Buckley & Anor v Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority & Anor

Material before the Authority on the applications

1. Three lever arch folders of material comprising 935 pages were tendered at the hearing of this matter, comprising all of the material that was before the Authority. Most of it was irrelevant to these proceedings for judicial review. Moreover, most of it was irrelevant to the limited basis upon which the Authority ultimately dealt with the applications. The Authority resolved these applications on a consideration of the threshold question as to whether the new hotel premises were in the "immediate vicinity" of "a school, place of worship or hospital" within the meaning of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation. It is only the material considered by the Authority on this discrete issue that is relevant to these proceedings for judicial review.
2. There is no procedural requirement that all material before a decision-maker be before this Court for the purposes of judicial review. Indeed, as the Court of Appeal observed in Insurance Australia Ltd t/a NRMA Insurance v Milton (No 2) [2016] NSWCA 173 at [18], "In general, the proposition that all the material before the administrator should be placed before the reviewing court must be rejected." In Insurance Australia Ltd t/a NRMA Insurance v Milton [2016] NSWCA 156 at [60]-[70], Leeming and Simpson JJA had criticised the appellant for reproducing thousands of pages of documents at trial and on appeal, most of which were not relevant and necessary to the determination of the issues in dispute.
3. If it be agreed between the parties that the Court's attention need only be taken to discrete parts of the material, then the preferable course would be for an agreed bundle containing those documents to be tendered. In determining whether error of law on the face of the record has been established, this Court is confined to the reasons of the decision-maker in any event: s 69(4) of the Supreme Court Act. It is only if jurisdictional error is asserted that the Court is entitled to have regard to other material beyond the reasons.
4. It is not necessary to summarise all of the material placed before the Court on this application. As stated above, only a small part of it was relevant to my consideration and I was taken by counsel to those parts, being the material concerning the question of whether the proposed hotel site was in the "immediate vicinity" of a school, place of worship or hospital within the meaning of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation. That material falls into two categories: material going to the question of how many school children would walk past the proposed new hotel site each day and material going to the physical distance between the proposed new hotel and Campsie Public.

Evidence of "foot traffic"

1. A submission dated 29 April 2015 was prepared by Back Schwartz Vaughan Lawyers on behalf of two of the plaintiffs' commercial competitors. One of the documents annexed to the lengthy submission, dated April 2015, has the sub-title "Assessment of gaming machine impacts". It was prepared by RM Planning, a planning consultant retained by the commercial competitors, in response to the community impact statement prepared by the plaintiffs. That report disclosed that its authors consulted with various "stakeholders". Some of the stakeholders who provided feedback were Ms Sarah Jones, Acting Principal of Campsie Public and Mr Steve Borthwick, Principal of St Mel's.
2. The report went on to summarise the feedback from Ms Jones. She described the rear of Campsie Public as being approximately 50 metres from the proposed new hotel site. Enrolment at Campsie Public is currently 771 students and draws mainly from Campsie. The school offers out of hours vacation care and is operational for most of the year. It closes for two weeks over Christmas. About 25% of pupils are estimated to walk past the proposed hotel site "on their way to or from school". This activity is concentrated between 8am and 9am and between 3pm and 6:30pm on school days. About 70 children are in after-school care and a bit less than that number is in before-school care. Hours are Monday to Friday 7am to 6:30pm.
3. The report went on to note that Ms Jones raised a number of specific concerns with the new hotel gaming room, including that the gaming room opens onto the street and could be seen by children walking past. Also, a bus stop outside the hotel means that children would sit there for a period of time and not just walk past momentarily.
4. The report goes on to note the feedback from Mr Borthwick in relation to St Mel's. At its closest point, that school is located 150 metres from the proposed new hotel site. There are currently 300 students enrolled at that school, about half of whom walk to and from school. About 25% of the students arrive and leave by car, 15% use the bus and 10% use the train. About 50% of students (150) would walk past the site of the proposed hotel "on their way to and from school." This is concentrated between 7am and 8:35am and between 3pm and 6pm on school days. The school offers after-school care until 6pm and up to 30 students use this service. It was noted that many of the students walk to and from school unattended and would walk past the premises.
5. The above feedback was summarised at the end of the RM Planning report in these terms: "Approximately 350 children will walk directly past the New Hotel both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from School. Many of these children are unaccompanied minors. The gaming room opens to the street and is on a very busy pedestrian thoroughfare. A busy major bus stop is directly outside the New Hotel. This means that persons including children would sit for a period of time waiting for a bus, which is more than just the momentary exercise of walking past the New Hotel."
6. The plaintiffs put before the Authority a report from Adam Purcell, a former police officer, responding to matters raised in the submission from Back Schwartz Vaughan. Mr Purcell noted that there are two primary schools near the proposed site of the new hotel; namely, St Mel's and Campsie Public. St Mel's faces onto Duke Street and Campsie Public faces onto Evaline Street. It is not necessary to walk or drive directly past the proposed new hotel site to reach either street.
7. On 7 September 2015, Mr Purcell made observations of children leaving those two schools. He noted that the vast majority of children were picked up by parents and either walked to residential areas in Campsie or were driven directly from the schools. He counted approximately 30 children from either school walking directly past the proposed new hotel site in South Parade and Beamish Street and noted "these are not significant numbers". He observed only one child to wait for a bus in South Parade in front of the proposed site. That child was in the company of an adult. Mr Purcell took two photographs of the bus stop, one at 3:16pm and the other at 3:28pm, showing no children and very few adults waiting for a bus.

Distance between the hotel site and Campsie Public

1. In submissions attached to the application to the Authority prepared by the plaintiffs' solicitors, it was submitted at [48] that: "In this case, the nearest part of the school grounds is a fenced section which is located approximately 30 metres from the edge of the rear loading dock of the proposed hotel on Beamish Lane. (There is no access to the hotel from Beamish Lane, except for loading)."
2. It was further submitted at [121], in response to the trade competitors' submission, that: "…it is sufficient to note that the fact that children of the school may pass by the hotel, or may catch buses at the bus stop outside the hotel, does not put thereby the hotel in the "immediate vicinity" of the Campsie Public School or of the Church…"
3. In response to concerns raised about the nearby schools and passing school-children, the following was submitted: "Firstly, the rear laneway (Beamish Lane) will not be used as an entry into the proposed hotel. Only the loading/unloading area of the hotel will be accessible from Beamish Lane."
4. It was further submitted that observations made by Mr Purcell show that some pupils from Campsie Public and St Mel's presently walk past the Oasis Hotel and Campsie Hotel in the after-school period. There is no evidence that this causes any difficulties for those pupils or exposes them to anti-social conduct.
5. Finally, it was noted both by Mr Purcell and Mr Smith that it is commonplace for hotels to be located on the high streets of the suburbs of Sydney and in country towns throughout New South Wales. Mr Smith cites a number of examples where hotels are located in close proximity to schools without causing any apparent issues.
6. The plaintiffs obtained a response to the report prepared by RM Planning on behalf of the plaintiffs' trade competitors in September 2015. That document was prepared by Design Collaborative Pty Limited. Under a heading "Schools and Churches in Campsie", it states that the distance from the nearest doorway of the public area of the proposed new hotel site on South Terrace to the closest corner of the school's grounds would be "over 70m". There is no line of sight between that doorway (or any part of the public areas of the house) and the school. The report goes on to state the following: "The school grounds extend along Beamish Lane to within about 30 metres of the closest part of 203 Beamish Street in which the House [i.e. the Station House Hotel] is located…A combination of fencing, buildings and other structures impair views from other parts of the school towards the House but parts of the upper floors of the building at 302 [sic] Beamish Street would remain visible…The only gateway to the school grounds off Beamish Lane provides access to a staff parking area. It is near Evaline Street. It is not used by pupils and is located close to 200 metres from the rear of the lot of which the House would be located and some 240 metres from the nearest doorway of the House."
7. A letter dated 25 March 2015 from the Campsie Licensing Police was also before the Authority. It described Campsie Public as being "almost directly behind" the proposed new hotel site. At that time, the proposed opening hours were to be 8am to 2am from Monday to Saturday. Police sought a condition that on school days the opening hours commence at 10am. The first plaintiff subsequently amended its application by letter dated 15 September 2015 such that the proposed opening hour of the hotel on weekdays would be 10am.
8. A subsequent letter to the Authority from Hatzis Cusack Lawyers dated 2 October 2015 annexed further plans and contained further submissions regarding the question of the meaning of "immediate vicinity." One of the plans attached shows the entrances to the proposed new hotel and demonstrates that the gaming machines would not be seen from the front door.

The reasons of the Authority

1. The applications were considered by the Authority at a meeting on 16 December 2015, at which time it determined to refuse the application to increase the GMT at the proposed new hotel site. Consistent with the first plaintiff's request that he did not wish to proceed with the removal application if the threshold increase application was not granted, the Authority did not go on to consider the merits of the removal application and instead deemed it to be withdrawn.
2. Section 36C of the Gaming and Liquor Administration Act 2007 ("the GLA Act") provides that the Authority is required to publish a statement of its reasons for decision. The sub-section provides: "(4) The statement of reasons is to include the following: (a) the findings on material questions of fact, referring to the evidence or other material on which those findings were based, (b) the decision-maker's understanding of the applicable law, (c) the reasoning processes that led the decision-maker to the conclusions that were made."
3. The Authority provided a statement of reasons for its decision of 16 December 2015 to the plaintiffs under a covering letter dated 10 March 2016.
4. The reasons of the Authority are lengthy. They comprise 57 pages and 255 paragraphs. The first 205 paragraphs of the reasons comprise a detailed summary of the material before the Authority relevant to both applications. Most of that material was not relevant to the threshold increase application. From paragraphs [206] - [219] the legislation relevant to the threshold increase application is extracted.
5. At [220] - [222] of the reasons, the Authority notes its decision to refuse the threshold increase application on the basis that the proposed new hotel site is situated in the "immediate vicinity" of Campsie Public within the meaning of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation. The reasons go on to state at [223]: "This conclusion has been reached primarily on the basis of the close physical proximity of the Proposed Premises to the Campsie Public School. This is evident from the Google Map of the site and the submission provided by the consultant, RM planning indicating that the Proposed Premises is located less than 50 metres away from the playground of the Campsie Public School. The Authority also gives weight to the local knowledge of Police who have advised that "almost directly behind the ["Proposed Premises"] is Campsie Public School"."
6. The relevant authorities are then set out at [224] - [231] of the reasons. The Authority noted that there are no binding superior court authorities concerning the interpretation of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation, but that there are a number of decisions concerning the phrase "immediate vicinity" under other licensing legislation in New South Wales. Reference is then made to the decision of Hoeben J (as his Honour then was) in Hinton v Lane [2009] NSWSC 37 as well as the decisions in Dean v Lewitz (1958) 76 WN (NSW) 349; Ex Parte Godkin; Re FitzMaurice (1969) WN (NSW) 159: Ex parte Paton (1929) 30 SR(NSW) 67; Mullens v Norton [1938] VLR 292; MacPherson v Invercargill Licensing Trust [1944] NZLR 692; and R v Minister for Health; Ex parte Tillys Pty Ltd [1967] WAR 60 at [63].
7. The reasons discuss the relevant principles arising from the above decisions, noting at [236] - [237]: "The Authority notes that the GM Act and the GM Regulation do not include any particular requirement as to the visibility or otherwise of gaming machines with respect to any school, place of worship or hospital when assessing whether or not a licenced premises is in the immediate vicinity of such facilities. Some of the liquor licensing cases noted above indicate that primary decision-makers may have regard to such factors as the visibility of the premises, or whether students or worshippers must walk past the relevant venue in reaching a conclusion on immediate vicinity in a particular factual context."
8. The reasons then go on to state at [240]: "Similarly, the precise distance between licensed premises and a school, place of worship or hospital will not in itself be determinative. For example, in Godkin, the mere fact that the licensed premises and the place of worship adjoined one another at one point was held not to preclude the decision maker from determining that the two premises were not in the immediate vicinity of one another". [emphasis in original]
9. After referring to the emphasis in the applicant's submissions on the fact that neither the hotel nor the gaming machines would be visible from the school, the reasons note that the GM Act and GM Regulation require that a gaming area not be visible from the street in any event and at [245]: "That being the case, the visibility of a licensed venue from a school, place of worship or hospital is less likely to be decisive in the interpretation of "immediate vicinity" in the context of the GM Act and GM Regulation than it is in the context of interpreting liquor licensing legislation more broadly."
10. The remaining reasons dealt with the Authority's consideration of the threshold increase application: "[246] The Applicant has argued that it is not open to the objectors to refer to school children having to walk past the Proposed Premises or when frequenting a bus stop located across the road from the Proposed Premises when assessing immediate vicinity. [247] However, the case law referred to above indicates that on occasion primary decision-makers have permissibly had regard to considerations such as the fact that students or worshippers must walk past the licensed venue in reaching a conclusion on "immediate vicinity". [248] The Authority accepts the assessment made by RM Planning that "approximately 350 children walk directly past the New Hotel both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from school" and that the "busy major bus stop" directly outside the Proposed Premises "means that persons including children would sit for a period of time waiting for a bus, which is more than just the momentary exercise of walking past the New Hotel". [249] Those observations may include reference to children from the Campsie Public and St Mel's Catholic School, but these credible expert observations reinforce, in a practical sense, the close proximity of the Proposed Premises to the Campsie Public school which, as observed by Police, is located at the back of the hotel. [250] The Authority has considered an assessment prepared by Design Collaborative, a planning consultant engaged by the applicant dated September 2015 which states that the "nearest doorway" of the "public areas" of the Proposed Premises on the South Terrace to the "closest corner" of the Campsie Public School's grounds "would be over 70 metres" and that there is "no line of sight between that doorway" or any part of the public areas of the Proposed Premises and the School. [251] While the Authority also accepts this assessment as a credible, expert assessment, that analysis seem somewhat artificial when the fact is that the school yard, a part of the Campsie Public School that is likely to be routinely occupied, is only 50 metres away, behind the hotel. [252] In the context of this suburban setting, which is neither a high density inner city location nor a country town, the Authority is satisfied that a distance of between 50 and 70 metres between the two premises is, on the evidence and material before the Authority, sufficiently close to find that the Proposed Premises is within the "immediate vicinity" of the Campsie Public School, particularly when considered in the context of the foot traffic referred to above." [emphasis added]
11. The reasons conclude by noting at [254] that in the circumstances the removal application is deemed to be withdrawn pursuant to s 45(2) of the Liquor Act.

The proceedings for judicial review

1. At the hearing of the summons Mr Muddle SC appeared on behalf of the plaintiffs and Mr Emmett appeared with Mr Grace on behalf of the second defendant. At the commencement of the hearing, Mr Muddle clarified that the proceedings for judicial review were based on the following four grounds of review: 1. The Authority erred in failing to refer to the existence of conflicting evidence as to the number of children and to explain the process of the Authority's reasoning for accepting one body of evidence over the other (Ground 1). 2. The Authority erred by taking into account students from St Mel's Catholic School as capable of making Campsie Public School, a different school in a different place, more or less likely to be in the "immediate vicinity" of the gaming licence (Ground 2). 3. The Authority erred in assessing "immediate vicinity" by reference to the lot boundary of the hotel site (Ground 3). 4. The Authority erred in that weight was given to the knowledge of police (Ground 4).

Meaning of "immediate vicinity"

1. The Authority refused the threshold increase application because it was satisfied that the hotel premises in which the machines would operate was "situated in the immediate vicinity of a school, place of public worship or hospital" within the meaning of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation. That phrase is not defined in either the GM Act or the GM Regulation. Nor has the meaning of cl 36(2) of the GM Regulation been judicially considered. Despite this, the phrase "immediate vicinity" appears in a similar context in other legislation dealing with the operation of licensed premises and has been judicially considered in that context. There was no dispute as between the parties as to the applicability of the principles gleaned from those cases; the plaintiffs' complaint is that they were not properly applied in some significant respects. It is convenient to consider the relevant authorities concerning "immediate vicinity" before turning to consider each of the four grounds of review.
2. In Ex parte Paton, application had been made for removal of a liquor licence under the Liquor Act 1912 (NSW). That Act required approval if the new location would be "in the immediate vicinity of a place of public worship". The judgment of Ferguson ACJ, with whom James J concurred, dealt with the test in these terms (at 70): "It appears that the premises are about eighty yards from St Stephen's Church on the other side of the road. I think it is impossible to say as a matter of law that a place at that distance must be held to be in the immediate vicinity of the church. I can conceive of cases where any other finding would be obviously unreasonable; I can conceive of other cases where I think it would be equally unreasonable to hold that it was in the immediate vicinity. A place eighty yards from a church, in another street for example, might be practically so far removed that no single worshipper would ever be aware of its existence."
3. Dean v Lewitz was a case stated to this Court from the Licensing Court. The distance between the proposed hotel and a church was again 80 yards. Ferguson J held that the visibility or otherwise of the licenses premises is a relevant consideration in determining "immediate vicinity". His Honour observed at 351 that "…the inference is irresistible that the purpose that the legislature sought to achieve was to protect persons resorting to those institutions from annoyance, nuisance and possible objectionable influences." His Honour concluded: "With a public house within easy sight or hearing worshippers might well be offended, the sick disturbed or schoolchildren corrupted. If such consequences are unlikely to flow by reason of the fact that the hotel, though in close proximity to a specified institution, is situate so as to be out of sight or hearing, that is a factor, it seems to me material to be considered on the question of whether it is in the immediate vicinity of such institution within the meaning of the Act."
4. In Ex parte Godkin; Re Fitzmaurice, the Court of Appeal held that the fact that there was a common boundary between hotel premises and a citadel in the centre of the Salvation Army building could not of itself lead to the conclusion that the place of worship must be in the immediate vicinity of the hotel.
5. In Hinton v Lane, Hoeben J observed at [33]: "What is within the "immediate vicinity" will vary according to the context. What might be regarded by the Board as the "immediate vicinity" in a sparsely populated country town will be different when considering a densely populated area of the CBD dominated by tall buildings? The Board as a specialist tribunal must take into account the neighbourhood as a whole. In this case a matter which the Board may have taken into account was the fact that the plaintiffs' competing licensed premises physically adjoined the church in question."
6. The Authority referred to the case of Mullens v Norton in which Lowe J of the Supreme Court of Victoria observed the following in relation to the phrase "immediate vicinity" for the purposes of the Licensing Act 1928 (Vic) at 295: "An examination of the Act fails to reveal any clear indication of the purpose sought to be achieved by these words ["immediate vicinity"] and we are, therefore, thrown back upon their meaning simply as English words in the context used. Etymologically "immediate" means "not mediate" and indicates that there is nothing "intermediate" between the objects to which the adjective relates. But the notion of several vicinities one of which is immediate to an object and the other or others not immediate, i.e., severed from the object by one or more intermediate vicinities, much in the way that the various rings surround the centre of a target, is a highly artificial one, and one which it is difficult to attribute to the Legislature. There is, on the other hand, a perfectly well known use of the word "immediate", in relation to place, to indicate "something of little importance". The Oxford English Dictionary gives "Immediate…3…In reference to place often used loosely of a distance which is treated as of no account". In my judgement that is the meaning to be attached to the word in sec. 98 of the Licensing Act. "In the immediate vicinity" therefore simply means "very near". The determination of the question is consequently one of fact in every case. If there is evidence upon which reasonable men might come to the conclusion challenged and the Licensing Court has not misdirected itself that conclusion will not be disturbed by this Court."
7. The Authority also referred to the New Zealand decision of MacPherson v Invercargill Licensing Trust, a decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, where Kennedy J observed at 694: "The proposed site is not within 300 yards of the nearest point of the grounds of the Southland Girls' High School. It is not in the immediate vicinity of a school. A large number of persons expressed the opinion that it was undesirable for the pupils of the Intermediate School and later of the Southland Girls' High School to pass, as they would, the Rugby Park site. This objection is not one which can be considered as a distinct objection as it is not within the terms of the statute. The relevant objections are that the proposed site is in the immediate vicinity of a school, and that the proposed hotel will disturb the quiet of the neighbourhood and that it is not there required, and this particular objection must be considered only in so far as it throws light upon the statutory grounds of objection."
8. In R v Minister for Health; Ex parte Tillys Pty Ltd [1967] WAR 60 at [63] Neville J observed that: "…the question whether one place is in the immediate vicinity of another is a matter of fact in all the circumstances in which the question arises and a matter of opinion on which in many circumstances different minds may reasonably reach different conclusions. It is at the most a question of mixed fact and law, and a matter on which no court should interfere with the decision of the authority in which is vested the duty of first determining the matter if the authority acted in good faith and the decision was one which could reasonably have followed from the proved or admitted facts."
9. The Authority sought to distil a number of principles from the above decisions at [232] - [240] of the reasons, which may be summarised as follows: 1. The question is one of fact for the decision-maker, in this case the Authority, to determine in all of the circumstances of each case. 2. The words "immediate vicinity" should be interpreted having regard to their ordinary English meaning and in the statutory context in which they appear. 3. The decision is a matter for the Authority reasonably to determine on the evidence or material before it. There is no fixed maximum distance, beyond which one place is not in the "immediate vicinity" of another. 4. The GM Act and GM Regulation do not include any requirement as to visibility of gaming machines with respect to any school, place of worship or hospital when assessing whether or not a licensed premises is in the immediate vicinity of such facilities. 5. The Authority may have regard to the visibility of the premises or whether students or worshippers must walk past the relevant venue. In Ex Parte Paton, the awareness of worshippers as to the existence of the licensed venue was a matter that could be taken into account by the decision-maker. In Dean v Lewitz, it was held that it was relevant whether the licence premises could be seen from a church and whether the church's activities could be interfered with by noise or nuisance. 6. The precise distance between licensed premises and a school, place of worship or hospital will not in itself be determinative. In Ex parte Godkin; Re Fitzmaurice, the fact that premises shared a common boundary did not preclude the decision-maker from determining that the two premises were not in the immediate vicinity of one another.

The grounds of review

1. These are proceedings for judicial review of the decision of the Authority. This Court is not considering the merits of the decision. The Supreme Court exercises supervisory jurisdiction over administrative decisions-makers, such as the Authority, to ensure that decisions are made according to law.
2. It is relevant that the plaintiffs do not have a statutory right of appeal against the decision of the Authority, or a right to seek merits review. Section 13A of the GLA Act provides that an applicant who is aggrieved by a decision of the Authority in relation to a "prescribed application" may apply to the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal ("NCAT") for administrative review. An application under s 34 of the GM Act to increase a GMT that is not required to be accompanied by a local impact assessment ("LIA") (as in the present case) is not the subject of a right of administrative review. [1]
3. In order to be entitled to the relief sought, the plaintiffs must establish jurisdictional error, or error of law on the face of the record. The first ground asserts legal unreasonableness and/or inadequacy of reasons; the second ground asserts that the Authority took into account an irrelevant consideration and in doing so acted irrationally; the third ground contends that the Authority failed to take into account a relevant consideration; and the fourth ground asserts that the Authority took into account another irrelevant consideration.
4. Failure to provide adequate reasons when there is a statutory requirement to do so may amount to error of law on the face of the record. As the High Court observed in Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak (2013) 303 ALR 64; 88 ALJR 52, [2013] HCA 43, when considering a decision on a Victorian statute that required a medical panel to give reasons (at [55]): "The statement of reasons must explain the actual path of reasoning by which the medical panel in fact arrived at the opinion the Medical Panel in fact formed on the medical question referred to it. The statement of reasons must explain that actual path of reasoning in sufficient detail to enable a court to see whether the opinion does or does not involve any error of law. If a statement of reasons meeting that standard discloses an error of law in the way the Medical Panel formed its opinion, the legal effect of the opinion can be removed by an order in the nature of certiorari for that error of law on the face of the record of the opinion. If a statement of reasons fails to meet that standard, the failure is itself an error of law on the face of the record of the opinion, on the basis of which an order in the nature of certiorari can be made removing the legal effect of the opinion."
5. Failure to take into account a relevant consideration or taking an irrelevant consideration into account may be jurisdictional error: Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24 at 39-40 per Mason J. Such an error may be described as a constructive failure to exercise jurisdiction. In Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323; [2001] HCA 30, Gaudron J explained this at [41] as follows (footnote omitted): "…..there is said to be a "constructive failure to exercise jurisdiction" when a tribunal misunderstands the nature of its jurisdiction and, in consequence, applies a wrong test, misconceives its duty, fails to apply itself to the real question to be decided or misunderstands the nature of the opinion it is to form. A constructive failure to exercise jurisdiction may be disclosed by the tribunal taking an irrelevant consideration into account. Equally, it may be disclosed by the failure to take a relevant matter into account."
6. Jurisdictional error may also be disclosed if a decision maker acts unreasonably. As Hayne, Kiefel and Bell JJ observed in Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332; [2013] HCA 18 at 365: "The more specific errors in decision-making, to which the courts may refer, may also be seen as encompassed by unreasonableness. This may be consistent with the observations of Lord Greene MR, that some decisions may be considered unreasonable in more than one sense and that "all these things run into one another"…Whether a decision-maker be regarded, by reference to the scope and purpose of the statute, as having committed a particular error in reasoning, given disproportionate weight to some factor or reasoned illogically or irrationally, the final conclusion will in each case be that the decision-maker has been unreasonable in a legal sense."

Ground 1 - Did the Authority err in failing to refer to the existence of conflicting evidence as to the number of children and to explain the process of the Authority's reasoning for accepting one body of evidence over the other?

The plaintiffs' submissions

1. Mr Muddle for the plaintiffs submitted that the basis of the Authority's finding at [248] that "approximately 350 children walk directly past the New Hotel both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from school" was not clear.
2. In particular, he referred to the "highly probative evidence" from former police officer Mr Purcell to the contrary, which was not mentioned at all by the Authority. His evidence was that on the occasion when he was outside the proposed new hotel site he only counted 30 students on their way home from school in the afternoon. It was submitted that the Authority should have referred to this material and provided reasons as to why that evidence was rejected in favour of the evidence concerning 350 students walking by each day.
3. The plaintiffs relied upon the decision of the Court of Appeal in Zahed v IAG Limited t/as NRMA Insurance [2016] NSWCA 55 ("Zahed") and the statements of principle in that case. That decision concerned the adequacy of reasons by an Assessor under the Motor Accidents Compensation Act 1999 (NSW). The Court was satisfied that inadequate reasons had been provided. As to the contents of reasons, Leeming JA observed at [9]: "The reasons need not be long. Indeed, there will be many cases, of which I suspect this is one, where a single sentence would suffice. But to say merely that all of the conflicting evidence was taken into account is, in the facts of this case, insufficient. The matter may be tested against the parties' rights of review: how are the parties to know whether the reasoning is affected by judicially reviewable error of law?"
4. Emmett AJA observed at [34]: "The statement of reasons must explain the actual path of reasoning in sufficient detail to enable a court to see whether the opinion does or does not involve any error of law: see Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Limited v Kocak [2013] HCA 43; 252 CLR 480 at [55]."
5. His Honour concluded by observing at [42]: "It is not possible to discern from the Assessor's reasons the actual path of reasoning by which he arrived at the result stated in the Assessment. It does not explain the actual path of reasoning in sufficient detail to enable a court to determine whether his decision does or does not involve an error of law. The Assessor did not comply with the requirement of s 94(5) that he set out his reasons for the Assessment."
6. Mr Muddle also placed reliance upon s 36C(4) of the GLA Act as to what the reasons must include and submitted that the Authority had failed to comply with that sub-section. Mr Muddle accepted that if the Authority had explained its reasoning and then concluded that it preferred the evidence of the school principals over that of Mr Purcell, there would have been no objection. But the Authority did not do that. It was a material question of fact requiring an explicit factual finding.

The second defendant's submissions

1. Mr Emmett submitted that the Authority was not required to refer to the observations of Mr Purcell for two reasons: because the evidence was of little weight and because it was not in conflict with the other evidence. He also relied upon the fact that the first plaintiff had not raised this matter as a factual dispute in his submissions to the Authority.
2. It was submitted that the Authority did not need to deal with Mr Purcell's evidence because it did not conflict with the other evidence, in the sense that both were capable of being true. This is because Ms Jones, who estimated how many of the school children would walk by each day, was referring to a much longer period of time than the limited time during which Mr Purcell made his observations.
3. Rather than disputing the number of passing school children, the plaintiff had submitted to the Authority that the issue of "foot traffic" was of limited relevance to the relevant test of "immediate vicinity." At no stage did the plaintiff ever expressly submit to the Authority that Mr Purcell's evidence was to be favoured over the estimates given by Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick.
4. It was submitted that the Authority clearly did turn its mind to whether it would accept the observations of Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick summarised in the RM Planning Report and that there was a sound basis to accept them because they were exactly the sort of persons who might reasonably be expected to know the relevant numbers.
5. On the question of the requirement for reasons generally, it was submitted on behalf of the second defendant that this Court should consider the limited nature of administrative resources and the costs to parties and to the general public of requiring reasons: Soulemezis v Dudley (Holdings) (1987) 10 NSWLR 247 at 273.

The plaintiffs' submissions in reply

1. Mr Muddle submitted that, due to the nature of the application, there was no opportunity for the plaintiffs to gauge the particular part of the application on which the Authority would focus. There was no hearing before the Authority that would have had the effect of putting the plaintiffs on notice that the Authority would place so much emphasis on this discrete part of the material. He referred to the map provided to the Authority that marked the location of a number of schools and other buildings in the vicinity of the proposed new hotel site in support of a submission that the plaintiffs could not have known on which building to focus in the application.

Consideration - Ground 1

1. This ground concerns the adequacy of the Authority's reasons for concluding that "approximately 350 children walk directly past the New Hotel both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from school." The question for determination is whether the Authority complied with its statutory obligation under s 36C(4)(a) of the GLA Act to include in its reasons "the findings on material questions of fact, referring to the evidence or other material on which those findings were based." A similar obligation is also to be found in UCPR 59.9(3) upon request by a plaintiff in judicial review proceedings in which the defendant is a public authority.
2. The second defendant does not contend that the Authority disclosed its reasoning for preferring the evidence of the school principals, contained in the RM Planning report, over the observations of Mr Purcell. Rather, it was contended that there was no need to refer to Mr Purcell's evidence because it was "slight"; it was not in direct conflict with the other evidence; and the plaintiff did not put the issue in dispute in its submissions before the Authority. In short, the second defendant's position was that the finding regarding the foot traffic of 350 children was not a finding on a material question of fact.
3. I am satisfied that the factual finding regarding how many school children walked past the premises daily was a material question of fact upon which the Authority made its determination.
4. The plaintiffs' threshold increase application was dismissed because a mandatory requirement of the GM Regulation had not been met; namely, that the licensed premises to which the GMT attaches not be in the "immediate vicinity" of, inter alia, a school. This preliminary finding meant that there was no consideration of the merits of the threshold increase application or, indeed, the merits of the removal application itself. In those circumstances, the question of whether the premises in which the gaming machines would be operated would be in the "immediate vicinity" of Campsie Public became one of some significance. The importance of the impugned evidence that 350 children walked past the proposed new hotel site every morning and afternoon is to be viewed in that context.
5. The Authority concluded (at [252]) that the proposed new hotel site was in the "immediate vicinity" of Campsie Public because, in the context of its suburban setting, a distance of 50 to 70 metres was "sufficiently close to find that the Proposed Premises is within the "immediate vicinity" of Campsie Public, particularly when considered in the context of the foot traffic referred to above" [emphasis added].
6. The reasons disclose that the Authority accepted that there was no line of sight between the school and the proposed new hotel site and that the premises were as far as 70 metres away. The reasons from [246] to [252] do not disclose that any other matter (besides the actual distance between the school and the proposed hotel site, which is considered further below under Ground 3) was taken into account by the Authority in reaching its decision; in this sense, it was a significant part of the final decision. To put it another way, if the question of foot traffic is taken away from the reasons for the ultimate decision, then the only remaining factor is the distance itself. The relevant authorities, which were not in dispute at the hearing, state that the question of "immediate vicinity" is not merely a matter of distance.
7. The Authority had before it conflicting material as to the amount of foot traffic from children walking past the proposed new hotel site. On the one hand, Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick provided the RM Planning report writer with estimates of what percentage of their respective school students would walk to and from school past the proposed new hotel site. On the other hand a former police officer, Mr Purcell, had gone to the site of the hotel and made observations that significantly fewer school children walked past the site or waited for the bus outside. This conflicting material was all before the Authority.
8. The RM Planning Report appears to have arrived at the number of 350 children by adding together the information provided by Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick: Ms Jones stated that 25% of the 771 students at Campsie Public would walk past the proposed new hotel site either on their way to or from school (it is unclear whether Ms Jones meant that this figure of 192 in total meant 96 students walked by in the morning and another 96 walked by in the afternoon totalling 192). Mr Borthwick stated that 50% of the 300 students from St Mel's would walk past the venue both to and from school (150). The total is therefore 342. No other figures were provided. It seems that RM Planning arrived at a figure of 350 by rounding up the total of the two estimates. The RM Planning Report did not address why Ms Jones' use of the word "either" somehow morphed into the word "both" nor why the number of 342 was rounded up. The Authority accepted this number as being based on "credible expert observations". Nor, for that matter, did the Authority explain in its reasons why the number of schoolchildren walking past the proposed new hotel site in the morning, at which time the premises would be closed, could impact on the statutory test of "immediate vicinity".
9. I accept that it would have been open to the Authority to prefer the estimates made by Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick over the direct observations of Mr Purcell. It would have been open to the Authority to have weighed the competing material and concluded that Ms Smith and Mr Borthwick would be in a better position to estimate what percentage of school children from their respective schools would walk by the proposed new hotel site each day than a person who made the observations on only one occasion after school.
10. I further accept that, in its submissions to the Authority, the plaintiffs' lawyers focused upon the relevance of foot traffic per se rather than challenging the evidence of the two school principals in the RM Planning report. The plaintiffs' submission to the Authority was in terms that they should not take the foot traffic into account. Although the plaintiffs did not expressly dispute the amount of foot traffic in their submissions, they did rely upon the conflicting evidence from Mr Purcell that was before the Authority.
11. Although the decision of the Authority as to "immediate vicinity" was an evaluative assessment based upon all of the material before it, the only matters to which it refers in its reasons as going to that finding were physical distance and the number of children who would walk by the proposed new hotel site. The Authority clearly placed weight on the amount of foot traffic, which was the subject of inconsistent evidence. In those circumstances, I am satisfied that the plaintiffs were entitled to know why the Authority rejected the evidence of Mr Purcell on this issue. To a lesser extent, they were also entitled to know why the "credible expert observations" noted by RM Planning, based upon what the author of that report was told by Ms Jones and Mr Borthwick, led to an assertion that 350 pupils walked directly past the proposed new hotel site "both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from school".
12. I have had regard to the well-established principles that the reasons for an administrative decision are not to be minutely and finely construed with an eye keenly attuned to the perception of error. The reasons are meant to inform and are not to be scrutinised upon over-zealous judicial review by seeking to discern whether some inadequacy may be gleaned from the way in which the reasons are expressed: Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259; [1996] HCA 6 at 271-2. Despite this, s 36C of the GLA Act mandated that the statement of reasons of the Authority include "the findings on material questions of fact, referring to the evidence or other material on which those findings were based."
13. The Authority's statement of reasons was very lengthy, but the discrete portion of it that disclosed any actual path of reasoning concerning the material fact of how many schoolchildren walked past the proposed hotel site was not. Most of the reasons comprised a detailed summary of material that was completely irrelevant to the Authority's decision to refuse the GMT increase. The adequacy of reasons is to be assessed by regard to their quality rather than their quantity.
14. I am satisfied that the failure to explain the process of reasoning that led the Authority to conclude that 350 school students walked past the proposed new hotel site in the morning and again in the afternoon discloses an error of law on the face of the record: Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak at [55].
15. The plaintiffs have established the first ground of review.

Ground 2 - Did the Authority err by taking into account the number of students from St Mel's Catholic School who would have walked past the new hotel?

The plaintiffs' submissions

1. The plaintiffs did not contend otherwise than that the Authority was entitled to have regard to the amount of foot traffic by Campsie Public students passing by the proposed new hotel site. Based on the relevant authorities, that material could be relevant to the question of whether that school was in the "immediate vicinity" of the premises. The error asserted was that the Authority was not entitled also to have regard to the amount of foot traffic from St Mel's students passing by the proposed venue.
2. Mr Muddle pointed to the finding of the Authority at [221] that the proposed new hotel site is "…situated within the immediate vicinity of Campsie Public School." The Authority made clear that the only matter that it was actively considering in its reasons was whether Campsie Public was in the immediate vicinity of the hotel, not any other school. The number of students from any other school, no matter how near or far, could not make Campsie Public any closer or more likely to be in the "immediate vicinity" of the proposed new hotel site. He submitted that the number of students from St Mel's could not rationally affect whether Campsie Public was in the "immediate vicinity" or not.
3. It was conceded that the number of passing students from other schools would have been relevant to the merits of the application itself. The plaintiffs contended that it was not relevant to the threshold question.
4. Mr Muddle conceded that, had the Authority only referred to the 190 students from Campsie Public, there would be no complaint (save for the complaint, already considered as part of Ground 1; namely, that there was no reference to the competing evidence of Mr Purcell).

The second defendant's submissions

1. It was submitted that the Authority was entitled to take into account the whole of the neighbourhood as part of its assessment of "immediate vicinity". It was an evaluative judgment which required taking into account all relevant considerations: see Hinton v Lane at [33].
2. Mr Emmett submitted that it could not have made any material difference to the Authority's determination whether there were 192 students (25% of the total number of students at Campsie Public) or 350 students (a rounding up of the combined number of students from both schools whom their respective school principals had estimated would walk past the proposed new hotel site each day). It was submitted that the fact that the area is a student thoroughfare where students congregate generally reinforces the conclusion that the foot traffic from St Mel's creates a stronger link. It is relevant in the same way that two premises might be regarded as more likely to be in the immediate vicinity if they are down a busy arterial road as compared with being down a small laneway that is rarely used. Mr Emmett submitted that there is nothing to indicate that the Authority placed any great weight on this finding or that the Authority made any illegitimate use of the students from St Mel's.
3. Further, it was submitted that a reasonable person may legitimately conclude that students will tend to flock together. The more students use a route, the more students are likely to use it. Even if this Court might come to a different factual conclusion, that does not necessary mean that what the Authority has done amounts to jurisdictional error or reviewable error; it is exactly the sort of factual judgment that the Authority as a specialist tribunal is invited under the legislation to make.

Consideration - Ground 2

1. When the first plaintiff lodged the threshold increase application, it was required to provide a map indicating the location of any "school, place of public worship or hospital within 200 metres of the venue." The map provided by the plaintiff included three churches and two schools: Campsie Public and St Mel's. When the Authority came to make its decision it confined its determination to the proximity of the proposed venue to Campsie Public.
2. The Authority concluded at [248] that it accepted "the assessment made by RM Planning that 'approximately 350 children walk directly passed the New Hotel both in the morning and again in the afternoon on their way to and from school.'" The complaint made is that, as 25% of 771 students is approximately 192 students, not 350 students, it is implicit that the Authority also relied upon the foot traffic from students at St Mel's.
3. The reasons of the Authority make it clear that the finding regarding the 350 children was not an oversight on its part, observing at [249] that: "Those observations may include reference to children from the Campsie Public and St Mel's Catholic School, but these credible expert observations reinforce, in a practical sense, the close proximity of the proposed premises to the Campsie Public school which, as observed by police, is located at the back of the hotel."
4. The reasoning of the Authority in this respect is somewhat difficult to glean. The Authority found that the fact that students from St Mel's walked past the venue was relevant to the statutory test of whether the proposed hotel site was in the "immediate vicinity" of Campsie Public in that it reinforced "in a practical sense" that this was so.
5. I am unable to accept Mr Emmett's submission that the Authority did not place any great weight on this finding or his submission that the Authority did not make any illegitimate use of the foot traffic from students at St Mel's. On the contrary, as I have concluded above under Ground 1, beyond the question of the actual distance between Campsie Public and the proposed new hotel site (in the context of the density of the suburb), the only other bases expressed in the reasons for finding that Campsie Public was in the immediate vicinity of the proposed venue was the foot traffic. It was thus of some significance.
6. I accept the submission made on behalf of the second defendant that it may well have made no difference to the outcome whether the foot traffic was of 192 or 350 students. Despite this, the Authority could have limited its finding to the former of these numbers and it did not. It expressly found that the foot traffic from St Mel's reinforced "in a practical sense" its finding that Campsie Public was in the immediate vicinity of the proposed venue. Although, as Hoeben J observed in Hinton v Lane at [33], the Authority is a specialist tribunal that must take into account the neighbourhood as a whole, the nature of the material upon which it relies must still have the capacity to be relevant to the statutory test.
7. I am satisfied that the Authority erred in taking into account an irrelevant consideration, namely the foot traffic from St Mels, in making its finding that Campsie Public was in the immediate vicinity of the proposed venue. In doing so it fell into jurisdictional error. The plaintiffs categorised this error as legal unreasonableness. To the extent necessary I am also satisfied that the error identified could be categorised as a finding that the Authority acted illogically or irrationally such as to make that finding unreasonable.
8. Ground 2 is also established.

Ground 3 - Did the Authority err in assessing "immediate vicinity" by reference to the lot boundary of the hotel site?

The plaintiffs' submissions

1. Mr Muddle submitted that, in reaching its decision regarding proximity, the Authority erred in only having regard to the straight line distance between the boundaries of the respective parcels of land rather than the statutory question of whether the licensed area within that building site was in the "immediate vicinity" of the proposed new hotel site.
2. The Authority at [251] made reference to Campsie Public being only "50m away behind the hotel". The Authority then concluded at [252]: "The Authority is satisfied that a distance of between 50 and 70 metres between the two premises is sufficiently close to find the premises in the immediate vicinity, particularly when considered in the context of the foot traffic referred to above."
3. It was submitted to the Authority that the part of the building in which the licensed area would be was furthest away from the school. The Authority did not address this issue. It treated the entire parcel of land as being the licensed premises. There was to be a considerable masonry construction between the school and the licensed area in the form of that part of the proposed new hotel site that was not proposed to be licensed.
4. It was submitted that the Authority failed to consider the proximity of that part of the building proposed to be licensed as opposed to the boundary itself. The evidence was that the distance from the rear boundary of the lot where the licensed premises were proposed to be to the entrance to the school was 200 metres. The distance between the entrance to the school and the entrance to the proposed licensed premises in South Parade would have been even more.
5. Mr Muddle relied upon the fact that the relevant authorities support a proposition that line of sight visibility is highly relevant to the question of "immediate vicinity". He did not challenge any of the recitation of the relevant law as set out in the reasons. Rather, he submitted that it was misapplied by the Authority. The Authority accepted the 50 metre distance from an unlicensed part of the premises of the land and used that distance for the purposes of the "immediate vicinity" test, when the case law shows that the statutory test of "immediate vicinity" is one of perception and risk of impact on schoolchildren or worshippers in some other way.

The second defendant's submissions

1. It was submitted that there was an "air of unreality" in relation to Ground 3 in circumstances where it had not been suggested that the licensed area of the premises would be accessible through the rear of the building; any failure to carve out which part of the proposed licensed premises from the rest of the building is not surprising in those circumstances.
2. The second defendant relied upon the fact that it was the plaintiffs' expert Mr Smith who identified the lot boundary and gave measurements from it, and that this is also picked up in the plaintiffs' submissions. The plaintiffs' report itself asserted that the school grounds extend along Beamish Lane to within about 30 metres of the closest part of 203 Beamish Street in which the proposed new hotel would be located.
3. The Authority had before it material from Mr Smith that the distance was 30 metres, being from the corner of the school to the corner of the rear of the premises. The RM Planning report writer said that it was less than 50 metres. The Authority also had evidence that it was "over" 70 metres to walk to the front door. It was contended that there was no need to consider separately the distinction as to where the licensed premises would be from the boundary lines because no weight was placed on this in the reports and submissions before the Authority.
4. It was submitted that there is no reason to infer that the Authority did not appreciate the difference. It had maps, both from RM Planning and from the plaintiffs, which clearly showed the distinction between the parts of the proposed new hotel site. Mr Emmett further submitted that the legislation required the Authority to consider "vicinity" not "visibility; given that the gaming machines would not be visible from the street in any case, the relevance of visibility to the "immediate vicinity" test is reduced.

Consideration - Ground 3

1. Determination of this ground turns on whether the Authority erred in failing to have regard to the distance between Campsie Public and that part of the proposed new hotel site that would be licensed as opposed to the premises per se.
2. The relevant statutory test the Authority was considering was whether the "premises of a…new…hotel…are situated in the immediate vicinity of a school, place of public worship or hospital". The word "hotel" is defined in s 4 of the GM Act as having the same meaning in the Liquor Act. Section 4 of the Liquor Act defines "hotel" as meaning "the premises to which a hotel licence relates." The Authority was thus considering whether the premises to which the hotel licence relates were in the immediate vicinity of Campsie Public.
3. The Authority's conclusion regarding "immediate vicinity" was reached "primarily" on the basis of the "close physical proximity" of the proposed premises to Campsie Public (at [223]). On this basis, the finding as to distance is of significance. In reaching this finding as to actual distance, the Authority relied upon the following material: 1. The Google map of the site (at [223]); 2. The submission provided by the consultant, RM Planning, "that the Proposed Premises are [sic] located less than 50m away from the playground of Campsie Public" (at [223]); 3. Local knowledge of police that "almost directly behind the ["Proposed Premises"] is Campsie Public School" (at [223]) (see Ground 4); 4. The assessment prepared by the applicant's planning consultant that the "'nearest doorway' of the public areas of the Proposed Premises on the South Terrace to the 'closest corner' of the Campsie Public School's grounds 'would be over 70 metres' and that there is 'no line of sight between that doorway' or any part of the public areas of the Proposed Premises and the School" (at [250]); 5. That the school yard of Campsie Public "that is likely to be routinely occupied" is only 50 metres away from hotel (at [251]); and 6. The context of the "suburban setting, which is neither a high density inner city location nor a country town" (at [252]).
4. Based on the above material, the Authority concluded that a distance of "between 50 and 70 metres between the two premises is, on the evidence and material before the Authority, sufficiently close to make a finding that the Proposed Premises is within the 'immediate vicinity' of Campsie Public School, particularly when considered in the context of the foot traffic referred to above" (at [252]).
5. The Authority was considering the phrase "immediate vicinity" in its statutory context and in light of the relevant authorities summarised above. Those authorities show that the meaning of the phrase involves an evaluative exercise upon which reasonable minds may differ. This Court is exercising its supervisory jurisdiction, not determining the merits of the Authority's decision. The plaintiffs must establish either jurisdictional error or error on the face of the record in the way in which the Authority assessed the distance of 50 to 70 metres as set out above.
6. The finding of the Authority, based on undisputed evidence, was that the school was in the street behind the proposed new hotel site and not visible from the hotel. The Authority had regard to this. I have had regard to the Google map relied upon by the plaintiffs, which shows that the licensed part of the premises was not at the rear of the site. The Authority did not suggest that it was. The Authority expressly referred to the evidence of the plaintiff's expert that the "'nearest doorway' of the 'public areas' of the Proposed Premises on the South Terrace to the 'closest corner' of the Campsie Public School's grounds would be over 70 metres' and that there is 'no line of sight between that doorway' or any part of the public areas of the Proposed Premises and the School".
7. The Authority's reasoning towards the findings regarding physical distance is apparent. I am not satisfied that, by having regard to the lot boundary rather than the distance to the licensed premises, the Authority fell into error. The Authority referred to the material before it and was clearly aware of the relevant distances. The finding of the Authority as to the test of "immediate vicinity" based "primarily" upon physical proximity is one upon which minds may differ, especially given the material concerning lack of visibility of the proposed hotel from Campsie Public, but this Court's role is to assess the legality of the decision and not its merits. The Authority could have placed more significance on the fact that the relevant distance to the licensed premises was greater than that to the lot boundary, but it did not. Neither jurisdictional error nor error of law on the face of the record is disclosed in the manner in which the Authority assessed the physical proximity from the venue to the school.
8. Ground 3 is not established.

Ground 4 - The Authority erred in that weight was given to the knowledge of police.

The submissions

1. Mr Muddle conceded in oral submissions that this was not one of his stronger grounds when compared with the other three grounds of review. It relates to the finding by the Authority at [223] extracted above at [38]. He conceded that there was no dispute that the school was "almost directly behind" the proposed new hotel site but instead submitted: "whether that is a matter of specialist knowledge to which weight should be given or whether it is an offhand remark or a statement of the obvious is another matter".
2. Mr Emmett on the other hand submitted that it was all a matter of weight and it could not be said that the material was given any particular weight in the context of the reasons overall.

Consideration - Ground 4

1. This ground refers to the Authority's observations concerning the letter from Campsie Licensing Police dated 25 March 2015 described above at [32] that concerned the early opening hours application (which was not ultimately pressed). The letter commences with a reference to Campsie Public being "almost directly behind" the hotel. It was in reliance upon that introductory description that the Authority stated at [223] that it "also gives weight to the local knowledge of police who have advised that "almost directly behind the ["Proposed Premises"] is Campsie Public School".
2. The Authority was entitled to have regard to the any local knowledge of police that was before it. There was no dispute that Campsie Public was almost directly behind the proposed new hotel site to the extent that school was behind it and some short distance away. It was perhaps overstating the effect of the letter to describe it as containing "local knowledge" of police rather than simply being a description of where the premises were in relation to each other in general terms. Despite this, I am not satisfied that this observation by the Authority discloses error in circumstances where that aspect of the evidence at least was not contentious.

Conclusion

1. I have upheld two of the four grounds of review. The plaintiffs have established jurisdictional error. No discretionary reasons for refusing the relief sought have been advanced on behalf of the second defendant. I propose to grant the relief sought.

Costs

1. The plaintiffs seek costs. The usual rule is that costs follow the event and in the ordinary course costs would be awarded to the plaintiffs.
2. The second defendant opposes any order for costs being made. It was submitted that the second defendant only sought to be joined to assist the Court and take the place of a contradictor. It had done nothing to increase the costs because if there were another proper contradictor, the case would have run in exactly the same way with no additional expense.
3. Although I accept that the appearance by the second defendant has done nothing to increase the length of the hearing in that there were still only three active parties rather than four, that is not the relevant question. The second defendant sought to be joined and was joined. Having been joined as a party it actively opposed all four grounds upon which the proceedings for review were brought.
4. Although the Court was assisted by having a contradictor in this matter I can see no reason in this case why costs should not follow the event and I propose to award costs to the plaintiffs.
5. The plaintiffs sought two declarations in addition to the other relief sought. Those declarations did not concern questions of law but rather were declarations of the result they sought. Given that I propose to quash the decision of the Authority it is not necessary to also grant that declaratory relief.

ORDERS

1. The orders which I make are as follows: 1. Quash the decision made by the Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority on 17 December 2015. 2. Remit the first plaintiff's application to the Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority to be determined according to law. 3. The second defendant is to pay the plaintiffs' costs.

Endnote

1. Applications under s 34 of the GM Act that are to be accompanied by a class 2 LIA are the subject of a right of administrative review to NCAT: cl 7(d) of Gaming and Liquor Administration Regulation 2016 (NSW). (The relevant clause at the time of the present application was cl 5B(d) of the Gaming and Liquor Administration Regulation 2008 (NSW)). DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 02 November 2016