Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Allphones Retail Pty Limited [2009] FCA 1075 | Case summary

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Allphones Retail Pty Limited [2009] FCA 1075 | Case summary | Zoe

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT 1 Allphones Retail Pty Limited (Allphones) has been sued by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (the ACCC) in three separate actions commenced in the New South Wales District Registry of this Court. In two of those actions, certain individuals who were executives of Allphones at relevant times have also been sued. 2 In circumstances which I have described in two previous judgments delivered by me (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Allphones Retail Pty Ltd (No 2) (2009) 253 ALR 324, [2009] ATPR 42-274 and Allphones Retail Pty Limited v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2009] FCA 980), on 29 August 2008, by Notice of Dispute dated that day (the Notice of Dispute), Allphones commenced a dispute resolution process with approximately ninety of its franchisees with whom it was then in dispute. 3 Subsequently, Allphones retained BDO Kendalls Corporate Finance (NSW-Vic) Pty Limited (BDO) to prepare two investigative accountant's reports. Both of those reports were required for the purpose of the dispute resolution process instigated by Allphones on 29 August 2008. The BDO reports are dated 23 September 2008 and 22 December 2008 respectively. 4 Allphones provided the two BDO reports to the ACCC in circumstances which I will describe in more detail below. It also provided three Mediation Position Statements to the ACCC in the period from 23 September 2008 to 13 January 2009. 5 Allphones also furnished to the ACCC a document entitled Supporting Calculations to Supplementary Statement of Position dated 16 October 2008 (the Supporting Calculations Document). 6 In addition, on 8 October 2008, BDO produced to the Court its working papers in respect of its first report. These documents were produced in answer to a subpoena for production issued by the ACCC. 7 The ACCC wishes to be free to use all of the above documents for the purposes of the three actions (NSD 408 of 2008; NSD 1567 of 2008; and NSD 869 of 2009). It also wishes to issue a subpoena in which it will require production of BDO's working papers in respect of BDO's second report. It intends to make use of those working papers for the purposes of all three sets of proceedings. 8 Allphones claims that none of the documents referred to at [3]-[7] above can be tendered in evidence because they constitute evidence of settlement negotiations or documents prepared for use in settlement negotiations. At an earlier point in time, it also claimed that some of these documents were subject to client legal privilege. That claim has now been abandoned. 9 The present application has not been made by way of formal Motion. However, shortly before the hearing, the ACCC, as the moving party, provided to Allphones and to me a draft of the orders which it proposed to seek. In that draft, the ACCC sought orders that: 1. The ACCC be granted leave to use in proceedings NSD 408 of 2008, NSD 1567 of 2008 and NSD 869 of 2009:

As a preliminary ruling on the admissibility of evidence, each of the Initial Report, Second Report and Supporting Calculations are admissible into evidence on the tender by the ACCC at the hearing of any of proceedings NSD 408 of 2008, NSD 1567 of 2008 and NSD 869 of 2009. Allphones opposes the making of Order 2. I did not discern any real opposition to the making of Order 1. 10 As I understand proposed Order 1, the ACCC seeks leave to be released from the implied undertaking in respect of the documents listed in that proposed Order that may have been required of it in accordance with the principles in Harman v Home Department State Secretary [1983] 1 AC 280 at 304, 319, 320 and 321 as explained by the High Court in Hearne v Street (2008) 235 CLR 125 at [95]-[97] (pp 154-155) and [105]-[108] (pp 157-160). 11 By proposed Order 2, the ACCC seeks a ruling in advance of adducing the evidence as to the admissibility of the two BDO reports and the Supporting Calculations Document. 12 The three sets of proceedings have been fixed for hearing together to commence on 23 March 2010. They are to be heard at the same time. The evidence in each set of proceedings is likely to be evidence in each of the others. To give an evidentiary ruling of the kind sought by the ACCC so far in advance of the trial would be unusual. There may be sound discretionary reasons for the Court declining to entertain the application even though it clearly has the power to make an order of the kind sought here (see s 192A of the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) (the Evidence Act). However, in the present case, a considerable amount of time, effort and money might be saved if the documents were ruled to be admissible now. After all, the documents were prepared on the instructions of Allphones and on the basis of information and documents provided by Allphones to BDO. They have been provided to franchisees with whom Allphones is in dispute and to the ACCC on the basis that the conclusions stated by BDO in the reports are correct and that the calculations made by BDO in the reports and in the Supporting Calculations Document are also correct. No suggestion has been made by Allphones at any time that the reports or the Supporting Calculations Document need to be qualified in any way. There is an air of unreality about Allphones' resistance to the documents being ruled as admissible. 13 The objections taken by Allphones to the making of proposed Order 2 are that the three documents in question cannot be tendered because to tender them would be to adduce evidence of settlement negotiations which, in the circumstances of the present case, is prohibited by s 131(1) of the Evidence Act and that, in any event, those documents are not business records within s 69 of the Evidence Act. There may be additional particular objections to parts of those documents which Allphones might also wish to take but these were not identified or argued in the present application. 14 These Reasons for Judgment address and determine whether Allphones' resistance to an order ruling that the three documents in question are admissible on the grounds that, in any event, they are not business records and that the tender is prohibited by s 131 of the Evidence Act, should be upheld at this point in time. I will also deal with the question of whether the documents described in proposed Order 1 are subject to any implied undertaking as to their use and, if so, whether the ACCC should be released from that undertaking.

The Facts 15 In Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Allphones Retail Pty Ltd (No 2) 253 ALR 324, [2009] ATPR 42-274, I dealt with an application for interlocutory injunctive relief made by the ACCC against Allphones in proceedings NSD 1567 of 2008. At [32]-[58] of that judgment, I described certain events leading up to the service of the Notice of Dispute. That description was based upon the evidence before me for the purposes of the application with which I was then dealing and, to some extent, may be controversial. But, allowing for these limitations, the description which I gave in those paragraphs of that judgment is a useful starting point for placing the Notice of Dispute into an appropriate context. Accordingly, I incorporate those paragraphs into these Reasons in order to provide some detail of the context in which the Notice of Dispute came to be issued. 16 The Notice of Dispute was issued pursuant to the Franchising Code of Conduct and the contractual arrangements then in existence between Allphones and the franchisees upon whom it was served (the eligible franchisees). It was served upon all of Allphones existing franchisees who were not operating under its new Franchise Agreement or who had not released Allphones from past breaches of its old Franchise Agreement. The sending of the Notice of Dispute commenced a dispute resolution process in accordance with the provisions of the Franchising Code of Conduct and the contractual arrangements between Allphones and the eligible franchisees. The dispute resolution process commenced in this fashion was, if necessary, intended to culminate in a mediation. 17 In the Notice of Dispute, Allphones raised ten issues to be addressed by negotiation and mediation with the eligible franchisees. The main issues may be conveniently grouped into four broad categories: (a) Whether Allphones was entitled to levy certain charges against its franchisees for services and/or capital improvements said to have been carried out by Allphones in the interests of the group generally; (b) Whether Allphones was entitled to levy penalties against its franchisees for non-compliance with the Franchise Agreement; (c) Whether Allphones had appropriately shared with its franchisees bonuses, rebates and other payments which it had received from telecommunications carriers and equipment suppliers; and (d) Whether Allphones had unjustifiably imposed Stock Hold or Commission Hold on certain of its franchisees. 18 The Notice of Dispute expressly referred to proceedings NSD 408 of 2008 and to the Hoy Mobile proceedings which had been decided by Rares J in May 2008 (as to which see Hoy Mobile Pty Ltd v Allphones Retail Pty Ltd (No 2) (2008) ATPR 42-240). In the Notice of Dispute, Allphones also mentioned the prospect that the ACCC might bring proceedings against it pursuant to s 87(1B) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (the Act). Those foreshadowed proceedings have now been commenced (NSD 869 of 2009). Allphones made quite clear in the Notice of Dispute that it was seeking to resolve all of the issues raised in all of the proceedings to which it made reference in that document. 19 In the Notice of Dispute, Allphones said that the dispute resolution process was being undertaken pursuant to cl 24 of its old Franchise Agreement and Pt 4 of the Franchising Code of Conduct. Allphones proposed a process of negotiation followed by a mediation, if necessary. At the end of cl 5 of the Notice of Dispute, Allphones said: Allphones will invite the ACCC to participate in the mediation. If the ACCC chooses not to do so, Allphones will keep the ACCC informed of the progress of the mediation. 20 Allphones proposed that Mr Fitzgerald QC be appointed to act as the mediator should mediation be required. 21 Clause 9 of the Notice of Dispute was in the following terms: 9 Outcome Allphones seeks

1.4 You have instructed us that our report will be utilised in mediation with the Franchisees as described above. … 1.6 This report has been prepared by Mr David Ferrier, a Chartered Accountant and director in the forensic services division of BDO Kendalls Corporate Finance (NSW-VIC) Pty Ltd ("BDO Forensic Services") whose CV is attached as Schedule 1. We note that Mr Goodyer has been responsible for the conduct of the assignment under the direction of Mr Ferrier, and his CV is also attached at Schedule 1. This report, including any attachments, schedules and appendices, is for use in mediation with the Franchisees and may not be used for any other purpose without the prior express written permission of the writer. 30 The first BDO report dealt with charges and fines levied by Allphones against its franchisees. 31 Allphones sent Supplementary Notices of Dispute to some franchisees in the period from mid September 2008 to early October 2008. 32 Under cover of a letter dated 1 October 2008, Phillips Fox sent to Corrs various documents associated with the mediation process. Some of those documents comprised supporting material to Allphones' Position Statement dated 23 September 2008. The final paragraph of that letter was in the following terms: Our client Allphones Retail Pty Ltd has supplied these documents to eligible franchisees on a confidential and without prejudice basis. We supply these copies to you and the Commission on the basis that you will both also treat them as confidential and without prejudice unless we expressly agree in writing otherwise. 33 In a letter from Corrs to Phillips Fox dated 2 October 2008, Corrs catalogued a list of concerns which the ACCC had with the way in which Allphones was negotiating with its franchisees. The ACCC was of the view that Allphones was guilty of misleading and deceptive conduct and unconscionable conduct in the negotiations with its franchisees which were then taking place as part of the dispute resolution process commenced by the service of the Notice of Dispute. It sought undertakings from Allphones. It threatened to take proceedings against Allphones pursuant to ss 51AC, 51AD, 52, 80 and 87 of the Act if those undertakings were not provided. 34 One of the matters which Corrs raised with Phillips Fox in its letter dated 2 October 2008 was the ACCC's contention that the first BDO report and Allphones' first Position Statement suggested to the Allphones franchisees to whom they were sent that the amounts in dispute between Allphones and its franchisees in respect of bonuses, rebates and the like received by Allphones from its carriers and suppliers were "… considerably smaller than the actual quantum of those amounts". In the letter, Corrs went on to explain in detail the basis for the ACCC's contention. 35 The undertakings demanded by the ACCC were not given. The ACCC commenced proceedings NSD 1567 of 2008 on 3 October 2008. On that day, the ACCC made an ex parte application to abridge the time for the service of the originating process and supporting affidavits which it intended to file in those proceedings. 36 On 3 October 2008, in proceedings NSD 1567 of 2008, I also granted leave to the ACCC to issue a subpoena to BDO. That subpoena was issued and made returnable before a Registrar on 8 October 2008. Documents were produced by BDO on that occasion without objection. Allphones was not represented before the Registrar on 8 October 2008, when the BDO subpoena was answered. On that day, leave to inspect and to photocopy the documents produced by BDO was granted to the ACCC and its lawyers. 37 The proceedings were then returned before me on 9 October 2008. On that occasion, Allphones gave undertakings to the Court. Those undertakings were in the following terms: The Respondent, Allphones Retail Pty Limited (Allphones), undertakes to the Court as follows:

The Parties' Submissions 50 The ACCC has applied for a preliminary ruling in advance of the trial as to the admissibility of three documents: the two BDO reports and the Supporting Calculations Document. 51 The ACCC has not called the authors of the documents to give evidence in support of the orders which it seeks. The ACCC submitted that all of the documents are business records of Allphones and also of BDO and, accordingly, are admissible under s 69 of the Evidence Act. It also submitted that Allphones has failed to prove that any of the three documents fell within either subs (1)(a) or sub s(1)(b) of s 131 of the Evidence Act. All three documents were said to be admissible. It was said that there is no need for the ACCC to establish any of the exceptions dealt with in s 131(2). 52 By way of further explanation of these submissions, the ACCC contended that: (a) For a communication or a document to have the necessary connection with the postulated dispute, the substantial or dominant purpose for the making of the communication or the creation of the document must be an attempt to settle an identified dispute. Attempting to settle that dispute cannot be an incidental or secondary reason or one of several primary reasons for the making of the communication or the creation of the document; and (b) That purpose must be discerned in respect of the documents provided to the ACCC by Allphones. That is to say, the ACCC intends to tender the particular copy of each of the three documents in question which was provided to it by Allphones via Phillips Fox (not the originals of those documents). The admissibility ruling which it seeks relates to the copies only. 53 Allphones challenged all of these submissions. In particular, Senior Counsel for Allphones submitted that Allphones had proven the facts necessary to engage subs (1) of s 131 of the Evidence Act and that the ACCC had failed to bring the case within any of the exceptions found in subs (2) of s 131. He also submitted that the documents in question were not business records.

(b) a document (whether delivered or not) that has been prepared in connection with an attempt to negotiate a settlement of a dispute. 59 In my judgment, the original of the first BDO report is: A document (whether delivered or not) that has been prepared in connection with an attempt to negotiate a settlement of a dispute and is thus not permitted to be tendered (unless it falls within one or more of the exceptions set out in s 131(2)) because it is squarely within the terms of s 131(1)(b) of the Evidence Act. 60 The first BDO report was obtained by Allphones for the purpose of negotiating and mediating its disputes with the eligible franchisees which are described in some detail in the Notice of Dispute. If it matters, that was the sole purpose for which it was created. 61 In Field v Commissioner for Railways for NSW (1957) 99 CLR 285, Dixon CJ, Webb, Kitto and Taylor JJ, in a joint judgment, said (at 291-292) The law relating to communications without prejudice is of course familiar. As a matter of policy the law has long excluded from evidence admissions by words or conduct made by parties in the course of negotiations to settle litigation. The purpose is to enable parties engaged in an attempt to compromise litigation to communicate with one another freely and without the embarrassment which the liability of their communications to be put in evidence subsequently might impose upon them. The law relieves them of this embarrassment so that their negotiations to avoid litigation or to settle it may go on unhampered. This form of privilege, however, is directed against the admission in evidence of express or implied admissions. It covers admissions by words or conduct. For example, neither party can use the readiness of the other to negotiate as an implied admission. It is not concerned with objective facts which may be ascertained during the course of negotiations. These may be proved by direct evidence. But it is concerned with the use of the negotiations or what is said in the course of them as evidence by way of admission. For some centuries almost it has been recognised that parties may properly give definition to the occasions when they are communicating in this manner by the use of the words "without prejudice" and to some extent the area of protection may be enlarged by the tacit acceptance by one side of the use by the other side of these words: see Thomas v. Austen [(1823) 1 LJ (OS) KB 99]; Kurtz & Co. v. Spence & Sons [(1888) 58 LT 438, at p 441]; Paddock v. Forrester [(1842) 3 Man & G 903 at p 919; 133 ER 1404 at p 1411]; Hoghton v. Hoghton [(1852) 15 Beav 278 at pp 314, 315; 51 ER 545 at p 559]; In re River Steamer Co.; Mitchell's Claim [(1871) LR 6 Ch App 822 at pp 831, 832]; Walker v. Wilsher [(1889) 23 QBD 335 at pp 337, 338]. Needless to say, the privilege is a matter to be raised by objection to the admissibility of the evidence. For the purpose of deciding such an objection the judge may take evidence on the voir dire. 62 The Justices who delivered the joint judgment went on to hold that the question of whether the privilege attaches depends upon whether the communication formed part of the negotiations for the settlement of the action or was reasonably incidental to those negotiations (Field 99 CLR at 292). 63 These statements were referrable to the common law position. That position may have been extended by s 131 of the Evidence Act although there is a difference of opinion on this question emerging in the authorities. In this Court, in Brown v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2002) 119 FCR 269 at [99], a Full Court expressed the tentative view that the expression "… in connection with an attempt to negotiate the settlement of a dispute", as it appears in s 131, appears to extend the scope of the common law privilege. 64 In Korean Air Lines v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (No 3) (2008) 247 ALR 781, Jacobson J said (at [72]-[74]): Communications made "in connection with an attempt to negotiate a settlement"

7 However, the expression "in connection with", while sometimes capable of referring to a connection of any kind between two subject matters, does not always have that reference: cf Wonall Pty Ltd v Clarence Property Corporation Ltd [2003] 58 NSWLR 23 at 44-45. It is necessary to look to the context in which the expression occurs to determine its particular meaning, in that particular context. In the particular context of section 131, it seems to me that the expression "in connection with" does not extend to any connection of any kind whatever. Rather, the expression needs to be construed by reference to the purpose of the without prejudice privilege. I see no basis for concluding that the rationale of the without prejudice privilege under section 131 of the Evidence Act is any different to the common law. There are some exceptions to the privilege, in section 131(2), which go wider than the exceptions to the privilege at common law, but I see no basis for concluding that the fundamental prohibition contained in section 131(1) has any different rationale to the common law on the topics. 66 The ACCC did not suggest that it could invoke any of the exceptions to the operation of s 131(1) specified in s 131(2). 67 The ACCC's sole submission was that the copy of the first BDO report furnished to it on 26 September 2008 was not protected by s 131(1) because it was provided for mixed purposes, one of which was for use in the litigation between the ACCC and Allphones in this Court. This submission ignores the terms of the Phillips Fox letters of 17 and 26 September 2008 and the terms of the Notice of Dispute itself. In the first of those letters, Phillips Fox deferred any commitment to the proposition that the report could be used for the purposes of that litigation. In the second of those letters, Phillips Fox made quite clear that it was not prepared to accede to the request made by Corrs that Allphones agree that the report be able to be admitted into evidence in the litigation in this Court. It restricted the use to the dispute resolution process then under way and requested that the documents be treated as "confidential and without prejudice". 68 Further, even if the reasoning in Commissioner of Australian Federal Police v Propend Finance Pty Ltd (1997) 188 CLR 501 could sensibly be applied to documents protected by without prejudice privilege (which I doubt), I do not think it would assist the ACCC in the present case. 69 The ACCC had a legitimate interest in the Allphones disputes with its franchisees as the relevant regulatory authority under the Act and for the purposes of the Franchising Code of Conduct. Allphones sought to involve the ACCC in those capacities in the dispute resolution process instigated by Allphones. In fact, the ACCC was keeping a close eye on that process. The disaffected franchisees were probably looking to the ACCC for protection. Given the promptness with which the ACCC raised its concerns about Allphones' conduct in relation to that dispute resolution process, I infer that, in the period from early September 2008 to at least January 2009, officers of the ACCC and/or its lawyers were in regular contact with franchisees and their legal representatives about the negotiations and foreshadowed mediation instigated by the Notice of Dispute. 70 The copy of the first BDO report sent to Corrs on 26 September 2008 was sent in connection with Allphones' dispute with the eligible franchisees. It cannot be tendered in evidence because s 131(1) forbids its tender. 71 For these reasons, I also decline to make an order at this time to the effect that that report is admissible in evidence. I do not need to decide whether the first BDO report would otherwise have been admissible as a business record pursuant to s 69 of the Evidence Act without the authors of that report being called to prove it.

The Second BDO Report and the Supporting Calculations Document 72 The ACCC submitted that the provision of a copy of each of these two documents was for the sole purpose of complying with the undertakings given to the Court by Allphones on 9 October 2008. Therefore, according to the ACCC, these documents were not privileged. 73 Paragraph 6 of those undertakings required Allphones to provide to the ACCC on a confidential basis a copy of any statement made pursuant to par 2 of those undertakings and any report made available to a franchisee pursuant to par 7 of those undertakings. 74 The second BDO report is a report which meets the description set out in par 7 of those undertakings. The Supporting Calculations Document is a document which meets the description set out in par 2 of those undertakings. 75 The question of whether s 131(1) of the Evidence Act is engaged is not answered by answering the question posed by the ACCC in its submission. There is no sole purpose or dominant purpose test encapsulated in the language of s 131(1). The connecting concept between the relevant communication (subs (1)(a)) and the relevant document (subs (1)(b)) is to be found in the expression "… in connection with an attempt to negotiate a settlement of the dispute". In the case of a communication, it must be made in connection with such an attempt. In the case of a document, it must be prepared in connection with such an attempt. 76 In CJ Redman Constructions Pty Ltd [2006] NSWSC 173, Campbell J focussed particularly on the rationale for the without prejudice privilege at common law, namely, that people should be free to explore the settlement of disputes and to make admissions in the course of those discussions, safe in the knowledge that any admissions which they make will not be tendered against them later in Court, if the negotiations break down. 77 In the present case, Allphones put in train a formal dispute resolution process which involved negotiations with its disaffected franchisees and, if necessary, a formal mediation. In order to make that process worthwhile, at the time when the process commenced (viz on 29 August 2008), Allphones promised that it would provide relevant financial information to those parties with whom it was in dispute in order to facilitate those negotiations and that mediation. It was quite prepared to obtain and to provide to its franchisees an investigating accountant's report in respect of all of the critical matters in dispute. This was contemplated in the Notice of Dispute itself which, of course, was created and served approximately five or six weeks before the undertakings were given to the Court on 9 October 2008. A fair appreciation of the relevant events is that the two BDO reports were always intended to be part of the dispute resolution process and that Allphones had probably always intended to use them in support of contentions which it would make in the various Statements of Position served by it as to the quantum of the levies, charges, fines, bonuses, rebates and other payments in dispute. At common law, documents produced for the purposes of such negotiations attracted without prejudice privilege (see Rabin v Mendoza & Co [1954] 1 All ER 247, [1954] 1 WLR 271; and Bailey v Beagle Management Pty Limited [2001] FCA 185 at [14]-[16]). 78 The position is, of course, made clear in the Evidence Act by the terms of s 131(1)(b). 79 In my judgment, the undertakings given to the Court on 9 October 2008 were given in circumstances where Allphones had already committed to its franchisees to provide the documents contemplated by par 2 and par 7 of the undertakings. The additional matter covered by the undertakings was that these documents would be provided to the ACCC as well. 80 I do not think that the undertakings are the source of or the reason for the creation of the documents. Rather, the undertakings provide the basis for the provision of those documents compulsorily to the ACCC. 81 For these reasons, the second BDO report and the Supporting Calculations Document are both protected from tender by s 131(1)(b) of the Evidence Act. Accordingly, I decline to make an order at this time to the effect that these documents are admissible in evidence. 82 As was the case in respect of the first BDO report, I do not need to decide and expressly refrain from deciding whether or not these documents are business records of either Allphones or of BDO.

The Implied Undertaking 83 The first BDO report was not produced to the ACCC under compulsion by order of the Court or by reason of some other compulsory process. Accordingly, the ACCC is not constrained by the implied undertaking in respect of that document. 84 The second BDO report and the Supporting Calculations Document are in a different category. Although the creation of those documents was not the result of an order of the Court or some other compulsory process of the Court, the provision of the documents to the ACCC flowed from the terms of the undertakings given to the Court on 9 October 2008. The provision of those documents in this way is tantamount to the provision of those documents pursuant to an express order of the Court. For these reasons, the ACCC did become subject to the implied undertaking in respect of these latter two documents. That undertaking would restrict the use to which these documents could be put to use for the purposes of proceedings NSD 1567 of 2008. Those proceedings are listed for hearing at the same time as proceedings NSD 408 of 2008 and NSD 869 of 2009. It is likely that the Court will order that evidence in each proceeding will be evidence in each of the other proceedings. In those circumstances, I think that the implied undertaking would extend to allowing the second BDO report and the Supporting Calculations Document to be used for the purposes of all three sets of proceedings. 85 However, in order to remove all doubt, I will grant leave to the ACCC to use the second BDO report and the Supporting Calculations Document for the purposes of all three sets of proceedings, namely, proceedings NSD 408 of 2008, NSD 1567 of 2008 and NSD 869 of 2009. I will make the same order in respect of the documents produced by BDO on 8 October 2008 in answer to the subpoena for production served upon it in proceedings NSD 1567 of 2008 and in relation to the same classes of documents which are to be subpoenaed by the ACCC in respect of the second BDO report. 86 I am conscious of the fact that I have ruled that the second BDO report and the Supporting Calculations Document are not admissible in any of the three sets of proceedings at this stage. However, my rulings in that regard addressed a different question from the present question. There are uses to which these documents may legitimately be put which are not prevented by my rulings in respect of their tender and admissibility at the present time. Those rulings do not constrain those uses.

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Allphones Retail Pty Limited

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Judgment (86 paragraphs)

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