider s 2(b)(A)(ii) SoP concerning Depressive Disorder - dysthymic disorder and the symptoms used to diagnose major depressive disorder such as cognitive impairment and that impact on his memory (vi) failing to consider whether the applicant subjectively experienced a 'severe psychosocial stressor' (vii) failing to consider whether witnessing the casualties near Nui Dat was an 'identifiable occurrence that evokes feeling of substantial distress in an individual' within the meaning of SoP concerning Depressive Disorder (viii) failing to take account of the beneficial nature of the Act, and in particular the provisions of s 119 of the Act. 33 The applicant also submitted, in summary: (i) the Tribunal, in its finding that the incident of 9 November 1969 did not have a significant effect on the applicant because his recollections were vague and because he had no recall of any aspect of the events until he spoke with Mr Ellis 30 years later, ignored the diagnostic criteria (including cognitive impairment) for both post traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder (ii) there is no requirement in the SoPs that an applicant need to remember all events leading up to a trauma - accordingly the Tribunal had taken account of an irrelevant consideration (iii) the Tribunal ignored the threat to the physical integrity of the soldiers at the event, and erred in failing to make findings as to whether the event might evoke feelings of intense fear, helplessness or horror (iv) the Tribunal erred in stating that 'Dr Barry concluded that the minefield incident was, in itself, not sufficient to result in post traumatic stress disorder' (v) to the extent that the Tribunal seems to state that only when one is ordered into a situation can that person suffer post traumatic stress disorder, the Tribunal erred. This is particularly relevant to Dr Mulholland's evidence (vi) the Tribunal failed to recognise that Dr Mulholland diagnosed post traumatic stress disorder based on the recall of the applicant (which was his subjective memory of the event) and had therefore ignored the subjective element of the disorder (vii) in simply finding that the evidence did not disclose a reaction by the applicant which equated to substantial distress, the Tribunal did not turn its mind to the criteria for dysthymic disorder (viii) the Tribunal did not turn its mind to the threat and discounted the evidence of the feelings of the applicant at the time because of his lack of memory around the event (ix) the Tribunal did not accurately record Dr Mulholland's evidence, which was that the breakdown in the relationship between the applicant and his girlfriend was due to changes in him that seemed to arise from his period in Vietnam. 34 The respondent has submitted that the appeal is misconceived in so far as it is asserted in the notice of appeal that the questions of law raised on the appeal involve the misconstruction or misapplication of the SoPs. This is because the construction and application of the SoPs occurred at the third Deledio step, and at that stage of the reasoning the Tribunal found in the applicant's favour. 35 In my view, the respondent's submission has merit. In particular, the questions of law in the notice of appeal numbered (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) relate to issues which were decided by the Tribunal in the applicant's favour in the third Deledio step. 36 In relation to the questions of law in the notice of appeal numbered (i), (ii), (vi) and (viii), issues of law arise which I can consider. As pointed out in Ergon Energy Incorporation Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation [2006] FCAFC 125 at [51] a question which is inelegantly drafted may nonetheless be a question of law if its purport is tolerably clear, having regard for example to relevant legislation, relevant authorities, the language of the Tribunal's reasons and the grounds stated in the notice of appeal. Reading these questions of law, the grounds of appeal, and the submissions of the applicant, I understand that the criticism of the findings of the Tribunal may be summarised and restated as follows: 1. the Tribunal did not take into account a relevant consideration, namely the cognitive impairment aspects of post traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder. 2. the Tribunal failed to properly consider whether the incident at Nui Dat was a 'severe stressor' affecting the applicant. 3. the Tribunal made a finding not open on Dr Barry's evidence. 4. the Tribunal took into account irrelevant considerations by adding improper criteria to the SoPs and then found that the applicant did not satisfy those additional criteria. 5. the Tribunal failed to take into account Dr Mulholland's evidence. 6. the Tribunal failed to take into account the passage of time as provided by s 119(1)(h). 37 Ms Bowskill for the respondent has framed her submissions in accordance with these issues, and I propose to consider each of these issues in turn.

Relevant consideration: cognitive impairment 38 In his grounds of appeal, the applicant claimed that the Tribunal erred in not taking into account the medical factors which form part of the diagnosis of both post traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder, in particular the cognitive impairment that manifested as the applicant's lack of memory of the events of 9 November 1969. 39 Ms Carter Nicoll for the applicant elaborated on this issue in her submissions to the effect that: · the Tribunal ignored the diagnostic criteria for both disorders · the Tribunal ignored that there is no onset period for post traumatic stress disorder within the SoP · the Tribunal failed to properly take into account the symptoms of both diseases and the impact on the applicant's memory · despite the evidence before the Tribunal of the applicant's reaction to the incident, it discounted that evidence because he could not remember events leading up to the trauma · the Tribunal did not turn its mind to the threat and the subjective feelings of the applicant · the Tribunal did not specifically turn its mind to the criteria for dysthymic disorder but merely said 'I am also satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that evidence does not disclose a reaction by Mr Byrne which equates to substantial distress'. 40 Reviewing the decision of the Tribunal, it is clear that the Tribunal made its findings of fact in relation to the incident of 9 November 1969 on the basis of: · extensive psychiatric evidence of the three medical experts, Dr Barry, Dr Athey and Dr Mulholland, which referred to the cognitive aspects of both disorders including memory loss and recurrent experiencing of the event. · the views of those medical experts concerning the incident of 9 November 1969. The Tribunal referred to the view of Dr Barry that the incident was one of a range of experiences which contributed to the disorders, and to the absence of any reference to the incident by Dr Athey. The Tribunal also referred to the views of Dr Mulholland, including that the events of 9 November 1969 were 'a little bit marginal' in satisfying the criterion of witnessing a certain type of event, but that Dr Mulholland was prepared to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. I also note that in his report Dr Mulholland queried the possibility that the applicant may have repressed the memory of the incident, but did not appear to form any view about it. · the reference by the Tribunal to contemporaneous evidence of the applicant's subjective reactions to the events of the time, including continuing with a tour of Vietnamese villages and failure to mention the incident in correspondence. · the reference by the Tribunal to evidence that the applicant simply appeared to have forgotten about the incident until he was reminded of it many years later. · the reference by the Tribunal to evidence that other factors, such as learning of the death of a crewman with whom he had served, and the ending of the applicant's relationship with his girlfriend, were in reality the triggers of the depression the applicant experienced after returning from Vietnam. 41 In my view, all relevant evidence, including that concerning cognitive impairment, was before the Tribunal. The Tribunal considered this evidence in forming its view that the incident of 9 November 1969 had not made a significant impact on the applicant, and that his failure to recall the incident until many years later was simply due to the fact that he had forgotten about it. No error of law appears on the face of the Tribunal's decision in its consideration of this issue.

'Severe stressor' 42 In his grounds of appeal the applicant claimed that the Tribunal ignored the cognitive impairment aspect of the disorders, and failed to make a finding on whether the applicant's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. This ground of appeal was supported by submissions that the Tribunal failed to make findings as to whether this event might evoke such feelings, and that the Tribunal did not apply the test in Stoddart v Repatriation Commission [2003] FCA 334 and put itself in the position of Mr Byrne when he experienced the casualties which had occurred shortly prior to the arrival at the site. 43 The applicant also claimed in questions of law (ii) and (iv) that the Tribunal failed to consider whether the applicant subjectively experienced a 'severe stressor' (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder SoP) and that the Tribunal failed to consider whether the applicant subjectively experienced a 'severe psychosocial stressor' (Depressive disorder SoP). 44 In making these claims, the applicant referred to the decision of Manfield J in Stoddart. In that case, Mansfield J found, inter alia, that the test of 'experiencing a severe stressor' in the SoP concerning Post Traumatic Stress Disorder encompasses a subjective element. His Honour in that case held at [40] that the Tribunal erred because it had concluded that the acceptance of the applicant's claims about the occasions giving rise to his fears 'do not objectively satisfy the relevant factors', namely being 'confronted with an event or events that involved actual...or threat of death, or serious injury'. 45 His Honour said: 'In my judgment the language of the definition of "experiencing a severe stressor" caters for the applicant experiencing or being confronted with an event or events that involved threat of death or serious injury, or a threat to physical integrity, if the event or events which are said to constitute the threat, judged objectively from the point of view of a reasonable person in the position of and with the knowledge of the person experiencing those events, are capable of and did convey (ie are subjectively experienced) the risk of death or serious injury or to physical integrity.' 46 The applicant before me emphasises the words 'risk of death of serious injury' in the judgment of Mansfield J and submits that the Tribunal did not use this test when assessing whether Mr Byrne subjectively satisfied the SoPs. 47 In my view the submissions of the applicant on this point are not supported by analysis of the decision of the Tribunal. The Tribunal in its reasoning did recognise that an objective and subjective component of experiencing a severe stressor must be evident. In relation to post traumatic stress disorder, the Tribunal referred to Stoddart; in relation to dysthymic disorder the Tribunal referred to White v Repatriation Commission [2004] FCA 633, a decision of Spender J which in turn referred to the test in Stoddart. Applying the test in relation to both disorders, the Tribunal was of the view, within the context of the third Deledio step, that the material concerning the applicant's observation of and reactions to the minefield incident did point to the existence of both objective and subjective components. 48 However, in order for the post traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic disorder of the applicant to be related to the applicant's service within the meaning of the Act, clearly the Tribunal needed to consider the evidence within the fourth Deledio step as to the events that occurred and whether the applicant experienced a severe stressor (in relation to post traumatic stress disorder) or a severe psychosocial stressor (in relation to dysthymic disorder). At par 38 and par 39 the Tribunal found: 'The extent of (the applicant's) involvement was in seeing some injured soldiers and I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that this was not an event that meets the requirements of experiencing a severe stressor as provided for in the Statements of Principles for post traumatic stress disorder…In relation to dysthymic disorder, the analysis above is equally applicable to whether the minefield incident was a severe psycho-social stressor.' 49 Accordingly, the Tribunal formed the view on the basis of the evidence before it that the applicant's disorders were not war-caused. It was not necessary for the Tribunal to consider whether the incident 'might' evoke feelings of intense fear, helplessness or horror. 50 In my view no error of law arises in the Tribunal's consideration of this issue.

The Tribunal made a finding not open on Dr Barry's evidence 51 Although this was not raised as a question of law in the notice of appeal, Ms Carter Nicoll submitted during the hearing before me that the findings of Dr Barry were misrepresented in the Tribunal's decision, that the Tribunal therefore misdirected itself on the evidence, and that the Tribunal made a finding not open on the evidence. In particular, counsel submitted that nowhere in the reports or in the transcript of the Tribunal hearing did Dr Barry conclude 'that the minefield incident was, in itself, not sufficient to result in post traumatic stress disorder' (par 37 Tribunal decision). 52 I note that: · Dr Barry's report dated 25 July 2003 contains statements including: o 'During his tour of duty in Vietnam, he found a number of situations to be extremely stressful.' (I note that the doctor lists four situations, one of which is a reference to an event at Nui Dat.) o In relation to post traumatic stress disorder: 'During his time with the RAAF, Mr Byrne was involved in a number of incidents which he found traumatic during which he experienced a threat to his own life. He was also exposed to the general threatening environment which was life as an armed service personnel during the Vietnam War where he was exposed to the injury and loss of colleagues'. o 'In particular, his time in Vietnam was experienced as traumatic and there was the other episode of the potentially life threatening incident on his return to Australia.' · Dr Barry's further report dated 13 May 2005 contains statements including: o 'Criterion A requires that the person has been exposed to "a traumatic event". It is well known that most Vietnam Veterans have been exposed to a range of traumatic experiences rather than a specific "traumatic event".' o 'Mr Byrne felt under threat throughout his time in Vietnam. He felt threatened when visiting any of the local communities. He observed others injured whilst in Vietnam and he was well acquainted with personnel who were killed or injured during their tours of duty.' o 'His experience mirrors the experience of many of the other Veterans whom I have assessed and whom the Department has accepted as experiencing trauma.' o 'On his return to Australia, he learned of the death of one of the crewmen with whom he had worked closely in Vietnam. He reported feeling "extremely shocked" by learning of this man's death. At this time, he said that "reality hit". He subsequently went on to experience a period of significant depression over the next 18 months or so. Whilst in retrospect if (sic) was difficult for him to recall specific symptoms, it is quite likely that he experienced a period of Major Depression at that time.' o 'Subsequent to this particular experience, he experienced another trauma during the field trip to Healsville which is documented in my report.' o 'It is well documented that exposure to numbers of traumatic events has a cumulative effect in increasing the vulnerability to the development of post traumatic stress disorder.' o 'The Review Board focused on "the event". I hope that I have addressed the fact that it is not so much a specific event but exposure to a series of experiences which render the person vulnerable to the subsequent development of PTSD.' o 'He certainly was exposed to enemy action and he saw the results of enemy action in other people and both of these experiences were traumatic for him as stated earlier.' 53 The observation of the Tribunal at par 37 of its decision is, in my view, entirely consistent with comments of Dr Barry in her reports. Further, there is nothing in the transcript of the Tribunal hearing which would detract from the generality of the observation of the Tribunal. The Tribunal has not made a finding not open on the evidence before it. 54 I also note the finding of the Tribunal at par 37 that Dr Barry's: 'diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was based upon the impact of a range of experiences, but that is not the manner in which the Statement of Principles operates for the purposes of determining a relationship to service. There needs to be an experience of a severe stressor, as that term is defined. That raises concern about Dr Barry's evidence. If the event did not constitute a severe stressor sufficient to trigger post traumatic stress disorder, it would not result in the suppression of memory about the event as a characteristic of that condition.' 55 In my view, this statement contains no error of law.

The Tribunal took into account irrelevant considerations 56 Although this was not raised as a question of law in the notice of appeal, Ms Carter Nicoll for the applicant submits that the Tribunal added improper additional criteria to the SoPs in question, and then found that the applicant did not satisfy those additional criteria. So far as I can ascertain, the additional criteria are alleged to be: · that an applicant needs to remember all the events leading up to a trauma · that only when one is ordered into a situation - as distinct from coming upon wounded soldiers during an excursion - can a person suffer post traumatic stress disorder. 57 In my view these submissions are misconceived. 58 In relation to the first submission, which refers to a comment of the Tribunal at par 36 of its decision, the comment of the Tribunal is simply part of the narrative of its reasoning as to why it is unable to accept the correctness of the applicant's recall of the nature of his reactions to the sight of the wounded soldiers. The Tribunal was not stating an additional criterion in respect of each SoP, which the applicant failed to satisfy. 59 In relation to the second submission, which relates to the Tribunal's reference at par 38 of its decision to the report of Dr Mulholland, the comment of the Tribunal is again part of the narrative of its reasoning as to why it takes a different view of the evidence to Dr Mulholland. The issue is not whether or not the applicant had been 'dragooned' into an 'operation', the issue is that Dr Mulholland's evidence is based upon a version of events presented to him by the applicant which appears at odds with what actually happened on 9 November 1969. 60 Accordingly, this submission in my view does not raise any error of law in the decision of the Tribunal.

The Tribunal failed to take into account Dr Mulholland's evidence 61 Although this was not raised as a question of law in the notice of appeal, Ms Carter Nicoll for the applicant submits that: · the Tribunal has not recorded Dr Mulholland's evidence correctly · the Tribunal has not recorded that it was Dr Mulholland's opinion that the breakdown in the relationship between the applicant and his girlfriend following his return from Vietnam was due to changes in him that seem to arise from his period in Vietnam · the Tribunal has erred in law in not taking account of a relevant consideration, namely the report of Dr Mulholland. 62 I cannot accept this submission. As indicated at par 38 of its decision, the Tribunal clearly took into account the evidence of Dr Mulholland. However the Tribunal was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt, as provided in s 120(1), that in the context of the evidence as a whole including the medical evidence, there were sufficient grounds for making the determination that the incapacities suffered by the applicant were not war-caused. I note in particular: · the Tribunal's consideration of the basis of Dr Mulholland's report, namely the version of the events provided by the applicant, and the view thereof taken by the Tribunal · the reference in Dr Mulholland's report to the breakdown of the applicant's relationship with his girlfriend · the evidence of Dr Mulholland at the hearing before the Tribunal that so far as concerned criterion A in the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder SoP par 2(b), the information presented by the applicant 'was a little bit marginal but perhaps I gave him the benefit of the doubt on it'. 63 No error of law in the decision of the Tribunal appears from this submission.

The Tribunal failed to take into account the passage of time as provided by section 119(1)(h) 64 Section 119(1)(h) of the Act provides that, in considering, hearing or determining, and in making a decision in relation to, inter alia, a claim, the Tribunal (standing in the place of the Repatriation Commission) shall take into account any difficulties that, for any reason, lie in the way of ascertaining the existence of any fact, matter, cause or circumstance, including any reason attributable to: (i) the effects of the passage of time, including the effect of the passage of time on the availability of witnesses; and (ii) the absence of, or a deficiency in, relevant official records, including an absence or deficiency resulting from the fact that an occurrence that happened during the service of a veteran, or of a member of the Defence Force or of a Peacekeeping Force, as defined by subs 68(1), was not reported to the appropriate authorities. 65 The applicant has claimed that errors of law relating to the operation of s 119(1)(h), and more peripherally s 119(1)(g), arise from the decision of the Tribunal. 66 First, the applicant submits that the Tribunal did not take into account the passage of time when making determinations on the applicant's memory loss, and in fact ignored s 119(1)(h)(i) of the Act. 67 Secondly, in the grounds of appeal in the notice of appeal the applicant by reference to s 119(1)(h)(ii) claims that the Tribunal used the fact that the applicant did not write to his parents about this incident against him in making their decision. 68 Thirdly, the applicant in the grounds of appeal relies generally on s 119(1)(g) which provides that the Tribunal shall act according to substantial justice and the substantial merits of the case, without regard to legal form and technicalities. 69 I shall deal with these issues in turn. 70 In my view it cannot be said that the Tribunal did not take into account the passage of time when making determinations on the applicant's memory loss. My reading of the Tribunal's decision is that the passage of time was a relevant issue before the Tribunal, in the sense that the Tribunal took into account the fact that, despite the applicant's claims concerning the incident of 9 November 1969, over time the applicant had (in the Tribunal's view) simply forgotten about the incident, and was only reminded of it at a subsequent RAAF reunion. In this respect, the issue of time passing and the applicant's lack of memory of the event (and later, despite being reminded of the incident, apparent lack of accurate memory of details of the event) appeared to reinforce the Tribunal's views that the incident of 9 November 1969 had had minimal impact on the applicant at the time it occurred. 71 In relation to the submission of the applicant concerning his letter to his parents: · in my view this type of communication does not fall within the terms of an 'absence of, or a deficiency in, relevant official records'. Further, the applicant's parents were not 'appropriate authorities' to whom the incident of 9 November 1969 should be reported. Accordingly, this submission is misconceived in that respect. · in any event, the reference in the decision of the Tribunal to the failure of the applicant to communicate the incident in a letter to his parents was but one aspect of evidence upon which the respondent relied to show the minimal impact the incident had on the applicant. 72 Finally, in relation to both s 119(1)(g) and s 119(1)(h) I note comments by Mansfield J in Fenner v Repatriation Commission [2005] FCA 27 where his Honour said (at par 29): '…whilst the directions of s 119(1)(f), (g) and (h) are of relevance to the way in which the Tribunal proceeded, they cannot remove from it the responsibility of applying ss 120 and 120A and other relevant provisions of the Act according to the proper terms. I do not think the argument therefore really advances the appellant's case on this appeal.' 73 Those comments apply equally here. In the absence of further submissions explaining how s 119(1)(g) and (h) are of relevance, in my view they add little to the applicant's case. 74 I see no error of law in the decision of the Tribunal in relation to s 119(1)(g) and (h).

CONCLUSION 75 In my view no error of law in the decision of the Tribunal has been identified. The appeal is dismissed with costs.

order

1. The appeal be dismissed with costs. I certify that the preceding seventy-five (75) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Collier.

Solicitor for the Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor