{"id":"F2008B00001","name":"Statement of Principles concerning schistosomiasis No. 256 of 1995","slug":"statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":71888,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2008B00001-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"Instrument No.256 of 1995","sectionType":"part","heading":"Instrument No.256 of 1995","content":"# Instrument No.256 of 1995\n\n## Statement of Principles\n\n### concerning\n\n#### SCHISTOSOMIASIS\n\n##### ICD CODE: 120\n\n###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"Statement of Principles","sectionType":"part","heading":"Statement of Principles","content":"# Instrument No.256 of 1995\n\n## Statement of Principles\n\n### concerning\n\n#### SCHISTOSOMIASIS\n\n##### ICD CODE: 120\n\n###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"concerning","sectionType":"division","heading":"concerning","content":"# Instrument No.256 of 1995\n\n## Statement of Principles\n\n### concerning\n\n#### SCHISTOSOMIASIS\n\n##### ICD CODE: 120\n\n###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"SCHISTOSOMIASIS","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"SCHISTOSOMIASIS","content":"# Instrument No.256 of 1995\n\n## Statement of Principles\n\n### concerning\n\n#### SCHISTOSOMIASIS\n\n##### ICD CODE: 120\n\n###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"ICD CODE: 120","sectionType":"section","heading":"ICD CODE: 120","content":"# Instrument No.256 of 1995\n\n## Statement of Principles\n\n### concerning\n\n#### SCHISTOSOMIASIS\n\n##### ICD CODE: 120\n\n###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986subsectio","sectionType":"section","heading":"Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986subsection 196B(3)","content":"###### Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 \nsubsection 196B(3)\n\n1. Being of the view that on the sound medical-scientific evidence available to the Repatriation Medical Authority, it is more probable than not that schistosomiasis and death from schistosomiasis can be related to eligible war service (other than operational service) rendered by veterans and defence service (other than hazardous service) rendered by members of the Forces, the Repatriation Medical Authority determines, under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 (the Act), that the factors that must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, schistosomiasis or death from schistosomiasis is connected with the circumstances of that service, are:\n\n(a) being in contact with water in an area described in the Schedule before the clinical onset of schistosomiasis; or\n\n(b) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for schistosomiasis.\n\n2. Subject to clause 3 (below) at least one of the factors set out in paragraphs 1(a) to 1(b) must be related to any service rendered by a person.\n\n3. The factor set out in paragraph 1(b) applies only where:\n\n(a) the person’s schistosomiasis was contracted before a period, or part of a period, of service to which the factor is related; and\n\n(b) the relationship suggested between the schistosomiasis and the particular service of a person is a relationship set out in paragraph 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e) or 70(5)(d) of the Act.\n\n4. For the purposes of this Statement of Principles:\n\n“an area described in the Schedule” means an area described in the Schedule attached to this instrument, such area being an area in which the Schistosoma blood fluke is known to be distributed;\n\n“ICD code” means a number assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, effective date of 1 October 1993, copyrighted by the US Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, and having the Library of Congress number 77-94472;\n\n“schistosomiasis” (otherwise known as bilharziasis) means infection by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma, (trematode flatworms, commonly known as blood flukes) being S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi or S. malayensis, attracting ICD code 120.\n\n \n\nSchedule\n\nGlobal Distribution of the Schistosoma Blood Fluke\n\n| COUNTRY or AREA | mansoni mansoni | haematobium | intercalatum | japonicum | Mekong | malayensis |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------- | ------ | ---------- |\n| African RegionAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkino FasoBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuinea-BissauGuineaIvory CoastKenyaLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSào Tome and PrincipeSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ | ++++++++++ | | | |\n\n \n\n(continued...)\n\n```html\n

COUNTRY or AREA

mansoni mansoni

haematobium

intercalatum

japonicum

Mekong

malayensis

Region of the Americas

Antigua

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Montserrat

Puerto Rico

Saint Lucia

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Surinam

Venezuela

+

+

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Egypt

Iran

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Somalia

Sudan

Syria

Tunisia

Yemen

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

European Region

Turkey

Portugal

+

+

South East Asia Region

Indonesia

Thailand

India

+

+

+

Western Pacific Region

China

Cambodia

Japan

Lao People's Republic

Malaysia

Philippines

+

+

+

+

+

+

\n```\n\nNote: + denotes that a particular species of Schistosoma is distributed in that area.\n\nDated this Twenty-first day of June 1995\n\nThe Common Seal of the )\n\nRepatriation Medical Authority )\n\nwas affixed to this instrument )\n\nin the presence of: )\n\nKEN DONALD\n\nCHAIRMAN","sortOrder":5}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This instrument implements the Repatriation Medical Authority’s power under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act to specify factors for establishing a service connection for schistosomiasis. It does not expand the statutory categories of eligible service (it expressly excludes operational/hazardous service as stated) but defines the evidentiary criteria claimants must meet; by prescribing specific factors and limiting the clinical‑management factor (cl.3) it can narrow how claims succeed in practice."},"complexity_factors":["Legal causation standard is probabilistic: 'more probable than not' (opening paragraph)","Two alternative substantive factors (water contact in Schedule areas; inability to obtain appropriate clinical management) create binary but conditional pathways (cl.1(a)–(b))","Narrowing conditions on the clinical‑management factor (cl.3): applies only where infection pre‑dates service and where the suggested relationship matches specified paragraphs of the Act (8(1)(e), 9(1)(e), 70(5)(d))","Extensive factual Schedule listing global endemic areas and Schistosoma species increases factual/medical complexity for individual claims","Defined medical terminology and an ICD reference (cl.4) tie legal determination to technical classifications","Administrative discretion: the Repatriation Medical Authority applies 'sound medical‑scientific evidence' when making determinations (opening paragraph)","Cross‑references to multiple provisions of the Veterans’ Entitlements Act create interpretive dependencies on the Act's definitions and relationship categories","Document presentation: repeated text blocks and a large tabular Schedule complicate machine or manual parsing of the instrument"],"plain_english_summary":"This Statement of Principles tells the Repatriation Medical Authority which facts will, on balance of probabilities, establish that schistosomiasis (ICD‑120) is connected with eligible war or defence service for Veterans’ Entitlements Act claims. It requires either contact with water in a listed endemic area before clinical onset, or inability to obtain appropriate clinical management (subject to limits). It affects veterans and service members by setting the evidentiary criteria the Authority will apply when deciding entitlement."},"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":2070},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":3,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The instrument remains focused on establishing the specific medical principles required to link schistosomiasis to non-operational war service and non-hazardous defence service, consistent with its original purpose under the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986."},"complexity_factors":["Cross-references to specific paragraph provisions of the parent Act (Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 ss 8(1)(e), 9(1)(e), 70(5)(d))","Conditional limitation clause restricting the application of factor 1(b) to pre-existing conditions and specific service relationships","Technical medical definitions requiring epidemiological knowledge (ICD-9 codes, six distinct Schistosoma species)","Schedule containing detailed geographical distribution data across six global regions"],"plain_english_summary":"This instrument sets medical rules for proving schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) is connected to Australian military service, affecting veterans with eligible war service and defence members with defence service (excluding certain operational/hazardous service). Claimants must show either exposure to contaminated water in listed countries or, in limited cases, that lack of appropriate clinical care during service worsened a pre‑existing infection. \n\nIt includes a Schedule listing countries/regions where Schistosoma species are present."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995","history":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995/history","analysis":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-schistosomiasis-no-256-of-1995/documents"}}