{"id":"F2019L01339","name":"Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 93 of 2019)","slug":"statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":440270,"registerId":"F2019L01339-fast-fetch-1775955960473","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-12","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 93 of 2019)","content":"---\nmeta-content-style-type: text/css\nmeta-content-type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8\nmeta-generator: Aspose.Words for .NET 20.2\n---\n\n?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n\n\n\n \n\nStatement of Principles\n\nconcerning\n\nMALIGNANT NEOPLASM OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER (Balance of Probabilities)\n\n(No. 93 of 2019)\n\nThe Repatriation Medical Authority determines the following Statement of Principles under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n \n\nDated 18 October 2019\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n| The Common Seal of the Repatriation Medical Authority was affixed to this instrument at the direction of:
|\n| --- |\n| 
Professor Nicholas Saunders AO
Chairperson
|\n\n\n \n\n \n\n\nContents\n\n1 Name\n\n2 Commencement\n\n3 Authority\n\n4 Repeal\n\n5 Application\n\n6 Definitions\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary\n\n1 Definitions\n\n \n\n\n\n\n1 Name\n\nThis is the Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 93 of 2019).\n\n2 Commencement\n\n This instrument commences on 18 November 2019.\n\n3 Authority\n\nThis instrument is made under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n4 Repeal\n\nThe Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter No. 99 of 2011 (Federal Register of Legislation No. F2011L01734) made under subsections 196B(3) and (8) of the VEA is repealed.\n\n5 Application\n\nThis instrument applies to a claim to which section 120B of the VEA or section 339 of the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 applies.\n\n6 Definitions\n\nThe terms defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary have the meaning given when used in this instrument.\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n(1) This Statement of Principles is about malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter and death from malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter.\n\nMeaning of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter\n\n(2) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter:\n\n(a) means a primary malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the upper urinary tract, including the renal calyces, renal pelvis, pelviureteric junction and ureter, but excluding the ureteric orifice of the bladder; and\n\n(b) includes urothelial carcinoma (also known as transitional cell carcinoma), squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ; and\n\n(c) excludes soft tissue sarcoma, carcinoid tumour, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\n\n(3) While malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter attracts ICD‑10‑AM code C65 or C66, in applying this Statement of Principles the meaning of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter is that given in subsection (2).\n\n(4) For subsection (3), a reference to an ICD-10-AM code is a reference to the code assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), Tenth Edition, effective date of 1 July 2017, copyrighted by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, ISBN 978-1-76007-296-4.\n\nDeath from malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter\n\n(5) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter, in relation to a person, includes death from a terminal event or condition that was contributed to by the person's malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter.\n\nNote: terminal event is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\nOn the sound medical‑scientific evidence available, the Repatriation Medical Authority is of the view that it is more probable than not that malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter and death from malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter can be related to relevant service rendered by veterans or members of the Forces under the VEA, or members under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA, relevant service and VEA are defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\nAt least one of the following factors must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter or death from malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter is connected with the circumstances of a person's relevant service:\n\n(1) smoking at least five pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter, where smoking commenced at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(2) having received a cumulative equivalent dose of at least 0.5 sievert of ionising radiation to the affected site at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: cumulative equivalent dose is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(3) inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, through work involving a specified industrial or manufacturing process 1:\n\n(a) for a cumulative period of at least 3 500 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter; and\n\n(b) where the first exposure occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and specified industrial or manufacturing process 1 are defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(4) inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with an agent from the specified list of agents containing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:\n\n(a) for a cumulative period of at least 3 500 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter; and\n\n(b) where the first exposure occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: specified list of agents containing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(5) inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with an aromatic amine from the specified list of aromatic amines:\n\n(a) for a cumulative period of at least 2 000 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter; and\n\n(b) where the first exposure occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote 1: Inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with an aromatic amine does not include exposure due to cigarette smoke or hair dyes.\n\nNote 2: specified list of aromatic amines is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(6) inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with a high concentration of an aromatic amine, through work involving the specified industrial or manufacturing process 2:\n\n(a) for a cumulative period of at least 3 500 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter; and\n\n(b) where the first exposure occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote 1: Inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with a high concentration of an aromatic amine does not include exposure due to cigarette smoke or hair dyes.\n\nNote 2: specified industrial or manufacturing process 2 is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(7) inhaling, ingesting or having cutaneous contact with tetrachloroethylene for a cumulative period of at least 10 000 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter, where the first exposure occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\n(8) being exposed to arsenic as specified before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter, where the first exposure to arsenic occurred at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: being exposed to arsenic as specified is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(9) working as a painter for a cumulative period of at least 10 000 hours, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter, where that work began at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: working as a painter is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(10) having renal stone disease of the affected urinary tract at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\n(11) having hydronephrosis or hydroureter of the affected urinary tract at least ten years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\n(12) having chronic renal failure at least one year before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: chronic renal failure is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(13) ingesting aristolochic acid as specified at least four years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: ingesting aristolochic acid as specified is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(14) consuming a total of at least 100 grams of phenacetin at least five years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\nNote: phenacetin is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n(15) being treated with systemic cyclophosphamide or systemic ifosfamide, at least five years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\n(16) being treated with chlornaphazine at least five years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis or ureter;\n\n(17) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter.\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n(1) The existence in a person of any factor referred to in section 9, must be related to the relevant service rendered by the person.\n\n(2) The factor set out in subsection 9(17) applies only to material contribution to, or aggravation of, malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter where the person's malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter was suffered or contracted before or during (but did not arise out of) the person's relevant service.\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nIn this Statement of Principles:\n\n(1) if a factor referred to in section 9 applies in relation to a person; and\n\n(2) that factor refers to an injury or disease in respect of which a Statement of Principles has been determined under subsection 196B(3) of the VEA;\n\nthen the factors in that Statement of Principles apply in accordance with the terms of that Statement of Principles as in force from time to time.\n\n \n\n \n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary \n\nNote: See Section 6\n\n1 Definitions\n\nIn this instrument:\n\n being exposed to arsenic as specified means:\n\n(a) consuming drinking water with an average arsenic concentration of at least 50 micrograms per litre for a cumulative period of at least ten years; or\n\n(b) consuming drinking water resulting in a cumulative total arsenic exposure equivalent to having consumed drinking water containing at least 50 micrograms per litre for at least ten years; or\n\n(c) having clinical evidence of chronic arsenic toxicity.\n\n chronic renal failure means:\n\n(a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 for a period of at least three months; or\n\n(b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate which would otherwise increase the risk of morbidity and mortality; or\n\n(c) undergoing chronic dialysis.\n\n cumulative equivalent dose means the total dose of ionising radiation received by the particular organ or tissue from external exposure, internal exposure or both, apart from normal background radiation exposure in Australia, calculated in accordance with the methodology set out in the Guide to calculation of 'cumulative equivalent dose' for the purpose of applying ionising radiation factors contained in Statements of Principles determined under Part XIA of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 (Cth), Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, as in force on 2 August 2017.\n\nNote 1: Examples of circumstances that might lead to exposure to ionising radiation include being present during or subsequent to the testing or use of nuclear weapons, undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic medical procedures involving ionising radiation, and being a member of an aircrew, leading to increased levels of exposure to cosmic radiation.\n\nNote 2: For the purpose of dose reconstruction, dose is calculated as an average over the mass of a specific tissue or organ. If a tissue is exposed to multiple sources of ionising radiation, the various dose estimates for each type of radiation must be combined.\n\n ingesting aristolochic acid as specified means:\n\n(a) consuming a total of at least 60 grams of plant material of the genus Aristolochia as a constituent of herbal medication; or\n\n(b) consuming plant material of the genus Aristolochia or foods containing plant material of the genus Aristolochia, as part of the regular diet for a period of at least 15 months.\n\n malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter—see subsection 7(2).\n\n MRCA means the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004.\n\n pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products means a calculation of consumption where one pack-year of cigarettes equals twenty tailor-made cigarettes per day for a period of one calendar year, or 7 300 cigarettes. One tailor-made cigarette approximates one gram of tobacco or one gram of cigar or pipe tobacco by weight. One pack-year of tailor-made cigarettes equates to 7.3 kilograms of smoking tobacco by weight. Tobacco products mean cigarettes, pipe tobacco or cigars, smoked alone or in any combination.\n\n phenacetin means an aniline derivative that has analgesic and antipyretic properties, that was formerly used as a constituent of several over-the-counter compound analgesic medications, including Bex or Vincent's powder, Empirin Compound and Bromo seltzer.\n\n polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons means hydrocarbons with three or more condensed aromatic rings in which certain carbon atoms are common to two or three rings. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occur in crude oil, shale oil and coal tars, and can be formed during the combustion of organic material or during high temperature processing of crude oil, coal, coke or other industrial carbon compounds.\n\n relevant service means:\n\n(a) eligible war service (other than operational service) under the VEA;\n\n(b) defence service (other than hazardous service and British nuclear test defence service) under the VEA; or\n\n(c) peacetime service under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA and VEA are also defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n soot means a carbonaceous by-product material produced from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel or other carbon-containing material, including airborne, residual, pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood and petroleum coke.\n\n specified industrial or manufacturing process 1 means:\n\n(a) aluminium production; or\n\n(b) coal gasification; or\n\n(c) iron or steel foundries or smelters.\n\n specified industrial or manufacturing process 2 means:\n\n(a) auramine production; or\n\n(b) magenta production; or\n\n(c) rubber manufacturing.\n\n specified list of agents containing high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons means:\n\n(a) coal tar pitch during paving and roofing; or\n\n(b) soot during the cleaning of chimneys or flues.\n\nNote: soot is also defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n specified list of aromatic amines means:\n\n(a) 2-naphthylamine;\n\n(b) 4-aminobiphenyl;\n\n(c) benzidine; or\n\n(d) ortho-toluidine.\n\n terminal event means the proximate or ultimate cause of death and includes the following:\n\n(a) pneumonia;\n\n(b) respiratory failure;\n\n(c) cardiac arrest;\n\n(d) circulatory failure; or\n\n(e) cessation of brain function.\n\n VEA means the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n working as a painter:\n\n(a) means applying paint, including solvent- or water-based conventional paint, spray paint, varnish, enamel, lacquer, water-emulsion and solution finish, nonaqueous dispersion or organosol, plastisol, and powder coating, during the course of activities such as building, maintenance and construction, interior and exterior decoration, artistic painting, and wood and metal painting; and\n\n(b) includes mixed activities in which application of paint occurs with other tasks, such as wallpapering and plastering, and activities that are preparatory to painting, such as mixing paints, maintaining painting equipment, and background preparation of surfaces for application of paint.\n\n \n","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Section 4 repeals the earlier 2011 Statement of Principles (No. 99 of 2011) and this instrument reissues the principles. The instrument itself does not set out a point‑by‑point comparison, so whether there are substantive scope changes from the previous Statement cannot be determined from this text alone; the repeal indicates a replacement of the earlier instrument (see section 4)."},"complexity_factors":["Numerous discrete exposure types with different quantitative thresholds and latency periods (see section 9(1)–9(17)).","Extensive use of technical, medical and occupational definitions located in Schedule 1 that must be applied to claims (see section 6 and Schedule 1).","Dose reconstruction and organ-specific radiation calculations require following an external ARPANSA methodology (see Schedule 1 definition of 'cumulative equivalent dose').","Interplay between clinical concepts (eg. 'clinical onset', 'death from a terminal event') and exposure timing introduces medico-legal judgment (see subsections 7(5) and multiple timing requirements in section 9).","Cross-references to other Statements of Principles mean other instruments can alter applicability of some factors (see section 11).","Several workplace- and agent-specific categories (eg. specified industrial processes, lists of aromatic amines, arsenic in drinking water) require factual proof of work history or environmental exposure (see Schedule 1 and section 9(3)–9(9)).","Some factors rely on historical consumption or treatment records (eg. phenacetin amount, systemic chemotherapy, aristolochic acid ingestion), increasing evidentiary burden on claimants (see section 9(13)–9(16)).","The instrument replaces a prior 2011 Statement (see section 4), so assessors must ensure they apply the current wording rather than the repealed instrument."],"plain_english_summary":"This Statement of Principles, made by the Repatriation Medical Authority, sets the medical criteria used to decide whether malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter is connected to a person's relevant service. It applies to claims under the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 and the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004. Claimants must meet one or more specified exposures or clinical conditions (for example, smoking, radiation dose, specified chemical or occupational exposures, or prior renal disease) with defined dose and timing thresholds to satisfy the link to service."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This instrument maintains the established scope of Repatriation Medical Authority Statements of Principles. It replaces the 2011 version (No. 99 of 2011) with updated medical evidence and revised factor specifications, but does not expand beyond the traditional purpose of establishing service connection criteria for a specific disease. The structure—defining the condition, listing causal factors with temporal requirements, and providing detailed definitions—follows the standard template for such instruments."},"complexity_factors":["17 distinct causal factors with varying temporal requirements (ranging from 1 year to 10 years before clinical onset)","Multiple nested definitions requiring cross-reference to Schedule 1 (e.g., 'being exposed to arsenic as specified', 'specified industrial or manufacturing process 1')","Technical medical and scientific terminology throughout (sieverts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, glomerular filtration rate)","Complex quantitative thresholds (pack-years calculations, cumulative hours of exposure, micrograms per litre concentrations, gram quantities of substances)","Specific exclusions within factors (e.g., aromatic amine exposure excludes cigarette smoke and hair dyes)","Dual statutory framework application (VEA and MRCA with different service definitions)","Cross-referencing mechanism in section 11 allowing incorporation of other Statements of Principles by reference","Precise anatomical boundaries (includes renal calyces, pelviureteric junction, ureter; excludes ureteric orifice of the bladder and certain cancer types like lymphoma)"],"plain_english_summary":"This Statement of Principles sets the medical and exposure criteria used to decide, on the balance of probabilities, whether malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis and ureter is connected to Australian military or defence service. It applies to veterans and current/former defence members seeking compensation and lists relevant risk factors (eg, tobacco, radiation, certain industrial chemicals, occupational roles, kidney disease or specific medications) that must be linked to service. It replaces the 2011 version and updates the legal framework for these claims."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob","history":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob/history","analysis":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-renal-pelvis-and-ureter-balance-of-prob/documents"}}