{"id":"F2006L02742","name":"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 – Passenger Car Tyres) 2006","slug":"vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":59999,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2006L02742-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 – Passenger Car Tyres) 2006","content":"![](image.001.png)![](image.002.png)\n\nVehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 – Passenger Car Tyres) 2006\n\nMade under section 7 of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989\n\nCompilation: 2 (up to and including Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule) Amendment Instrument 2021 (No.1))\n\nCompilation Date: 14 May 2021\n\nCompiled by: Vehicle Safety Policy and Partnerships, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications\n\nCONTENTS\n\n23.0. legislative provisions.............................................3\n\nPurpose and SCOPE.....................................................3\n\nAPPLICABILITY......................................................3\n\n23.1. DEFINITIONS..................................................4\n\n23.2. REQUIREMENTS...............................................6\n\n23.3. TEST PROCEDURES............................................8\n\n23.4. ALTERNATIVE STANDARDS...................................12\n\nNOTES .............................................................16\n\n \n\n23.0. legislative provisions\n\n23.0.1. NAME OF STANDARD\n\n23.0.1.1. This Standard is the Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 – Passenger Car Tyres) 2006.\n\n23.0.1.2. This Standard may also be cited as Australian Design Rule 23/00 — Passenger Car Tyres.\n\nPurpose and SCOPE\n\nThis Australian Design Rule (ADR) is part of the Australian motor vehicle standards system and is a national standard for the purposes of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989.\n\nThe function of this Australian Design Rule is to specify requirements of strength, construction and standard pressure/load relationships for passenger car tyres of particular size designations.\n\nAPPLICABILITY\n\nThis ADR applies to tyres fitted to vehicles as set out in the table hereunder.\n\nAll vehicles specified below, except for vehicles of category other than passenger car (MA) which have tyres labelled as suitable for light trucks by the designation 'LT.' or similar, shall be fitted with tyres complying with the relevant requirements of this Rule.\n\n \n\n```html\n

Vehicle Category

ADR Category Code [*]

UNECE Category Code *

Manufactured on or After

Acceptable Prior Rules

Moped 2 wheels

LA

L1

Not Applicable

Moped 3 wheels

LB

L2

Not Applicable

Motor cycle

LC

L3

Not Applicable

Motor cycle and sidecar

LD

L4

Not Applicable

Motor tricycle

LE

L5

Not Applicable

Passenger car

MA

M1

1 July 1988

Nil

Forward-control passenger vehicle

MB

M1

1 July 1988

Nil

Off-road passenger vehicle

MC

M1

1 July 1988

Nil

Light omnibus

MD

M2

up to 3.5 tonnes ‘GVM’ and up to 12 seats

MD1

1 July 1988

Nil

up to 3.5 tonnes ‘GVM’ and more than 12 seats

MD2

Not Applicable

over 3.5 tonnes and up to 4.5 tonnes ‘GVM’

MD3

Not Applicable

over 4.5 tonnes and up to 5 tonnes ‘GVM’

MD4

Not Applicable

Heavy omnibus

ME

M3

Not Applicable

Light goods vehicle

NA

N1

Not Applicable

Medium goods vehicle

NB

N2

over 3.5 tonnes up to 4.5 tonnes ‘GVM’

NB1

Not Applicable

over 4.5 tonnes up to 12 tonnes ‘GVM’

NB2

Not Applicable

Heavy goods vehicle

NC

N3

Not Applicable

Very light trailer

TA

O1

Not Applicable

Light trailer

TB

O2

Not Applicable

Medium trailer

TC

O3

Not Applicable

Heavy trailer

TD

O4

Not Applicable

\n```\n\n23.1. DEFINITIONS\n\n23.1.1. Refer to Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule Definitions and Vehicle Categories) 2005.\n\n23.1.2. ‘Asymmetrical Tyre' - a tyre which, through 'Tread' pattern or construction, is requited to be fitted to a vehicle such that one particular ‘Sidewall’ faces outwards.\n\n23.1.3. 'Bead’ - that part of the tyre usually made of steel wires, wrapped or reinforced by 'Ply' 'Cords’, that is shaped to fit the ‘Rims'\n\n23.1.4. ‘Bead Separation' \\- a breakdown of bond between components in the \\`Bead area.\n\n23.1.5. ‘Belt' - a layer or layers of ‘Cord’ or other reinforcement under the 'Tread’ to stiffen the tyre structure.\n\n23.1.6. 'Belt Separation' - a parting of rubber compound between ‘Belt' layers or between ‘Belts' and \\`Plies'.\n\n23.1.7. ‘Chunking’ - the breaking away of pieces of the \\`Tread'\n\n23.1.8. \\`Cord Separation’ – ‘Cord’ parting away from adjacent rubber compounds.\n\n23.1.9. ‘Measuring Rim' - any 'Rim' with a width as specified for the design or measuring rim for a particular tyre size designation, and with the \\`Bead’ seat and flange dimensions for that \\`Rim', as shown in one or more of the following documents or in case of obsolete sizes no longer listed, in any edition of the following documents prior to the dates listed\n\n23.1.9.1. the Tyre and Rim Standards Manual of the Tyre and Rim Association of Australia, 1985 Edition:\n\n23.1.9.2. the 1985 Tyre and Rim Association Inc. Year Book\n\n23.1.9.3. the Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association Year Book 1986 Edition\n\n23.1.9.4. the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS - D4202) dated 1977 Dimension of Tyres, and (JIS - D4218) dated 1981 Contours of Rims.\n\n23.1.9.5. the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) Data Book dated 1986.\n\n23.1.10. 'Overall Tyre Width' - the linear distance between the exteriors of the 'Sidewalls' of an inflated tyre, including elevations due to labelling, decorations, or protective bands or rib.\n\n23.1.11. 'Ply Separator' - a parting of rubber compound between adjacent 'Plies'.\n\n23.1.12. 'Section Width' - the linear distance between the exteriors of the 'Sidewalls' of an inflated tyre, excluding elevations due to labelling, decoration, or protective bands.\n\n23.1.13. 'Service Description' - the combination of 'Load Index' and 'Speed Category' symbol.\n\n23.1.14. 'Sidewall' - that portion of a tyre between the ‘Tread’ and the 'Bead’.\n\n23.1.15. 'Size Factor' - the sum of the 'Section Width' and the outer diameter of a tyre determined on the ‘Measuring Rim'.\n\n23.1.16. 'Specified Design Section Width' - the width specified in the ‘Nominated Standard’ for a new tyre of that size designation and type when inflated on its ‘Measuring Rim'.\n\n23.1.17. 'Test Rim’ - any ‘Rim’ conforming to the dimensions of the 'Measuring Rim' for the particular tyre size designation and type.\n\n23.1.18. ‘Test Wheel Speed’ - the peripheral speed of the steel test wheel\n\n23.1.19. ‘Tread Separation' - pulling away of the ‘Tread’ from the tyre 'Carcass'.\n\n23.1.20. 'Treadwear Indicator' an indicator incorporated into the 'Tread’ of a tyre which gives visual indication when the 'Tread' has worn down to leave a pie-determined minimum 'Groove' depth.\n\n23.1.21. ‘Tyre Carcass Construction Symbol' - relates to the type of ‘Carcass' construction used in the manufacture of the tyre, viz:\n\nD - Diagonal Ply\n\nB - Bias-Belted\n\nR - Radial Ply.\n\n23.2. REQUIREMENTS\n\n23.2.1. Size and Construction\n\n23.2.1.1. The tyre manufacturer shall specify the ‘Nominated Standard’ with which the tyre design complies in respect to ‘Maximum Load Rating', inflated dimensions, design or ‘Measuring Rim' and alternative 'Rim' fitments.\n\n23.2.1.2. The ‘Administrator’ may accept a tyre, ‘Rim’ or tyre and 'Rim' combination incorporated in a 'Nominated Standard’ referred in Clause 23.1.16.\n\n23.2.2. Performance Requirements\n\n23.2.2.1. General\n\nEach new tyre shall conform to each of the following:\n\n23.2.2.1.1. It shall meet the requirements specified in arm 23.2.2.2 for its size designation, type, ‘Maximum Load Rating', 'Speed Category' or 'Service Description'.\n\n23.2.2.1.2. It shall incorporate at least 4 ‘Treadwear Indicators’ approximately equally spaced, each of which provides for a visual indication when the 'Tread’ in the vicinity of the indicator has a ‘Groove' depth of 1.60 + 0.40,- 0.25 mm.\n\n23.2.2.2. Test requirements\n\n23.2.2.2.1. Test sample selection\n\nThree new tyres having identical characteristics when described according to requirements of Clause 23.2.3 shall comprise a test sample:\n\n23.2.2.2.1.1. one tyre shall be used for physical dimensions, resistance to 'Bead’ unseating, and strength, in sequence;\n\n23.2.2.2.1.2. a second tyre shall be used for tyre endurance; and\n\n23.2.2.2.1.3. a third tyre for high speed performance\n\n23.2.2.2.2. In the tests, pressures shall be established within 10 kPa or one psi (as appropriate) of the values specified for each test\n\n23.2.2.2.3. Physical dimensions requirements\n\nEach tyre shall conform to each of the following when measured in accordance with Clause 23.3.1:\n\n23.2.2.2.3.1. its actual 'Section Width' and 'Overall Tyre Width' shall not exceed by more than 7 percent the 'Section Width' specified in the ‘Nominated Standard’ for its size designation and type.\n\n23.2.2.2.3.2. its 'Size Factor' shall be at least as large as the minimum 'Size Factor' specified in the \\`Nominated Standard’ for its size designation and type. If the 'Nominated Standard does not specify a minimum ‘Size Factor', this shall be calculated as:\n\nMinimum 'Size Factor' = 0.97 (SW + 2SH) + DR\n\nwhere:\n\nSW = specified 'Section Width' [\\[##\\]](#_ftn2)\n\nSH = 1/2 of (specified outer diameter nominal rim diameter)\n\nDR = nominal 'Rim' diameter\n\n23.2.2.2.4. Resistance to 'Bead' unseating requirements (for tubeless tyres only)\n\nWhen tested in accordance with Clause 23.3.2 the applied force required to unseat the tyre 'Bead' at the point of contact shall not be less than:\n\n23.2.2.2.4.1. 6,670 N for tyres with a 'Specified Design Section Width' of less than 6.3 inches, or 160 mm;\n\n23.2.2.2.4.2. 8,890 N for tyres with a 'Specified Design Section Width' of 6.3 inches or 160 mm or more but less than 8 inches or 205 mm; or\n\n23.2.2.2.4.3. 11,120 N for tyres with a 'Specified Design Section Width' of 8 inches or 205 mm or more.\n\n23.2.2.2.5. Tyre strength requirements\n\nEach tyre shall meet the requirements for minimum breaking energy specified in Table 3 when tested in accordance with Clause 23.3.3.\n\n23.2.2.2.6. Tyre endurance requirements\n\nAfter completion of the laboratory test wheel endurance test specified in Clause 23.3.4 no tyre shall have ‘Tread Separation', 'Ply Separation', 'Cord Separation', 'Belt Separation' or 'Bead Separation', 'Chunking', or 'Broken Cords'.\n\n23.2.2.2.7. High speed test requirements\n\nAfter completion of the high speed test specified in Clause 23.3.5 no tyre shall have ‘Tread Separation', 'Ply Separation', 'Cord Separation', 'Belt Separation' or 'Bead Separation', 'Chunking' or 'Broken Cords'.\n\n23.2.3. Labelling Requirements.\n\nEach tyre shall be conspicuously labelled on both ‘Sidewalls’ in the case of symmetrical tyres and at least on the outer ‘Sidewalls’ in the case of ‘Asymmetrical Tyres' with each of the following permanently moulded in letters and figures at least 3.8 mm high and depth at least 0.25 mm if below the background surface or 0.4 mm if above the background\n\n23.2.3.1. tyre size designation, which includes the 'Speed Category' symbol as determined from Table 4 either within the size designation or adjacent to the size designation as part of the 'Service Description', and 'Tyre Carcass Construction Symbol’ for 'Radial Ply Tyres' or 'Bias-belted Tyres' and optionally, in the case of 'Diagonal Ply’;;\n\n23.2.3.2. the 'Maximum Load Rating' for the tyre expressed in kilograms followed by the word \"kilograms\" or the abbreviation 'kg' or the ‘Maximum Load Rating' for the tyre expressed in pounds followed by the word “pounds\" or the abbreviation “lbs” or the 'Load Index' symbol (from Table 2) adjacent to the size designation as part of the 'Service Description'. Tyres shall be labelled unambiguously in respect to ‘Maximum Load Rating’ or ‘Load Index';\n\n23.2.3.3. identification of manufacturer by:\n\n23.2.3.3.1. Name; or\n\n23.2.3.3.2. Brand Name and an 'Approved’ code mark;\n\n23.2.3.4. the word \"TUBELESS\" if applicable;\n\n23.2.3.5. the word \"RADIAL\" if applicable;\n\n23.2.3.6. the words 'BIAS-BELTED' if applicable;\n\n23.2.3.7. a date code consisting of 3 digit, the first 2 nominating the week of the year and the third digit the year of manufacture on at least one ‘Sidewall’ of the tyre; and\n\n23.2.3.8. in the case of 'Asymmetrical Tyres’, a clear indication which side of the tyre is to face outwards when fitted to the vehicle.\n\n23.3. TEST PROCEDURES\n\n23.3.1. Physical Dimensions Test\n\n23.3.1.1. Determine tyre's physical dimensions under uniform ambient conditions as follows.\n\n23.3.1.1.1. Mount the tyre on a 'Test Rim' and inflate it to the pressure specified for measurement in the 'Nominated Standard’.\n\n23.3.1.1.2. If no pressure is specified for measurement, mount the tyre on a ‘Test Rim' and inflate it to the pressure designated for its 'Maximum Load Rating' in the 'Nominated Standard' reduced by 60 kPa (or 8 psi as appropriate).\n\n23.3.1.2. Condition it at ambient room temperature for at least 24 hours.\n\n23.3.1.3. Readjust pressure to that specified in Clauses 23.3.1.1.1 or 23.3.1.1.2 as appropriate.\n\n23.3.1.4. Caliper the 'Section Width’ and 'Overall Tyre Width' at 6 points approximately equally spaced around the tyre circumference.\n\n23.3.1.5. Record the average of these measurements as the 'Section Width' and 'Overall Tyre Width', respectively.\n\n23.3.1.6. Determine tyre outer diameter by measuring the maximum circumference of the tyre and dividing this dimension by Pi.\n\n23.3.2. Resistance to \\`Bead' Unseating Test (for tubeless tyres only)\n\n23.3.2.1. Preparation of tyre ‘Test Rim' assembly\n\n23.3.2.1.1.1. Wash the tyre, dry it at the 'Beads', and mount it without lubrication or adhesive on a clean painted test 'Rim'.\n\n23.3.2.1.1.2. Adjust the pressure to the applicable pressure specified in Clause 23.3.1.1.2 at ambient room temperature.\n\n23.3.2.1.1.3. Mount the tyre and ‘Test Rim’ in the fixture shown in Figure 1, and force: ether of the standard blocks shown in Figure 2 against the tyre ‘Sidewalls’ as required by the geometry of the fixture, or by any other ‘Approved’ test procedure.\n\n23.3.2.2. Test procedure\n\n23.3.2.2.1. Apply a load through the block to the tyre’s outer ‘Sidewall’ at a distance no less than that specified in Figure 1 for the applicable ‘Rim' at a rate of 50  10 mm per minute, with the load arm substantially parallel to the tyre and 'Rim' assembly at time of engagement\n\n23.3.2.2.2. Increase the load until the 'Bead’ unseats or the applicable value specified in Clause 23.2.2.2.4 is reached\n\n23.3.2.2.3. This test shall be repeated at least 4 times at locations approximately equally spaced around the tyre circumference.\n\n23.3.3. Tyre Strength (Breaking Energy) Test\n\n23.3.3.1. Preparation of tyre\n\n23.3.3.1.1. Mount the tyre on a ‘Test Rim' and inflate it to the applicable pressure specified in Clause 23.3.1.1.2\n\n23.3.3.1.2. Condition it at test room temperance for at least 3 hours.\n\n23.3.3.1.3. Readjust its pressure to that specified Clause 23.3.1.1.2\n\n23.3.3.2. Test procedure\n\n23.3.3.2.1. Force a cylindrical steel plunger with a hemispherical end and a diameter of 19  1.6 mm perpendicularly into the ‘Tread’ as near to the centreline as possible, avoiding penetration into my 'Tread’ 'Groove', at the rate of 50  10 mm per minute.\n\n23.3.3.2.2. Record the force and penetration at the moment of breaking at each of 5 test points approximately equally spaced around the circumference of the tyre. If the tyre fails to break before the plunger is stopped on reaching the ‘Rim’, and the required minimum breaking energy is not achieved, then the required minimum breaking energy is deemed to have been achieved at that point\n\n23.3.3.2.3. Compute the breaking energy for each test point by means of the following formula:\n\n![](image.003.png)\n\nWhere W = Energy, Joules\n\nF = Force, Newtons\n\nP = Penetration, mm\n\n23.3.3.2.4. Determine the breaking energy value for the tyre by computing the average of the 5 values obtained in accordance with Clause 23.3.3.2.3.\n\n![](image.004.png)![](image.005.png)\n\n23.3.4. Tyre Endurance Test\n\n23.3.4.1. Preparation of tyre\n\n23.3.4.1.1. Mount a new tyre on a ‘Test Rim' and inflate it to the applicable pressure specified in Clause 23.3.1.1.2\n\n23.3.4.1.2. Condition the tyre assembly at a temperature not less than 35 degrees Celsius for at leas 3 hours.\n\n23.3.4.1.3. Readjust tyre pressure to that specified in Clause 23.3.1.1.2 immediately before testing.\n\n23.3.4.2. Test procedure\n\n23.3.4.2.1. Mount the tyre and \\`Test Rim' assembly on a test axle and press it against a flat-faced steel test wheel of an outside diameter not greater than 1.71 metres and at least as wide as the \\`Section Width' of the tyre to be tested, or an \\`Approved' equivalent test wheel.\n\n23.3.4.2.2. During the test the ambient temperature at a distance of not less than 150 mm and not more than one metre from the tyre shall be at least 35 degrees Celsius. No provision shall be made for cooling the tyre during the test.\n\n23.3.4.2.3. Conduct the test at not less than 80 km/h test speed with loads and test periods not less than those shown in the following schedule:-\n\n![](image.006.png)\n\n![](image.007.png)\n\n \n\n23.3.5. High Speed Test\n\n23.3.5.1. Preparation of tyre\n\n23.3.5.1.1. Mount the tyre on a 'Test Rim' and inflate it to a pressure equal to the pressure specified in the 'Nominated Standard' for its ‘Maximum Load Rating' plus an increase no greater than that specified in Table 1 for its 'Speed Category’.\n\n23.3.5.1.2. Condition the tyre assembly at a temperature not less than 35 degrees Celsius for at least 3 hours.\n\n23.3.5.1.3. Readjust the tyre pressure to that specified in Clause 23.3.5.1.1 immediately before testing.\n\n23.3.5.2. Test procedure\n\n23.3.5.2.1. Mount the tyre and 'Test Rim' assembly on a test axle and press it against a flat\\-faced, steel test wheel of an outside diameter not greater than 1.71 metres, and at least as wide as the 'Section Width' of the wheel to be tested (or an 'Approved’ equivalent test wheel) with a load not less than 80 percent of the ‘Maximum Load Rating' of the tyre,\n\n23.3.5.2.2. During the test the ambient temperance at a dunce of not less than 150 mm and not more than one metre from the tyre shall be at least 35 degrees Celsius. No provisions shall be made for cooling the tyre during the test.\n\n23.3.5.2.3. Operate the equipment to bring the 'Test Wheel Speed’ from zero up to the initial 'Test Wheel Speed’ in a period of at least 10 minutes.\n\n23.3.5.2.4. The initial ‘Test Wheel Speed' is equal to the maximum speed shown in Table 1 a corresponding to the tyre's 'Speed Category’ symbol, less 40 km/h.\n\n23.3.5.2.5. The initial 'Test Wheel Speed for tyres of 'Speed Category' “V”. is 170 km/h.\n\n23.3.5.2.6. Operate the equipment with the ‘Test Wheel Speed’ not les than the initial 'Test Wheel Speed for at least 10 minutia, then at not less than the initial ‘Test Wheel Speed’ plus 10 km/h for at least a further 10 minters, then at not less than the initial 'Test Wheel Speed’ plus 20 km/h for at least a further 10 minutes and finally at not less than the initial 'Test Wheel Speed' plus 33 km/h for at least a further 20 minutes.\n\n23.3.5.3. The technical requirements specified in Annex 7 of United Nations Regulation No. 30 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF PNEUMATIC TYRES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND THEIR TRAILERS, incorporating the 02 series of amendments shall be deemed to be equivalent to the technical requirements of Clause 23.3.5 High Speed Test.\n\n \n![](image.008.png)\n\n \n![](image.009.png)\n\n \n![](image.010.png)\n\nNOTES\n\nThis compilation of Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 - Passenger Car Tyres) 2006 includes all the instruments set out in the Table of Instruments. The Table of Amendments provides a history of clauses that have been amended, inserted or deleted.\n\nTable of Instruments\n\n| Name of Instrument | Registration Date | Commencement Date |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- |\n| Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 - Passenger Car Tyres) 2006 | 18/08/2006 | 19/08/2006 |\n| Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 - Passenger Car Tyres) 2006 Amendment 1 | 13/12/2006 | 14/12/2006 |\n| Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule) Amendment Instrument 2021 (No.1) | 13/05/21 | 14/05/21 |\n\nTable of Amendments\n\n| Clause affected | How affected | Amending instrument |\n| ----------------- | ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 23.0.2. | del | Legislation Act 2003 – section 48D |\n| 23.0.3. | del | Legislation Act 2003 – section 48C |\n| Purpose and Scope | am | Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 - Passenger Car Tyres) 2006 Amendment 1 |\n| 23.3.5.3. | ad | Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule) Amendment Instrument 2021 (No.1) |\n| 23.4. | del | Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule) Amendment Instrument 2021 (No.1) |\n\nad = added or inserted\n\nam = amended\n\ndel = deleted or removed\n\nrr = removed and replaced\n\n = clause renumbered. This takes the format of old no.  new no.\n\n---\n\n[\\[\\*\\]](#_ftnref1) The category code may also be in the format L1, LA etc.\n\n[\\[##\\]](#_ftnref2) as given in the ‘Nominated Standard’.","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The instrument remains focused on setting technical requirements for passenger‑car tyres (strength, endurance, dimensions and labelling) — the same core objective set out in the Purpose and Scope. Recent amendments visible in the compilation are largely technical alignments: insertion of an equivalence to Annex 7 of UN Regulation No. 30 for the high‑speed test (clause 23.3.5.3, added 2021) and other editorial updates. A deleted clause (23.4 Alternative Standards) narrowed procedural text but did not expand the ADR beyond its original product‑safety and performance remit. Overall, changes are updates and harmonisation rather than a substantive broadening of scope."},"complexity_factors":["Multiple technical test procedures in Part 23.3 (physical dimensions, bead unseating, breaking energy, endurance, high speed) with multi‑stage protocols and conditioning requirements","Approx. 20+ defined terms in Clause 23.1 (technical vocabulary: bead, belt separation, cord separation, size factor, nominated standard, etc.)","Numerical thresholds and calculation formulae (e.g. breaking energy formula and minimum bead unseating forces in 23.2.2.2.4 and 23.3.3.2.3)","Cross‑references to external documents and standards (Nominated Standard, ADR Definitions/Vehicle Categories 2005, Tyre & Rim manuals, JIS, ETRTO, and UN Regulation No.30 Annex 7)","Conditional logic and exceptions (different force thresholds by tyre width bands, tubeless‑only tests, asymmetrical vs symmetrical tyre labelling rules)","Multiple small tolerances and measurement rules (pressure tolerances ±10 kPa or 1 psi, dimensional averaging across six points, temperature conditioning requirements)","Specified sample allocation (three tyres per sample with each tyre allocated to different tests) and repeat test counts (e.g. bead unseating repeated at least 4 times)","Referenced tables and figures (Table 1, Table 3, Table 4, Figures 1–2, endurance schedule) that are integral to compliance but may be presented separately","Administrative discretion points (Administrator may accept nominated standards and ‘Approved’ procedures — 23.2.1.2)"],"plain_english_summary":"**What this instrument does (mechanically)**\n\n- This is a technical standard for passenger‑car tyres that sets mandatory labelling, dimensional and performance requirements for new tyres intended for vehicles in the listed ADR vehicle categories (see Applicability table). It operates under the Motor Vehicle Standards Act (clauses 23.0.1 and Purpose and Scope).\n- It requires tyre manufacturers to declare a ‘Nominated Standard’ for each tyre design (clause 23.2.1.1) and allows the Administrator to accept nominated standards (clause 23.2.1.2).\n- It imposes specific, measurable tests that tyres must pass before they comply: physical dimensions (23.3.1), bead‑unseating resistance for tubeless tyres (23.3.2), breaking energy (strength) (23.3.3), laboratory endurance (23.3.4) and high‑speed performance (23.3.5). Sample sizes and allocation of test tyres are specified (23.2.2.2.1).\n- It prescribes mandatory labelling to be moulded on tyre sidewalls (size, speed symbol, load rating, manufacturer identification or brand + approved code, construction type, words like “TUBELESS” or “RADIAL” where applicable, a date code, and side‑facing indication for asymmetrical tyres) with minimum character sizes (clause 23.2.3).\n- The ADR includes numeric performance thresholds (for example, minimum bead unseating forces by section width in 23.2.2.2.4 and minimum breaking energy in Table 3) and measurement tolerances (e.g. section width not to exceed specified width by more than 7% in 23.2.2.2.3.1).\n- The Rule recognises (as an equivalent) the technical requirements in Annex 7 of United Nations Regulation No. 30 for the high‑speed test (clause 23.3.5.3).\n\n**Who is affected**\n\n- Tyre manufacturers and importers who place new passenger‑car tyres onto the Australian market (clauses 23.2.1.1, 23.2.2 and 23.2.3).\n- Vehicle manufacturers and dealers insofar as vehicles must be fitted with tyres that comply with this ADR (Applicability table). The ADR excludes tyres labelled for light trucks (e.g. marked ‘LT’) from passenger‑car requirements.\n- Testing laboratories and conformity bodies who must perform and report the specified physical and performance tests (Part 23.3).\n\n**Why it matters (operationally)**\n\n- It turns performance characteristics (strength, endurance, high‑speed behaviour, bead retention, dimensional tolerances) into enforceable, measurable requirements, creating a single national technical baseline for passenger‑car tyres (Purpose and Scope, 23.2.2, 23.3).\n- Manufacturers must design, label and test tyres to meet the stated thresholds before sale in the covered vehicle categories; failure to comply prevents legal placement on vehicles requiring ADR conformity (Applicability table, 23.2.3).\n\n**Mechanisms, who pays and who decides**\n\n- Manufacturers/importers pay the direct costs: product development, testing (three‑tyre sample protocol at minimum — 23.2.2.2.1), equipment or third‑party laboratory fees, retooling and compliance labelling (23.2.3).\n- The Administrator (an executive agency official) has decision authority to accept nominated standards and approve alternative test procedures where specified as ‘Approved’ (23.2.1.2; cross‑references to ‘Approved’ procedures in 23.3.2 and 23.3.4). That is an element of bureaucratic discretion in implementation.\n- Enforcers (regulators) rely on the spelled‑out tests and labels to determine compliance; measurements and pass/fail criteria are technical and numerical (23.2.2.2, 23.3).\n\n**Incentives, trade‑offs and likely behaviour changes**\n\n- Incentives: meeting the ADR is a market access condition. Manufacturers will choose tyre constructions, materials and labelling consistent with passing the listed laboratory tests and measurements (23.2.2, 23.3).\n- Trade‑offs: higher testing and production costs (particularly for smaller manufacturers or new entrants) versus access to the Australian passenger‑car market. Firms may concentrate on tyre lines that are already compliant or on tyres for vehicle categories outside this ADR (e.g. tyres marked ‘LT’) to avoid some requirements (Applicability table).\n- Substitution effects: importers or vehicle fleets may favour tyres already certified to the nominated standard or to UN Regulation No. 30 (recognised as equivalent for high‑speed testing — 23.3.5.3) to reduce duplicate testing.\n\n**Compliance burden and implementation risks**\n\n- Administrative and technical compliance burden is moderate to high: laboratory testing with specified ambient conditioning, multiple test phases, and detailed labelling rules (23.3; 23.2.3). Tests reference figures, tables and tolerances that a laboratory must implement precisely.\n- There is some scope for regulatory discretion (acceptance of nominated standards and approved test procedures — 23.2.1.2, 23.3.2.1.3) which can reduce or increase compliance effort depending on administrative practice.\n- Implementation risk includes a need for calibrated equipment, consistent conditioning procedures (temperature conditioning and pressure tolerances appear throughout 23.3), and correct interpretation of the ‘Nominated Standard’ for dimensions/pressures.\n\n**Market and contractual effects to note**\n\n- The ADR affects product design choices and labelling (23.2.3), which in turn influence procurement and supply contracts between tyre manufacturers, importers and vehicle assemblers or dealers.\n- It can raise the effective entry cost for new tyre lines into the covered vehicle classes because of mandatory testing and labelling. It also creates standardisation that can lower transaction costs for purchasers who want consistent tyre specifications.\n\n**Sources of flexibility and constraint in the rule**\n\n- Flexibility: the Administrator can accept nominated standards and ‘Approved’ procedures (23.2.1.2 and references in 23.3). The instrument also treats UN Regulation No. 30 Annex 7 as technically equivalent for one important test (23.3.5.3), which provides a pathway to rely on internationally recognised testing.\n- Constraint: specific numeric thresholds, test sequences, sample sizes and mandatory moulded labelling (23.2.2; 23.2.3; 23.3) are prescriptive and must be met for compliance.\n\n**Practical points for a manufacturer or regulator**\n\n- Confirm the tyre’s ADR vehicle category applicability in the table (Applicability table) and whether the tyre is excluded by being marked ‘LT’.\n- Declare and document the Nominated Standard (23.2.1.1) and be prepared to demonstrate compliance with the exact test regimens and labelling rules (23.2.2; 23.2.3; Part 23.3).\n- Consider using testing and approvals that are already compliant with UN Regulation No. 30 Annex 7 for the high‑speed test to avoid duplicative testing (23.3.5.3).\n\n(Clauses cited above refer to the clause numbers in the Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 23/00 – Passenger Car Tyres) 2006.)"},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The legislation remains focused on its original purpose of setting safety and construction standards for passenger car tyres. The 2021 amendment added a technical equivalence provision for high-speed testing (aligning with UN Regulation 30) and removed the alternative standards clause, but these are technical refinements rather than scope expansion. The core regulatory scope—tyre strength, dimensions, labelling, and testing—has remained consistent since 2006."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive technical definitions section (21 defined terms) including specialised tyre engineering concepts like 'Bead Separation', 'Belt Separation', 'Chunking', and 'Ply Separator'","Multiple cross-references to external standards documents (Tyre and Rim Association manuals, JIS standards, ETRTO Data Book, UNECE Regulation No. 30)","Detailed test procedures with specific numerical tolerances (e.g., '50 ± 10 mm per minute', '1.60 + 0.40, - 0.25 mm')","Mathematical formulas for calculating breaking energy and size factors","Conditional applicability table spanning 20+ vehicle categories with different compliance dates and prior rule exceptions","Nested testing protocols requiring sequential procedures across multiple clauses (23.3.1 through 23.3.5)","Dual measurement systems throughout (metric and imperial units—kPa/psi, kg/lbs, mm/inches)"],"plain_english_summary":"This rule sets mandatory safety standards for passenger‑car tyres in Australia, covering how tyres must be built, tested and labelled before sale or fitting. It requires durable construction, laboratory performance testing, permanent identification and tread‑wear indicators. It affects tyre and vehicle makers, importers and buyers — reducing tyre‑related crashes and aligning Australian requirements with international norms."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006","history":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006/history","analysis":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/vehicle-standard-australian-design-rule-23-00-passenger-car-tyres-2006/documents"}}