{"id":"F2020L00191","name":"Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 10 of 2020)","slug":"statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":440387,"registerId":"F2020L00191-fast-fetch-1775956033368","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-12","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 10 of 2020)","content":"---\nmeta-content-style-type: text/css\nmeta-content-type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8\nmeta-generator: Aspose.Words for .NET 20.2\n---\n\n?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n\n\n\n \n\nStatement of Principles\n\nconcerning\n\nMALIGNANT NEOPLASM OF THE NASOPHARYNX (Balance of Probabilities)\n\n(No. 10 of 2020)\n\nThe Repatriation Medical Authority determines the following Statement of Principles under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n \n\nDated 28 February 2020\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n| The Common Seal of the Repatriation Medical Authority was affixed to this instrument at the direction of:
|\n| --- |\n| 
Professor Nicholas Saunders AO
Chairperson
|\n\n\n \n\n \n\n\nContents\n\n1 Name\n\n2 Commencement\n\n3 Authority\n\n4 Repeal\n\n5 Application\n\n6 Definitions\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary\n\n1 Definitions\n\n \n\n\n\n\n1 Name\n\nThis is the Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx (Balance of Probabilities) (No. 10 of 2020).\n\n2 Commencement\n\n This instrument commences on 23 March 2020.\n\n3 Authority\n\nThis instrument is made under subsection 196B(3) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n4 Repeal\n\nThe Statement of Principles concerning malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx No. 26 of 2011 (Federal Register of Legislation No. F2011L00781) made under subsection 196B(3) of the VEA is repealed.\n\n5 Application\n\nThis instrument applies to a claim to which section 120B of the VEA or section 339 of the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 applies.\n\n6 Definitions\n\nThe terms defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary have the meaning given when used in this instrument.\n\n7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates\n\n(1) This Statement of Principles is about malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx and death from malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx.\n\nMeaning of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx\n\n(2) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx:\n\n(a) means a primary malignancy of the mucosa of the nasopharynx, which extends from the nares (nostrils) to that part of the pharynx which lies above the level of the soft palate; and\n\n(b) excludes:\n\n(i) carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumour;\n\n(ii) Hodgkin's lymphoma;\n\n(iii) malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx;\n\n(iv) malignant neoplasm of the larynx;\n\n(v) non-Hodgkin lymphoma; and\n\n(vi) soft tissue sarcoma.\n\n(3) While malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx attracts ICD‑10‑AM code C11, in applying this Statement of Principles the meaning of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx is that given in subsection (2).\n\n(4) For subsection (3), a reference to an ICD-10-AM code is a reference to the code assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), Tenth Edition, effective date of 1 July 2017, copyrighted by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, ISBN 978-1-76007-296-4.\n\nDeath from malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx\n\n(5) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx, in relation to a person, includes death from a terminal event or condition that was contributed to by the person's malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx.\n\nNote: terminal event is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n8 Basis for determining the factors\n\nOn the sound medical‑scientific evidence available, the Repatriation Medical Authority is of the view that it is more probable than not that malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx and death from malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx can be related to relevant service rendered by veterans or members of the Forces under the VEA, or members under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA, relevant service and VEA are defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary.\n\n9 Factors that must exist\n\nAt least one of the following factors must exist before it can be said that, on the balance of probabilities, malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx or death from malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx is connected with the circumstances of a person's relevant service:\n\n(1) having infection with the Epstein-Barr virus before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\n(2) smoking at least 20 pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products, before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx, and:\n\n(a) smoking commenced at least 20 years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx; and\n\n(b) where smoking has ceased, the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx has occurred within ten years of cessation;\n\nNote: pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(3) being exposed to mustard gas at least five years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\n(4) inhaling wood dust for at least four hours per day on more days than not for at least 20 years or for a cumulative period of at least 15 000 hours before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\nNote: inhaling wood dust is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(5) inhaling formaldehyde for a cumulative total of at least 1 500 hours:\n\n(a) at a level of at least one part per million; or\n\n(b) resulting in sensory irritation of the eyes or nose;\n\nat least 15 years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\n(6) consuming an average of at least ten grams per week of Chinese-style salted fish for at least five consecutive years within the 20 years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\nNote: Chinese-style salted fish is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(7) consuming an average of at least 75 grams per week of preserved vegetables for at least five consecutive years within the 20 years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx;\n\nNote: preserved vegetables is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. \n\n(8) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx.\n\n10 Relationship to service\n\n(1) The existence in a person of any factor referred to in section 9, must be related to the relevant service rendered by the person.\n\n(2) The factor set out in subsection 9(8) applies only to material contribution to, or aggravation of, malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx where the person's malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx was suffered or contracted before or during (but did not arise out of) the person's relevant service.\n\n11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles\n\nIn this Statement of Principles:\n\n(1) if a factor referred to in section 9 applies in relation to a person; and\n\n(2) that factor refers to an injury or disease in respect of which a Statement of Principles has been determined under subsection 196B(3) of the VEA;\n\nthen the factors in that Statement of Principles apply in accordance with the terms of that Statement of Principles as in force from time to time.\n\n \n\nSchedule 1 - Dictionary \n\nNote: See Section 6\n\n1 Definitions\n\nIn this instrument:\n\n Chinese-style salted fish means fish preserved by salting and is characterised by using less salt and a higher degree of fermentation during the drying process because of the relatively high outdoor temperature and moisture levels.\n\nNote: Chinese-style salted fish is a traditional part of the diet in southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, other areas of south-east Asia, and in Chinese communities in other countries.\n\n inhaling wood dust means being exposed to fine particulate material of wood origin from work entailing the sanding, planing, machining, sawing, repairing or manufacturing of timber products or performing other tasks in an area where such work is being performed.\n\n malignant neoplasm of the nasopharynx—see subsection 7(2).\n\n MRCA means the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004.\n\n pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products means a calculation of consumption where one pack-year of cigarettes equals twenty tailor-made cigarettes per day for a period of one calendar year, or 7 300 cigarettes. One tailor-made cigarette approximates one gram of tobacco or one gram of cigar or pipe tobacco by weight. One pack-year of tailor-made cigarettes equates to 7.3 kilograms of smoking tobacco by weight. Tobacco products mean cigarettes, pipe tobacco or cigars, smoked alone or in any combination.\n\n preserved vegetables means vegetables preserved by salting, fermenting or pickling.\n\n relevant service means:\n\n(a) eligible war service (other than operational service) under the VEA;\n\n(b) defence service (other than hazardous service and British nuclear test defence service) under the VEA; or\n\n(c) peacetime service under the MRCA.\n\nNote: MRCA and VEA are also defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary.\n\n terminal event means the proximate or ultimate cause of death and includes the following:\n\n(a) pneumonia;\n\n(b) respiratory failure;\n\n(c) cardiac arrest;\n\n(d) circulatory failure; or\n\n(e) cessation of brain function.\n\n VEA means the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.\n\n \n","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"This instrument expressly repeals the earlier Statement of Principles No.26 of 2011 (s4) and replaces it with the current definitions, exclusions and required factors (notably the infection, exposure, smoking, dietary and treatment‑access criteria in s9 and definitions in Schedule 1). Because the prior Statement is repealed, compensability is now governed by the criteria set out here; the exact differences from the 2011 Statement cannot be determined from this text alone."},"complexity_factors":["Medical definitions and exclusions for the condition (precise anatomical scope; exclusions such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non‑Hodgkin lymphoma) — s7(2)-(4).","Quantitative exposure thresholds that require historical exposure evidence (pack‑years, hours of dust exposure, ppm and cumulative hours for formaldehyde, dietary intake amounts and durations) — s9(2)-(7); Schedule 1 (pack‑years, inhaling wood dust, Chinese‑style salted fish, preserved vegetables).","Evidentiary standard combined with medical‑scientific basis: adoption of 'balance of probabilities' and reliance on available medical‑scientific evidence to link disease to service — s8.","Cross‑statute and instrument links: application to claims under VEA and MRCA, reference to ICD‑10‑AM coding, and incorporation of other Statements of Principles where factors overlap — s5, s7(3)-(4), s11, Schedule 1 (VEA, MRCA).","Administrative change by repeal of the earlier Statement (2011), requiring decision‑makers to apply the new instrument going forward — s4.","Ambiguous, service‑related causal pathway for treatment access: 'inability to obtain appropriate clinical management' as a factor that applies only in limited circumstances and requires temporal linking to service — s9(8), s10(2).","Inclusion of death via terminal events and the need to connect proximate causes of death to the neoplasm (definition of terminal event) — s7(5); Schedule 1 (terminal event)."],"plain_english_summary":"This instrument sets the medical criteria used to decide, on the balance of probabilities, whether nasopharyngeal cancer (and deaths caused by it) is connected to a veteran's or defence member's service. It applies to claims under the Veterans' Entitlements Act and the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act, listing specific infections, exposures, smoking, dietary and treatment‑access factors and numeric thresholds that must be shown to establish a service connection."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This is a standard replacement Statement of Principles maintaining the established scope of determining service connection for a specific medical condition. It updates the 2011 version with current medical evidence but does not expand beyond the original purpose of establishing causation factors for compensation purposes."},"complexity_factors":["Multiple quantitative thresholds requiring precise calculation (pack-years, hours of exposure, grams per week, years of consumption)","Temporal requirements linking factors to clinical onset (e.g., 'within 20 years before', 'at least 15 years before')","Nested conditions in factor 9(2) requiring simultaneous satisfaction of commencement timing and cessation timing","Cross-references to external classification systems (ICD-10-AM Tenth Edition)","Conditional application of factor 9(8) restricted to pre-existing conditions under section 10(2)","Incorporation by reference of other Statements of Principles under section 11","Specific exclusion list in section 7(2)(b) distinguishing this cancer from six related conditions"],"plain_english_summary":"This instrument sets the legal test for linking nasopharyngeal cancer to military service so veterans and current/former defence members can claim compensation under the VEA and MRCA. It applies to non‑warlike (“relevant”) service and requires proof, on the balance of probabilities, that at least one specified medical or exposure factor connected the cancer to service (e.g., EBV infection, certain occupational or dietary exposures, or lack of appropriate treatment). It determines who taxpayers must compensate based on current medical evidence."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no","history":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no/history","analysis":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/statement-of-principles-concerning-malignant-neoplasm-of-the-nasopharynx-balance-of-probabilities-no/documents"}}