{"id":"F2023L00922","name":"Statement of Principles concerning thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 69 of 2023)","slug":"statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":441984,"registerId":"F2023L00922-fast-fetch-1775957130077","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-12","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement of Principles concerning thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 69 of 2023)","content":"---\nmeta-content-style-type: text/css\nmeta-content-type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8\n---\n\n?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n\n\n\n \n\nStatement of Principles\n\nconcerning\n\nTHORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROLAPSE (Balance of Probabilities)\n\n(No. 69 of 2023)\n\nThe Repatriation Medical Authority determines the following Statement of Principles under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n \n\nDated 23 June 2023.\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n| The Common Seal of the Repatriation Medical Authority was affixed to this instrument at the direction of:
|\n| --- |\n|
Professor Terence Campbell AM
Chairperson
|\n\n\n \n\n \n\n\nContents\n\n1 Name\n\n2 Commencement\n\n3 Authority\n\n4 Repeal\n\n5 Application\n\n6 Definitions\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary\n\n1 Definitions\n\n \n\n\n\n\n1 Name\n\nThis is the Statement of Principles concerning thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 69 of 2023).\n\n2 Commencement\n\nThis instrument commences on 25 July 2023.\n\n3 Authority\n\nThis instrument is made under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n4 Repeal\n\nThe Statement of Principles concerning intervertebral disc prolapse (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 44 of 2016) (Federal Register of Legislation No. F2016L00564) made under subsections 196B(3) and (8) of the VEA is repealed.\n\n5 Application\n\nThis instrument applies to a claim to which section 120B of the VEA or section 339 of the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 applies.\n\n6 Definitions\n\nThe terms defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary have the meaning given when used in this instrument.\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n(1) This Statement of Principles is about thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse and death from thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse.\n\n(2) This Statement of Principles applies to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse that has been diagnosed on the basis of:\n\n(a) clinical manifestations of local pain and stiffness, or symptoms and signs of thoracolumbar spinal cord compression or thoracolumbar nerve root compression; and\n\n(b) imaging evidence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, including protrusion, herniation, extrusion or rupture of the nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosis of a thoracolumbar intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal of the thoracolumbar spine.\n\nNote: imaging evidence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. It will usually be the case that the date of the imaging evidence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse is after the date of clinical onset.\n\n(3) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles \"thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse\" means protrusion, herniation, extrusion or rupture of the nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal of the thoracolumbar spine, causing symptoms or signs, including intervertebral disc prolapses at the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral junctions.\n\n(4) The definition of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse given at subsection (3) excludes bulging of the intervertebral disc and Schmorl's nodes.\n\n(5) Whilst thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse attracts ICD‑10‑AM codes M51.0, M51.1 or M51.2. In this Statement of Principles, the definition of \"thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse\" is that given at subsection (3).\n\n(6) For subsection (5), a reference to an ICD-10-AM code is a reference to the code assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), Tenth Edition, effective date of 1 July 2017, copyrighted by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, ISBN 978-1-76007-296-4.\n\nDeath from thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse\n\n(7) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, in relation to a person, includes death from a terminal event or condition that was contributed to by the person's thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse.\n\nNote: terminal event is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\nOn the sound medical‑scientific evidence available, the Repatriation Medical Authority is of the view that it is more probable than not that thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse and death from thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse can be related to relevant service rendered by veterans or members of the Forces under the VEA, or members under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA, relevant service and VEA are defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\nAt least one of the following factors must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse or death from thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse is connected with the circumstances of a person's relevant service:\n\n(1) having trauma to the affected intervertebral disc within the 24 hours before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: trauma to the affected intervertebral disc is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(2) having a penetrating injury to the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body, within the 24 hours before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: penetrating injury to the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(3) physically carrying or lifting loads of at least 10 kilograms, to a cumulative total Load-Factor of at least 300,000 within the 5 years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: Load-Factor is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(4) driving a motor vehicle for an average of at least 30 hours per week, for a period of at least 2 years within the 10 years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: motor vehicle is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(5) piloting an engine powered aircraft for a cumulative total of at least 5,000 hours within the 10 years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(6) flying in a helicopter as operational aircrew, for a cumulative total of at least 5,000 hours within the 10 years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(7) having smoked tobacco products in an amount of at least 10 pack-years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, and if smoking has ceased before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, then that onset occurred within 5 years of cessation;\n\nNote: one pack-year is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(8) having bacterial infection of the affected disc at the time of the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(9) being obese for at least 5 years within the 25 years before the clinical onset of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: being obese is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(10) having trauma to the affected intervertebral disc within the 24 hours before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: trauma to the affected intervertebral disc is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(11) having a penetrating injury to the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body, within the 24 hours before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: penetrating injury to the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(12) physically carrying or lifting loads of at least 10 kilograms, to a cumulative total Load-Factor of at least 300,000 within the 5 years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: Load-Factor is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(13) driving a motor vehicle for an average of at least 30 hours per week, for a period of at least 2 years within the 10 years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: motor vehicle is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(14) piloting an engine powered aircraft for a cumulative total of at least 5,000 hours within the 10 years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(15) flying in a helicopter as operational aircrew, for a cumulative total of at least 5,000 hours within the 10 years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(16) having smoked tobacco products in an amount of at least 10 pack-years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, and if smoking has ceased before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, then that worsening occurred within 5 years of cessation;\n\nNote: one pack-year is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(17) having bacterial infection of the affected disc at the time of the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\n(18) being obese for at least 5 years within the 25 years before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse;\n\nNote: being obese is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n(19) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse before the clinical worsening of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse.\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n(1) The existence in a person of any factor referred to in section 9, must be related to the relevant service rendered by the person.\n\n(2) The factors set out in subsections 9(10) to 9(19) apply only to material contribution to, or aggravation of, thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse where the person's thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse was suffered or contracted before or during (but did not arise out of) the person's relevant service.\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nIn this Statement of Principles:\n\n(1) if a factor referred to in section 9 applies in relation to a person; and\n\n(2) that factor refers to an injury or disease in respect of which a Statement of Principles has been determined under subsection 196B(3) of the VEA;\n\nthen the factors in that Statement of Principles apply in accordance with the terms of that Statement of Principles as in force from time to time.\n\n \n\n \n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary \n\nNote: See Section 6\n\n1 Definitions\n\n In this instrument:\n\n being obese means having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater.\n\nNote: BMI is also defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n BMI means W/H2 and where:\n\n(a) W is the person's weight in kilograms; and\n\n(b) H is the person's height in metres.\n\n clinical onset means the point backwards in time from the first date of imaging confirming thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, to the date at which the symptoms of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse were persistently present, as assessed by a registered medical practitioner.\n\n imaging evidence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse means an image of the interior of a body obtained by medical techniques, including X-ray radiography or magnetic resonance imaging, showing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse, that is usually obtained at a date after the date of clinical onset of the disease.\n\nNote: clinical onset is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n Load-Factor means W2 x T, where:\n\n(a) W is the weight of the load lifted or carried in kilograms; and\n\n(b) T is the time the load was lifted or carried in hours.\n\n motor vehicle means a motorised vehicle which imparts vibration to the whole body, such as a car, truck, motor cycle, tractor, jeep, armoured personnel carrier, tank, or a construction vehicle, such as a forklift, bulldozer, crane, steam shovel, backhoe or steam roller.\n\n MRCA means the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004.\n\n one pack-year means the amount of tobacco consumed in smoking 20 cigarettes per day for a period of 1 year, or an equivalent amount of tobacco products.\n\nNote 1: An equivalent amount of tobacco products is 7,300 grams of smoking tobacco by weight, either in cigarettes, pipe tobacco or cigars, or a combination of same. For pipe tobacco, cigars or combinations of multiple tobacco types, 1 gram of tobacco is considered to be equal to one cigarette.\n\nNote 2: Pack-years are calculated by dividing the number of cigarettes smoked per day by 20 and multiplying this number by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, smoking 10 cigarettes per day for 10 years is equal to 5 pack-years, and smoking 40 cigarettes per day for 10 years is equal to 20 pack-years.\n\n penetrating injury to the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body means piercing of the affected intervertebral disc or adjacent vertebral body by an object such as a bullet, shell fragment, knife or needle.\n\n \n\n relevant service means:\n\n(a) eligible war service (other than operational service) under the VEA;\n\n(b) defence service (other than hazardous service and British nuclear test defence service) under the VEA; or\n\n(c) peacetime service under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA and VEA are also defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n terminal event means the proximate or ultimate cause of death and includes the following:\n\n(a) pneumonia;\n\n(b) respiratory failure;\n\n(c) cardiac arrest;\n\n(d) circulatory failure; or\n\n(e) cessation of brain function.\n\n thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse—see subsection 7(2).\n\n trauma to the affected intervertebral disc means a discrete event involving the application of significant physical force to the affected intervertebral disc, that causes:\n\n(a) the development of symptoms and signs of pain and tenderness, and either altered mobility or range of movement of the thoracolumbar spine. In the case of sustained unconsciousness or the masking of pain by analgesic medication, these symptoms and signs must appear on return to consciousness or the withdrawal of the analgesic medication; and\n\n(b) the persistence of these symptoms and signs for a period of at least 7 days following their onset, save for where medical intervention for the trauma to the affected intervertebral disc has occurred and that medical intervention involves one of the following:\n\n(i) immobilisation of the thoracolumbar spine by splinting or similar external agent;\n\n(ii) injection of a corticosteroid or local anaesthetic into the thoracolumbar spine; or\n\n(iii) surgery to the thoracolumbar spine.\n\n VEA means the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n \n\n \n","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":5,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This instrument maintains the established scope of Repatriation Medical Authority Statements of Principles. It replaces the 2016 version concerning the same medical condition (intervertebral disc prolapse) with updated medical evidence and refined diagnostic criteria. The scope remains tightly focused on establishing service connection for a specific spinal condition in veterans and defence members, consistent with the authority under section 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986."},"complexity_factors":["19 distinct factors with specific quantitative thresholds (e.g., '300,000 Load-Factor', '5,000 hours', '10 pack-years')","Mathematical formula definitions requiring calculation (Load-Factor = W² × T; BMI = W/H²)","Dual application structure: factors 1-9 for clinical onset vs factors 10-19 for clinical worsening, with factor 19 applying only to worsening","Nested definitions: 12 defined terms in Schedule 1, with some definitions referring to other defined terms (e.g., 'being obese' refers to 'BMI', 'clinical onset' refers to 'imaging evidence')","Temporal complexity: multiple look-back periods (24 hours, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years) that vary by factor","Conditional logic in definitions: the 'trauma' definition contains a 7-day persistence requirement with three specific medical intervention exceptions that override the 7-day rule","Cross-referencing mechanism in section 11 linking to other Statements of Principles","Exclusion clauses explicitly ruling out certain diagnoses (bulging discs, Schmorl's nodes)"],"plain_english_summary":"This instrument replaces the 2016 policy and sets medical rules for deciding whether thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse (mid-to-lower back slipped disc) is service-related for veterans and current/former defence members claiming under the VEA or MRCA. It uses a checklist of 19 risk factors — proven on the balance of probabilities with both symptoms and imaging — to establish service connection.\n\nExamples include immediate trauma, heavy lifting, prolonged driving, flying hours, smoking, infection and obesity. It governs access to pensions, treatment and rehabilitation."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"This instrument repeals the 2016 Statement (s4) and replaces it with updated diagnostic wording (s7), specific quantitative thresholds and time windows for exposure factors (s9 and Schedule), explicit exclusions (s7(4)), and an express application to VEA s120B and MRCA s339 claims (s5). Those changes alter which exposures and evidence will establish service connection for claimants."},"complexity_factors":["Diagnostic rule requires both clinical manifestations and imaging evidence (s7(2)-(3)); imaging is usually after clinical onset (s7(2) note).","Multiple quantitative exposure thresholds: Load‑Factor formula and target (Schedule: Load‑Factor; s9(3)/(12)), 10 kg minimum lift weight (s9(3)/(12)).","Varied temporal windows and look‑back periods for different factors (e.g. 24 hours for trauma s9(1)/(10); 5 years for Load‑Factor s9(3)/(12); 10 years for driving/piloting s9(4)-(6)/(13)-(15)).","Technical medical definitions and exclusions (definition of thoracolumbar prolapse and exclusion of disc bulge and Schmorl's nodes s7(3)-(4)).","Calculated clinical measures required as evidence: BMI and obesity threshold (Schedule), pack‑year computation for smoking (Schedule; s9(7)/(16)).","Detailed trauma definition with persistence requirement or specified medical interventions (Schedule: trauma to the affected intervertebral disc).","Interaction with other Statements of Principles where a listed factor overlaps with another injury/disease (s11), requiring cross‑reference to other instruments.","Application and repeal mechanics: repeals 2016 Statement (s4) and applies to specified statutory claims under VEA and MRCA (s5), imposing administrative change for decisionmakers.","Requirement that any listed factor be related to the person's ‘relevant service’ (s10(1)-(2)) creates a legal causation link beyond factual presence of a factor.","An evidentiary and administrative assessment for subjective criteria such as 'inability to obtain appropriate clinical management' (s9(19)) increases adjudicative judgment calls."],"plain_english_summary":"Sets medical and evidentiary rules for linking thoracolumbar intervertebral disc prolapse to veterans’ or Defence members’ service for VEA/MRCA claims. It defines diagnosis by clinical signs plus imaging, repeals the 2016 statement, and lists specific factors and numeric thresholds (trauma, lifting Load‑Factor, driving/piloting hours, smoking pack‑years, infection, obesity, lack of care) with defined time windows that, if present, make service connection more probable."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti","history":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti/history","analysis":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-thoracolumbar-intervertebral-disc-prolapse-balance-of-probabiliti/documents"}}