{"id":"F2023L00364","name":"Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims)—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023","slug":"safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":441797,"registerId":"F2023L00364-fast-fetch-1775957002668","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-12","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims)—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023","content":"---\nmeta-content-style-type: text/css\nmeta-content-type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8\nmeta-generator: Aspose.Words for .NET 22.10.0\n---\n\n?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n\n \n\n \n\nSafety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims)—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023\n\nI, Matthew James Keogh, Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, approve the Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment prepared by the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission in the following instrument.\n\nDated 23 March 2023\n\n Matthew James Keogh\n\nMinister for Veterans’ Affairs\n\n\n\n\nThe Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission prepares the Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent in the following instrument.\n\nDated 9 March 2023 \n\n \n\nThe Seal of the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission was affixed in the presence of:\n\n \n\n \n\n| Alison Frame | Kate Pope |
Don Spinks |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | PSM | AM |\n| Chair | Member | Member |\n|
Gwen Cherne | Rear Admiral Sarah Sharkey | Wade Stothart |\n| | AM CSC RAN | DSC AM CSC |\n| Member | Member | Member |\n| | | |\n\n\n \n\n \n\nContents\n\n[1 Name](#_1__Name)\n\n[](#_1__Name)[2 Commencement](#_2__Commencement)\n\n[](#_2__Commencement)[3 Authority](#_3__Authority)\n\n[](#_3__Authority)[4 Guide—Schedule 1](#_4__Guide_Schedule)\n\n[](#_4__Guide_Schedule)[Schedule 1—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023](#_Toc128144912)\n\n \n\n### 1 Name\n\nThis instrument is the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims)—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023.\n\n### 2 Commencement\n\nThis instrument commences immediately after the commencement of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment Edition 3.0.\n\n### 3 Authority\n\n(1) This instrument is made under section 28 of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims) Act 1988.\n\n(2) The Guide in Schedule 1 to this instrument is approved by the Minister under subsection 28(3) of that Act.\n\nNote: A Guide prepared by the Commission under subsection 28(1) of the Act, as set out in Schedule 1 to this instrument, must be approved by the Minister. If so approved, the Guide is a legislative instrument made by the Minister on the day it is approved (see subsections 28(3) and (3A) of the Act).\n\n### 4 Guide—Schedule 1\n\nSchedule 1 sets out the Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023.\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n### Commonwealth Coat of Arms and Department of Veterans Affairs Logo\n\n### SCHEDULE 1—GUIDE TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT 2023\n\n \n\n \n\nCONTENTS\n\n[List of Tables and Figures](#_List_of_Tables)\n\n[Introduction](#_Introduction)\n\n[General](#_General)\n\n[Structure of this Guide](#_Structure_of_this)\n\n[Application of this Guide](#_Application_of_this)\n\n[Whole person impairment](#_Whole_person_impairment)\n\n[Entitlements under the DRCA](#_Entitlements_under_the)\n\n[Non-economic loss](#_Non-economic_loss)\n\n[Compensation payable](#_Compensation_payable)\n\n[Interim and final assessments](#_Interim_and_final)\n\n[Increase in degree of whole person impairment](#_Increase_in_degree)\n\n[Survival of claims](#_Survival_of_claims)\n\n[Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment)\n\n[Impairment and non-economic loss](#_Impairment_and_non-economic)\n\n[Employability and incapacity](#_Employability_and_incapacity)\n\n[Permanent impairment](#_Permanent_impairment)\n\n[Impairment tables](#_Impairment_tables)\n\n[Gradations of impairment](#_Gradations_of_impairment)\n\n[Combined impairments](#_Combined_impairments)\n\n[Double assessment](#_Double_assessment)\n\n[Fingers and toes](#_Fingers_and_toes)\n\n[Exceptions to Division 1](#_Exceptions_to_Division)\n\n[Interim assessments](#_Interim_assessments)\n\n[Likelihood of reduction in degree of impairment](#_Likelihood_of_reduction)\n\n[Aggravation](#_Aggravation)\n\n[Reference](#_Reference)\n\n[Glossary](#_Glossary)\n\n[Division 1—Impairment](#_Division_1_Impairment)\n\n[Chapter 1—Cardio-vascular system](#_Chapter_1_Cardio-vascular_system)\n\n[Table 1.1 Assessments of symptomatic activity levels](#_Table_1.1_)\n\n[Table 1.2 Peripheral vascular disease](#_Table_1.2_)\n\n[Table 1.3 Varicose veins, deep venous thrombosis, oedema, ulceration](#_Table_1.3_)\n\n[Chapter 2—Respiratory system](#_Chapter_2_Respiratory_system)\n\n[Table 2.1 Ventilatory function](#_Table_2.1_)\n\n[Figure 2.1 Prediction nomogram—males](#_Figure_2.1_)\n\n[](#_Figure_2.1_)[Figure 2.2 Prediction nomogram—females](#_Figure_2.2_)\n\n[Chapter 3—Endocrine system](#_Chapter_3_Endocrine_system)\n\n[Table 3.1 Endocrine system](#_Table_3.1_)\n\n[Chapter 4—Skin disorders](#_Chapter_4_Skin_disorders)\n\n[Table 4.1 Functional loss](#_Table_4.1_Functional)\n\n[Table 4.2 Facial disfigurement](#_Table_4.2_)\n\n[Chapter 5—Psychiatric conditions](#_Chapter_5_Psychiatric_conditions)\n\n[Table 5.1 Psychiatric conditions](#_Table_5.1_)\n\n[Chapter 6—Visual system](#_Chapter_6_Visual_system)\n\n[Table 6.1 Disorders of visual acuity](#_Table_6.1_Disorders)\n\n[Chapter 7—Ear, nose and throat disorders](#_Chapter_7_Ear__nose)\n\n[Table 7.1 Hearing](#_Table_7.1_)\n\n[Table 7.2 Miscellaneous ear, nose and throat disorders](#_Table_7.2_)\n\n[Chapter 8—Digestive system](#_Chapter_8_Digestive_system)\n\n[Table 8.1 Disorders of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, pancreas, colon, rectum and anus](#_Table_8.1_)\n\n[Table 8.2 Disorders of the liver and biliary tract](#_Table_8.2_)\n\n[Table 8.3 Fistulae and herniae](#_Table_8.3_)\n\n[Chapter 9—Musculo-skeletal system](#_Chapter_9_Musculo-skeletal_system)\n\n[Table 9.1 Upper extremity](#_Table_9.1_)\n\n[Table 9.2 Lower extremity](#_Table_9.2_)\n\n[](#_Table_9.2_)[Table 9.3 Amputations and/or total loss of function](#_Table_9.3_)\n\n[Table 9.4 Limb function—upper limb](#_Table_9.4_)\n\n[Table 9.5 Limb function—lower limb](#_Table_9.5_)\n\n[Table 9.6 Spine](#_Table_9.6_)\n\n[Chapter 10—Urinary system](#_Chapter_10_Urinary_system)\n\n[Table 10.1 Upper urinary tract](#_Table_10.1_)\n\n[Table 10.2 Lower urinary tract](#_Table_10.2_)\n\n[Chapter 11—Reproductive system](#_Chapter_11_Reproductive_system)\n\n[Table 11.1 Male](#_Table_11.1_)\n\n[Table 11.2 Female](#_Table_11.2_)\n\n[Table 11.3 Mammary glands](#_Table_11.3_)\n\n[Chapter 12—Neurological function](#_Chapter_12_Neurological_function)\n\n[](#_Chapter_12_Neurological_function)[Table 12.1 Cranial nerves](#_Table_12.1_)\n\n[Table 12.2 Comprehension](#_Table_12.2__1)\n\n[Table 12.3 Expression](#_Table_12.3_)\n\n[Table 12.4 Memory](#_Table_12.4_)\n\n[Table 12.5 Reasoning](#_Table_12.5_)\n\n[Chapter 13—Miscellaneous](#_Chapter_13_Miscellaneous)\n\n[Table 13.1 Intermittent conditions](#_Table_13.1_)\n\n[Table 13.2 Malignancies](#_Table_13.2_)\n\n[Chapter 14—Combined values chart](#_Chapter_14_Combined_values)\n\n[Table 14.1 Combined values chart](#_Table_14.1_)\n\n[Division 2—Non-economic loss](#_Division_2_Non-economic_loss)\n\n[B1 Pain and suffering](#_B1__Pain)\n\n[Table B1.1 Pain](#_Table_B1.1_)\n\n[Table B1.2 Suffering](#_Table_B1.2_)\n\n[B2 Loss of amenities](#_B2__Loss)\n\n[Table B2.1 Mobility](#_Table_B2.1_)\n\n[Table B2.2 Social relationships](#_Table_B2.2_)\n\n[Table B2.3 Recreation and leisure activities](#_Table_B2.3_)\n\n[B3 Other loss](#_B3__Other)\n\n[Table B3 Other loss](#_Table_B3_)\n\n[B4 Loss of expectation of life](#_B4__Loss)\n\n[Table B4 Loss of expectation of life](#_Table_B4_)\n\n[B5 Calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_)\n\n[Table B5 Calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_)\n\n[Division 3—Calculation of the total entitlement to compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss](#_Division_3_Calculation_of)\n\n[Worksheet C1 Calculation of total entitlement](#_Worksheet_C1_)\n\n \n\n\n### List of Tables and Figures\n\n[Table 1.1 Assessments of symptomatic activity levels](#_Table_1.1_)\n\n[Table 1.2 Peripheral vascular disease 19](#_Table_1.2_)\n\n[Table 1.3 Varicose veins, deep venous thrombosis, oedema, ulceration 20](#_Table_1.3_)\n\n[Table 2.1 Ventilatory function 21](#_Table_2.1_)\n\n[Figure 2.1 Prediction nomogram—males 22](#_Figure_2.1_)\n\n[Figure 2.2 Prediction nomogram—females 23](#_Figure_2.2_)\n\n[Table 3.1 Endocrine system 24](#_Table_3.1_)\n\n[Table 4.1 Functional loss 25](#_Table_4.1_Functional)\n\n[Table 4.2 Facial disfigurement 26](#_Table_4.2_)\n\n[Table 5.1 Psychiatric conditions](#_Table_5.1_)\n\n[Table 6.1 Disorders of visual acuity 29](#_Table_6.1_Disorders)\n\n[Table 7.1 Hearing 30](#_Table_7.1_)\n\n[Table 7.2 Miscellaneous ear, nose and throat disorders 30](#_Table_7.2_)\n\n[Table 8.1 Disorders of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, pancreas, colon, rectum and anus 31](#_Table_8.1_)\n\n[Table 8.2 Disorders of the liver and biliary tract](#_Table_8.2_)\n\n[](#_Table_8.2_)[Table 8.3 Fistulae and herniae](#_Table_8.3_)\n\n[Table 9.1 Upper extremity](#_Table_9.1_)\n\n[Table 9.2 Lower extremity 36](#_Table_9.2_)\n\n[Table 9.3 Amputations and/or total loss of function 37](#_Table_9.3_)\n\n[Table 9.4 Limb function—upper limb 38](#_Table_9.4_)\n\n[Table 9.5 Limb function—lower limb 38](#_Table_9.5_)\n\n[Table 9.6 Spine 39](#_Table_9.6_)\n\n[Table 10.1 Upper urinary tract 40](#_Table_10.1_)\n\n[Table 10.2 Lower urinary tract 41](#_Table_10.2_)\n\n[Table 11.1 Male 42](#_Table_11.1_)\n\n[Table 11.2 Female 43](#_Table_11.2_)\n\n[Table 11.3 Mammary glands 43](#_Table_11.3_)\n\n[Table 12.1 Cranial nerves 44](#_Table_12.1_)\n\n[Table 12.2 Comprehension 46](#_Table_12.2__1)\n\n[Table 12.3 Expression 47](#_Table_12.3_)\n\n[Table 12.4 Memory 48](#_Table_12.4_)\n\n[Table 12.5 Reasoning 49](#_Table_12.5_)\n\n[Table 13.1 Intermittent conditions 50](#_Table_13.1_)\n\n[Table 13.2 Malignancies 51](#_Table_13.2_)\n\n[Table 14.1 Combined values chart](#_Table_14.1_)\n\n[Table B1.1 Pain 57](#_Table_B1.1_)\n\n[Table B1.2 Suffering 57](#_Table_B1.2_)\n\n[Table B2.1 Mobility 58](#_Table_B2.1_)\n\n[Table B2.2 Social relationships 59](#_Table_B2.2_)\n\n[Table B2.3 Recreation and leisure activities 59](#_Table_B2.3_)\n\n[Table B3 Other loss 60](#_Table_B3_)\n\n[Table B4 Loss of expectation of life 61](#_B4__Loss)\n\n[Table B5 Calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_)\n\n[Worksheet C1 Calculation of total entitlement](#_Worksheet_C1_) \n\n\n### Introduction\n\n#### General\n\n1 The Commonwealth Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-Related Claims) Act 1988 (also referred to as the “DRCA”) provides for payment of lump sum compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss resulting from injuries suffered by members of the Defence Force while engaged in defence service before 1 July 2004.\n\nNote 1: The DRCA refers to members (and former members) of the Defence Force who may be eligible for compensation under that Act as employees (see section 5 of that Act). The term “employee” is also used in this Guide to refer to such members and former members.\n\nNote 2: Compensation for injuries suffered by members of the Defence Force while engaged in defence service on or after 1 July 2004 is assessed under the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004.\n\nNote 3: Compensation for such injuries that became permanent before 1 December 1988 is assessed under the Compensation (Commonwealth Government Employees) Act 1971.\n\n2 The amount of compensation payable is to be assessed by reference to the degree of permanent impairment and the degree of non-economic loss determined by the MRCC under this Guide.\n\nNote: For the compensation payable, see sections 24 to 28 of the DRCA. For the scope of defence service concerned, see section 4AA of that Act.\n\n#### Structure of this Guide\n\n3 [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) is used to assess the degree of the permanent impairment of an employee resulting from an injury. Table 14.1 (Combined values chart) is used to obtain the combined value of multiple impairments resulting from a single injury where combination is required.\n\n4 [Division 2](#_Division_2_Non-economic_loss) is used to assess the degree of non-economic loss suffered by an employee as a result of an injury or impairment.\n\n5 [Division 3](#_Division_3_Calculation_of) is used to calculate the total entitlement to compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss, based on the assessments completed in Divisions 1 and 2.\n\n6 The [Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment) and [Glossary](#_Glossary) contain information relevant to the interpretation and application of Divisions 1, 2 and 3.\n\n#### Application of this Guide\n\n##### Assessments and re-assessments—claims received on or after commencement day\n\n7 This Guide applies to the assessment or re-assessment of the degree of permanent impairment of an employee resulting from an injury, or the degree of non-economic loss suffered by an employee as a result of an injury or impairment, relating to a claim for compensation under section 24, subsection 25(4) or (5) or section 27 of the DRCA if the claim is received by the relevant authority on or after the day this instrument commences (the commencement day).\n\n##### Re-assessments—claims received before commencement day\n\n8 This Guide applies to a re-assessment mentioned in paragraph 7 in relation to a claim received before the commencement day if the request for re-assessment is received on or after the commencement day.\n\n \n\n##### Reconsiderations and AAT reviews\n\n9 This Guide applies in relation to:\n\n(a) a reconsideration of a determination under section 62 of the DRCA that relates to an assessment or re-assessment to which paragraph 7 or 8 of this Guide applies; and\n\n(b) a review by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal of a decision under subsection 38(4) (review of certain determinations by the MRCC) or section 62 (reconsideration of determinations) of the DRCA that relates to an assessment or re-assessment to which paragraph 7 or 8 of this Guide applies.\n\n##### Claims made before the commencement day: inapplicability of this Guide\n\n10 Despite the repeal of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment Edition 2.1 [F2012C00537], any relevant earlier Guide in force immediately before the commencement day continues in force after the commencement day, subject to paragraphs 7, 8 and 9 of this Guide, for the following purposes:\n\n(a) determining a claim made before the commencement day under the DRCA; and\n\n(b) an interim determination and assessment under subsection 25(1) of the DRCA in relation to such a claim.\n\nNote 1: The repealed Guide mentioned in this subsection is repealed by the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988—Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment Edition 3.0.\n\nNote 2: Part 2 of the repealed Guide (and of previous editions of that Guide) applied to the determination of claims under the DRCA.\n\n11 Each of the following is a relevant earlier Guide for a claim mentioned in paragraph 10:\n\n(a) the repealed Guide mentioned in that paragraph;\n\n(b) any previous edition of that Guide that applied in relation to the claim immediately before the commencement day.\n\n#### Whole person impairment\n\n##### Previous approach\n\n12 Prior to 1988, the Compensation (Commonwealth Government Employees) Act 1971 (repealed with the coming into effect of the SRC Act and (in 2017) the DRCA) provided for the payment of lump sum compensation where an employee suffered the loss of, or loss of efficient use of, a part of the body or faculty, as specified in a table of maims. The range of conditions compensated was exclusive and did not reflect the broad range of work-related conditions.\n\n##### Whole person impairment\n\n13 Whole person impairment (also referred to as “WPI”) is the methodology used in this Guide (and in previous editions of this Guide) for expressing the degree of impairment of a person, resulting from an injury, as a percentage. The concept of WPI is drawn from the AMA Guides (where it is referred to as “whole man” impairment).\n\n##### Degree of impairment\n\n14 Subsection 24(5) of the DRCA provides for the determination of the degree of permanent impairment of the employee resulting from an injury, that is, the employee as a whole person. The whole person impairment concept, therefore, provides for compensation for the permanent impairment of any body part, system or function to the extent to which it permanently impairs the employee as a whole person.\n\n15 Paragraph 28(1)(a) of the DRCA provides for the Guide to set out criteria by reference to which the degree of the permanent impairment of an employee resulting from an injury shall be determined. Paragraph 28(1)(c) of the DRCA relevantly provides that methods by which the degree of permanent impairment, as determined under those criteria, shall be expressed as a percentage. Subsection 28(5) of the DRCA relevantly provides that the percentage of permanent impairment suffered by an employee as a result of an injury ascertained under the methods referred to in paragraph 28(1)(c) of that Act may be 0%.\n\n16 Whole person impairment is the methodology used in this Guide in accordance with section 28 of the DRCA and is therefore the methodology by which the degree of permanent impairment of an employee resulting from an injury is expressed as a percentage. While the employee’s impairment resulting from a particular injury is to be assessed against criteria in this Guide by reference to the functional capacities of a normal healthy person, the degree of permanent impairment of that employee resulting from that particular injury may be assessed as:\n\n(a) 0% if there is no increase in the employee’s whole person impairment when assessed in accordance with this Guide; or\n\n(b) less than the threshold for compensation under section 24 of the DRCA even if there is an increase in the employee’s whole person impairment when assessed in accordance with this Guide.\n\n#### Entitlements under the DRCA\n\n17 Where the degree of permanent impairment of the employee (other than a hearing loss) is determined by the relevant authority under subsection 24(5) of the DRCA to be less than 10%, subsection 24(7) of that Act provides that compensation is not payable to the employee under section 24 of that Act.\n\n18 Subsection 24(8) of the DRCA excludes the operation of subsection 24(7) in relation to impairment constituted by the loss, or the loss of the use, of a finger or toe, or the loss of the sense of taste or smell. The threshold for compensation under section 24 of the DRCA for an injury resulting in a permanent impairment constituted by such a loss is 1% to 5% WPI under this Guide depending on the nature of the impairment.\n\n19 For injuries suffered by employees after 1 October 2001, subsection 24(7A) of the DRCA provides, in effect, that, if the injury results in a permanent impairment that is a hearing loss, the 10% threshold does not apply. In those cases:\n\n(a) subsection 24(7A) of the DRCA provides that compensation is not payable to the employee under section 24 if the relevant authority determines the binaural hearing loss suffered by the employee to be less than 5%; and\n\n(b) [Table 7.1 (Hearing)](#_Table_7.1_) provides that the percentage of binaural hearing loss is converted to a WPI rating by dividing the percentage of binaural hearing loss by 2; and\n\n(c) consequently, the threshold for compensation under section 24 of the DRCA for an injury resulting in a permanent impairment that is a hearing loss is 2.5% WPI under this Guide.\n\n#### Non-economic loss\n\n20 Subsection 27(1) of the DRCA provides that where there is liability to pay compensation in respect of a permanent impairment, additional compensation for non-economic loss is payable in accordance with section 27 of that Act.\n\n21 Non-economic loss is assessed under [Division 2](#_Division_2_Non-economic_loss) of this Guide.\n\n#### Compensation payable\n\n22 The maximum level of payment is prescribed in subsection 24(9) of the DRCA, and indexed annually on 1 July in accordance with the Consumer Price Index under section 13 of that Act. Compensation is calculated at the rate applicable at the time of the assessment. See [Division 3](#_Division_3_Calculation_of) of this Guide for calculation of total entitlements to compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss.\n\n#### Interim and final assessments\n\n23 On the written request of the employee under subsection 25(1) of the DRCA, an interim determination must be made by the relevant authority of the degree of permanent impairment suffered and an assessment made of an amount of compensation payable to the employee, where:\n\n(a) a determination has been made that an employee has suffered a permanent impairment as a result of an injury; and\n\n(b) the degree of that impairment is equal to or more than 10%; and\n\n(c) a final determination of the degree of permanent impairment has not been made.\n\n24 When a final determination of the degree of permanent impairment is made by the relevant authority, there is payable to the employee, under subsection 25(3) of the DRCA, an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the final determination and the interim assessment.\n\n#### Increase in degree of whole person impairment\n\n25 Where a final assessment of the degree of permanent impairment has been made by the relevant authority and the level of whole person permanent impairment subsequently increases by 10% or more in respect of the same injury, the employee may request, pursuant to subsection 25(4) of the DRCA, another assessment for compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss. Additional compensation is payable for the increased level of whole person impairment only.\n\n26 For injuries suffered by employees after 1 October 2001, pursuant to subsection 25(5) of the DRCA, if the injury results in a permanent impairment that is a hearing loss, there may be a further amount of compensation payable if there is a subsequent increase in the binaural hearing loss of 5% or more. In those cases:\n\n(a) [Table 7.1 (Hearing)](#_Table_7.1_) provides that the percentage of binaural hearing loss is converted to a WPI rating by dividing the percentage of binaural hearing loss by 2; and\n\n(b) consequently, the threshold for additional compensation under section 25 of the DRCA for an injury resulting in a permanent impairment that is a hearing loss is 2.5% WPI under this Guide.\n\nNote: See Application of this Guide for assessments and re-assessments of the degree of permanent impairment made under relevant earlier editions of this Guide.\n\n#### Survival of claims\n\n27 The DRCA provides for the survival of certain claims for compensation. If an employee suffers an injury resulting in permanent impairment, and the employee dies:\n\n(a) before a claim for permanent impairment compensation has been made—the employee’s personal representative may make such a claim (see subsections 4(11) and 55(1) of the DRCA); or\n\n(b) after a claim for permanent impairment compensation has been made—the employee’s personal representative may continue with the claim (see subsections 4(11) and 55(2) of the DRCA).\n\n28 In either case mentioned in subsection (1), if an amount of compensation is determined by the relevant authority to be payable under section 24 of the DRCA in respect of the claim, subject to section 111 of that Act, the amount is payable to the deceased employee’s estate (see subsections 55(3) and 111(1) of that Act). No compensation under section 27 of the DRCA would be payable to the deceased employee’s estate for any non-economic loss (see subsection 55(4) of that Act).\n\n### Principles of assessment\n\n#### Impairment and non-economic loss\n\n##### Impairment\n\n29 Impairment is defined by the DRCA as the “loss, the loss of the use, or the damage or malfunction, of any part of the body or of any bodily system or function or part of such system or function” (see subsection 4(1) of that Act).\n\nNote: For the assessment of the degree of impairment, see [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment).\n\n30 Impairment relates to the health status of an individual and includes anatomical loss, anatomical abnormality, physiological abnormality and psychological abnormality.\n\n31 In this Guide, loss of function is used as a basis of assessment of impairment and as far as possible objective criteria have been used. The degree of impairment is assessed by reference to the impact of that loss by reference to the functional capacities of a normal healthy person.\n\n32 Impairment is measured against its effect on personal efficiency in the activities of daily living in comparison with a normal healthy person.\n\nNote: Activities of daily living are defined in the [Glossary](#_Glossary).\n\n##### Non-economic loss\n\n33 Non-economic loss is defined by the DRCA, in relation to an employee who has suffered an injury resulting in a permanent impairment, as “loss or damage of a non‑economic kind suffered by the employee (including pain and suffering, a loss of expectation of life or a loss of the amenities or enjoyment of life) as a result of that injury or impairment and of which the employee is aware.” (see subsection 4(1) of that Act).\n\nNote: For the assessment of the degree of non-economic loss, see [Division 2](#_Division_2_Non-economic_loss).\n\n34 Non-economic loss is a subjective concept of the effects of the impairment on the employee’s life. It includes loss of expectation of life and any other real inconveniences caused by the impairment.\n\n35 Whilst activities of daily living are used to assess impairment they should not be confused with “lifestyle effects” which are used to assess non-economic loss. Lifestyle effects are a measure of an individual’s mobility and enjoyment of, and participation in, recreation, leisure activities and social relationships.\n\n36 It is emphasised that the employee must be aware of the non-economic losses suffered. While employees may have equal ratings of impairment it would not be unusual for them to receive different ratings for non-economic loss because of their different lifestyles.\n\n#### Employability and incapacity\n\n37 The concepts of “employability” and “incapacity” are not included in the assessment of impairment and non-economic loss. Incapacity is influenced by factors other than the degree of impairment and is compensated by weekly payments which are in addition to these payments.\n\n#### Permanent impairment\n\n38 Compensation is only payable for an impairment resulting from an injury which is permanent. In the DRCA, “permanent” means “likely to continue indefinitely” (see subsection 4(1) of that Act).\n\n39 For the purpose of determining whether an impairment is permanent under the DRCA, the assessor must have regard to all of the matters in subsection 24(2) of that Act, namely the following:\n\n(a) the duration of the impairment;\n\n(b) the likelihood of improvement in the employee’s condition;\n\n(c) whether the employee has undertaken all reasonable rehabilitative treatment for the impairment;\n\n(d) any other relevant matters.\n\n40 An impairment will generally be regarded as permanent when the recovery process has been completed, that is, when the full and final effects of convalescence, the natural healing process and active (as opposed to palliative) medical treatment have been achieved.\n\n#### Impairment tables\n\n41 The impairment tables in [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) are based on the concept of “whole person impairment”, which is drawn from the AMA Guides.\n\n42 Evaluation of whole person impairment is a medical appraisal of the nature and extent of the effect of an injury or disease on a person’s functional capacity and activities of daily living.\n\n43 As with the AMA Guides, [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) is structured by assembling detailed descriptions of impairments into groups according to body system and expressing the extent of each impairment as a percentage value of the functional capacity of a normal healthy person. Thus a percentage value can be assigned to an employee’s impairment by reference to the relevant description in this Guide.\n\n#### Gradations of impairment\n\n44 Each table in [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) contains impairment values at gradations of 5% or multiples of 5%. Where it is not clear which of 2 impairment values is more appropriate, the relevant authority has the discretion to determine which value properly reflects the degree of impairment.\n\n45 There is no discretion to choose an impairment value not specified in [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment). For example, where 10% and 20% are specified values there is no discretion to determine impairment as 15%.\n\n46 Where a table in [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) provides for impairment values within a range, consideration will need to be given to all criteria applicable to the condition, which includes performing activities of daily living and an estimate of the degree to which the medical impairment interferes with these activities.\n\n47 In some cases, additional information may be required to determine where to place an individual within the range. The person conducting the assessment must provide written reasons why the person considers the selected point within the range as clinically justifiable.\n\n#### Combined impairments\n\n##### Multiple impairments\n\n48 Impairment is system or function based. A single injury may give rise to multiple loss of function. When more than one table in [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment) applies to a single injury, separate scores should be allocated to each functional impairment.\n\nNote: The scores are then combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_). See also [Double assessment](#_Double_assessment).\n\n##### Multiple injuries\n\n49 Where there is an initial injury which results in impairment, and a second injury which results in impairment to the same bodily system or function occurs, the pre-existing impairment must be disregarded when assessing the degree of impairment of the second injury. The second injury should be assessed by reference to the functional capacities of a normal healthy person.\n\n#### Double assessment\n\n50 The possibility of double assessment for a single loss of function must be guarded against. For example, it would be inappropriate to assess a lower limb amputation by reference to both [Table 9.3 (Amputations and/or total loss of function)](#_Table_9.3_) and [Table 9.2 (Lower extremity)](#_Table_9.2_).\n\n51 Where an employee suffers from more than one impairment arising from the same injury (see Combined impairments (multiple impairments)), the values are not added but are combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n52 The purpose of [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_) is to give the total effect of all impairments, according to a formula, as a percentage value of the employee’s whole bodily system or function.\n\n#### Fingers and toes\n\n53 Impairment relating to the loss or injury to a finger or toe refers not only to amputation or total loss of efficient use of the whole digit, but also to partial loss of efficient use of a digit.\n\n#### Exceptions to Division 1\n\n54 In the event that an impairment is of a kind that cannot be assessed in accordance with the provisions of [Division 1](#_Division_1_Impairment), the relevant authority may direct that the assessment be made in accordance with the AMA5, and the assessment must accordingly be so made.\n\n#### Interim assessments\n\n55 To ensure that the possibility of entitlement to a permanent impairment payment does not impede the rehabilitation process, provision is made under subsection 25(1) of the DRCA for interim assessment and payment of compensation.\n\n56 Assessment for an interim payment will apply mainly in cases undergoing active treatment where the final outcome of the treatment is not known but a minimum permanent impairment can be measured.\n\n57 Care should be taken to ensure that further treatment will not reduce the impairment, which must be at least 10%.\n\n58 Interim payment will generally not apply where the impairment has stabilised or where the only change in impairment would be due to progressive degeneration.\n\n#### Likelihood of reduction in degree of impairment\n\n59 The relevant authority must have regard to medical opinion concerning the nature and effect (including possible effect) of the injury and the extent (if any) to which impairment resulting from the injury or non-economic loss resulting from the injury or impairment, may reasonably be capable of being reduced or removed.\n\n60 In particular, regard must be had to an employee’s unreasonable failure or refusal to act in accordance with medical advice or to submit to medical treatment which would reduce the degree of impairment.\n\n#### Aggravation\n\n61 A permanent impairment assessment in respect of an aggravation should not be made unless the effects of an aggravation are considered permanent. If the employee’s impairment is entirely attributable to a pre-existing or underlying condition, or to the natural progression of such a condition, the assessment for permanent impairment should be nil.\n\n62 Where it is possible to isolate the compensable effects of an injury upon a pre-existing or underlying condition the assessment of the degree of permanent impairment should reflect only the impairment due to those compensable effects.\n\n### Reference\n\n63 American Medical Association, 2001, Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th edition, Chicago: American Medical Association.\n\nNote: This is referred to as AMA5 (see the [Glossary](#_Glossary) to this Guide).\n\n\n### Glossary\n\nNote 1: An expression used in this Guide has the same meaning as in the DRCA, unless the contrary intention appears: see paragraph 13(1)(b) of the Legislation Act 2003.\n\nNote 2: A number of expressions used in this Guide are defined in the DRCA, including the following (references are to the DRCA):\n\n(a) aggravation (subsection 4(1));\n\n(b) ailment (subsection 4(1));\n\n(c) claim (subsection 4(1));\n\n(d) employee (section 5);\n\n(e) impairment (subsection 4(1));\n\n(f) injury (subsections 4(3) and (8) and sections 5A, 123A and 124);\n\n(g) MRCC (short for Military Repatriation and Compensation Commission) (subsection 4(1));\n\n(h) non-economic loss (subsection 4(1));\n\n(i) permanent (subsection 4(1));\n\n(j) relevant authority (subsection 4(1));\n\n(k) SRC Act (short for Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988) (subsection 4(1)).\n\nIn this Guide:\n\nactivities of daily living means the activities a person needs to perform to function in a non-specific environment (that is, to live). The measure of activities of daily living is a measure of primary biological and psychosocial function. These activities are as follows:\n\n(a) the ability to receive and to respond to incoming stimuli;\n\n(b) standing;\n\n(c) moving;\n\n(d) feeding (including eating, but not including the preparation of food);\n\n(e) control of bladder and bowel;\n\n(f) self-care (for example, bathing and dressing);\n\n(g) sexual function.\n\nAMA2 means the American Medical Association, 1984, Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 2nd edition, Chicago: American Medical Association, and any errata published prior to the commencement day.\n\nAMA5 means the American Medical Association, 2001, Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th edition, Chicago: American Medical Association, and any errata published prior to the commencement day.\n\nAMA Guides means the American Medical Association, Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Chicago: American Medical Association) (various editions).\n\ncommencement day: see [Application of this Guide](#_Application_of_this).\n\ndisease has its ordinary meaning.\n\nDRCA means the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims) Act 1988.\n\nloss of amenities, in relation to an employee, means effects on the employee’s mobility, social relationships and recreation and leisure activities.\n\n%NEL means percentage of non-economic loss.\n\npain means physical pain.\n\nre-assessment means a re-assessment of the degree of permanent impairment for the purposes of subsection 25(4) or (5) of the DRCA (interim payment of compensation).\n\nsuffering means mental distress resulting from the impairment or injury.\n\nExamples: Grief, anguish, fear, frustration, humiliation, embarrassment, etc.\n\nwhole person impairment: see the [Introduction](#_Introduction) and the [Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment).\n\nWPI is short for whole person impairment.\n\n%WPI means percentage of whole person impairment. \n\n\n### Division 1—Impairment\n\n#### Chapter 1—Cardio-vascular system\n\n##### Table 1.1 Assessments of symptomatic activity levels\n\nTable of metabolic costs of activities will be provided for purposes of assessment. Examples of conditions with which it can be used are ischaemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease and hypertension.\n\n- MaleSymptomatic level of activity in METs (%WPI)\n- AGE (Yrs) 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 10+\n- 18-30 95 80 70 60 50 45 35 25 10 5\n- 31-40 95 80 70 60 50 40 30 15 5 -\n- 41-50 95 75 65 50 40 25 15 5 - -\n- 51-60 95 75 60 45 30 15 10 5 - -\n- 61-70 95 70 55 40 25 10 5 - - -\n- 70+ 95 65 45 30 10 - - - - -\n\n\n \n\n- FemaleSymptomatic level of activity in METs (%WPI)\n- AGE (Yrs) 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 10+\n- 18-30 95 80 65 60 40 25 15 10 5 -\n- 31-40 95 80 60 45 35 20 5 - - -\n- 41-50 95 75 60 45 30 15 5 - - -\n- 51-60 95 75 55 35 20 10 5 - - -\n- 61-70 95 70 45 30 10 5 - - - -\n- 70+ 95 65 30 15 5 - - - - -\n\n\n##### Table 1.2 Peripheral vascular disease\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | The claimant experiences neither intermittent claudication nor ischaemic pain at rest. |\n| 5 | The claimant has no difficulty with distances but experiences ischaemic pain on climbing steps or gradients. |\n| 10 | The claimant experiences claudication on walking 200 metres or more at an average walking pace on level ground. |\n| 20 | The claimant experienced claudication on walking more than 100 but less than 200 metres at average pace on level ground. |\n| 30 | The claimant experiences claudication on walking more than 75 but less than 100 metres at average pace on level ground. |\n| 40 | The claimant experiences claudication on walking more than 50 but less than 75 metres at average pace on level ground. |\n| 50 | The claimant experiences claudication on walking more than 25 but less than 50 metres at average pace on level ground. |\n| 60 | The claimant experiences claudication on walking less than 25 metres at average pace on level ground. |\n| 70 | The claimant experiences ischaemic pain at rest. |\n\n\n \n\n##### Table 1.3 Varicose veins, deep venous thrombosis, oedema, ulceration\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | One or more of the following:
varicose veins—may be gross but cause no significant restriction of activitiesoedema—mild or transientskin reaction—mild or transient
and minimal limitation of activities of daily living (although exacerbation may temporarily increase the extent of limitation). |\n| 10 | Any one of the following which necessitates intermittent treatment including a short period of admission to hospital or confinement to home:
varicose veins—with recurrent superficial phlebitisoedema—persistent and incompletely controlledulceration—superficial, transient. |\n| 15 | Any two of the following which necessitate intermittent treatment including a short period of admission to hospital or confinement to home:
varicose veins—with recurrent superficial phlebitisoedema—persistent and incompletely controlledulceration—superficial, transient. |\n| 20 | All of the following which necessitate intermittent treatment including a short period of admission to hospital or confinement to home:
varicose veins—with recurrent superficial phlebitisoedema—persistent and incompletely controlledulceration—superficial, transient. |\n| 30 | Any one of the following which needs continuous treatment including periodic admission to hospital or confinement to residence:
deep venous thrombosisoedema—marked and only partly controlled by elastic support or medicationulceration—persistent, widespread or deep. |\n| 40 | Any two of the following which need continuous treatment including periodic admission to hospital or confinement to residence:
deep venous thrombosisoedema—marked and only partly controlled by elastic support or medicationulceration—persistent, widespread or deep. |\n| 50 | Severe bilateral deep venous thrombosis which needs continuous treatment including long periods of admission to hospital or confinement to residence. |\n| 60 | Any two of the following which need continuous treatment including long periods of admission to hospital or confinement to residence:
severe bilateral deep venous thrombosismarked oedema that cannot be controlledsevere ulceration. |\n\n\n#### Chapter 2—Respiratory system\n\n##### Table 2.1 Ventilatory function\n\nThe major test of respiratory impairment is the ventilatory function test or respiratory test. Predictive nomograms for the forced expiratory volume over one second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) are at [Figures 2.1 (males)](#_Figure_2.1_) and [2.2 (females)](#_Figure_2.2_).\n\n| % WPI | Ventilatory function % of predicted value |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | More than 85 |\n| 10 | 85 |\n| 15 | 80 |\n| 20 | 75 |\n| 25 | 70 |\n| 30 | 65 |\n| 35 | 60 |\n| 40 | 55 |\n| 45 | 50 |\n| 50 | 45 |\n| 55 | 40 |\n| 60 | 35 |\n| 65 | 30 |\n| 70 | 25 |\n\n\nNotes\n\n- X-rays may be normal in any of the above categories.\n- Measurement of FEV1 and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) should be performed with a Vitalograph® spirometer or equivalent instrument.\n- Three readings should be taken and the largest of these used to calculate impairment.\n\n\n##### Figure 2.1 Prediction nomogram—males\n\n\n\n---\n\n \n\n##### Figure 2.2 Prediction nomogram—females\n\n\n\n---\n\n \n\n#### Chapter 3—Endocrine system\n\n##### Table 3.1 Endocrine system\n\nThe effects of diabetes mellitus in other systems (for example, the vascular and visual systems) should be assessed from the appropriate tables and combined with values from the table above using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Any one of the following:
thyroid disease adequately controlled with thyroxine replacementprimary hyperparathyroidism; parathyroid adenoma removed; replacement therapy not indicatedasymptomatic Paget’s diseaseasymptomatic osteoporosis or other bone disease, with or without treatment. |\n| 5 | Diabetes mellitus satisfactorily controlled by diet and/or oral medication. |\n| 10 | Any one of the following:
thyroid disease which cannot be adequately treated with thyroxineprimary hyperparathyroidism; parathyroidectomy; replacement therapy requiredsymptomatic Paget’s diseasesymptomatic osteoporosisother bone disease WITH pain not completely controlled by continuous therapy. |\n| 15 | Diabetes mellitus requiring dietary adjustment and insulin. |\n| 20 | Diabetes mellitus not satisfactorily controlled despite vigorous therapy. |\n\n\n#### Chapter 4—Skin disorders\n\n##### Table 4.1 Functional loss\n\nIn the evaluation of impairment resulting from a skin disorder the actual functional loss is the prime consideration, rather than the extent of cutaneous involvement. Where the condition affects the face [Table 4.2 (Facial disfigurement)](#_Table_4.2_) may be more appropriate.\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | The condition is absent on examination or if present can easily be reversed by appropriate medication or other treatment and causes no interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 5 | The condition requires treatment for lengthy periods but causes no interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 10 | The condition is absent on examination or if present can easily be reversed by appropriate medication or treatment and causes minor interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 20 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to three months per year and causes interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 30 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to four months per year and causes minor interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 40 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to four months per year and causes major interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 45 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to six months per year and causes minor interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 50 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to six months per year and causes major interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 60 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to nine months per year and causes minor interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 70 | The condition requires treatment for periods in aggregate up to nine months per year and causes major interference with activities of daily living when present. |\n| 75 to 100 | The condition is present all the time and requires treatment for between 9 and 12 months of the year and causes major interference with activities of daily living. |\n\n\nNote\n\n- Assessors should refer to Gradations of impairment in the Principles of assessment for guidance on awarding an impairment value within a range.\n\n##### Table 4.2 Facial disfigurement\n\nWhen evaluating impairment due to facial injury or disease, three factors need to be considered:\n\n- First, the functional components of the face must be evaluated (for example the effects of the condition on communication, respiration, eating, visual function, hearing, etc.).\n- Second, the cosmetic effects should be considered. These are not truly an impairment, but for the purposes of evaluation are deemed to be equivalent to certain impairments. These deemed values are set out below. Cosmetic defects should be assessed when all feasible cosmetic surgery has been completed and should take into account the beneficial effects of the use of cosmetics etc.\n- Third, facial disfigurement may result in behavioural changes. These should be assessed in accordance with the criteria in [Table 5.1 (Psychiatric conditions)](#_Table_5.1_).\n- Where more than one deformity is present from the same band or different bands, a value should be allotted to each and these should be combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Normal facial appearance
or
any scarring above the brow line. |\n| 5 | Any of the following:
cutaneous scars or pigmentationunilateral facial paralysisdistortion of the noseloss or deformity of the external ear. |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
disfigurement of the orbitbilateral facial paralysisdepression of the zygomadepression of the frontal bonessevere scarring below the upper lip. |\n| 15 | Loss of part of nose. |\n| 25 | Loss of the entire nose. |\n| 35 | Severe disfigurement of the entire area between the brow and the upper lip on both sides. |\n\n\n \n\n#### Chapter 5—Psychiatric conditions\n\n##### Table 5.1 Psychiatric conditions\n\nIncludes psychoses, neuroses, personality disorders and other diagnosable conditions. The assessment should be made on optimum medication at a stage where the condition is reasonably stable.\n\n- % WPI Description of level of impairment\n- 0 Reactions to stresses of daily living WITHOUT loss of personal or social efficiency AND retained capability of performing activities of daily living without supervision or assistance.\n- 5 Despite the presence of ONE of the following, employee is capable of performing activities of daily living without supervision or assistance:\n\n- reactions to stresses of daily living with minor loss of personal or social efficiency\n- lack of conscience-directed behaviour without harm to others or self\n- minor distortion of thinking.\n- 10 Despite the presence of more than one of the following, employee is capable of performing activities of daily living without supervision or assistance:\n\n- reactions to stresses of daily living with minor loss of personal or social efficiency\n- lack of conscience-directed behaviour without harm to others or self\n- minor distortion of thinking.\n- 15 Any of the following, accompanied by a need for some supervision and direction in activities of daily living:\n\n- reactions to stresses of daily living which cause modification of daily living patterns\n- marked disturbances in thinking\n- definite disturbance in behaviour.\n- 20 Any two of the following, accompanied by a need for some supervision and direction in activities of daily living:\n\n- reactions to stresses of daily living which cause modification of daily living patterns\n- marked disturbance in thinking\n- definite disturbance in behaviour.\n- 25 All of the following, accompanied by a need for some supervision and direction in activities of daily living:\n\n- reactions to stresses of daily living which cause modification of daily living patterns\n- marked disturbances in thinking\n- definite disturbances in behaviour.\n- 30 Any one of the following, accompanied by a need for supervision and direction in activities of daily living:\n\n- hospital dischargees who require daily medication or regular therapy to avoid readmission\n- loss of self control and/or inability to learn from experience causing considerable damage to self or others.\n- 40 Both of the following, accompanied by a need for supervision and direction in activities of daily living:\n\n- hospital dischargees who require daily medication or regular therapy to avoid readmission\n- loss of self control and/or inability to learn from experience causing considerable damage to self or others.\n- 50 One of the following:\n\n- severe disturbances of thinking and/or behaviour which entails potential or actual harm to self and/or others\n- need for supervision and direction in a confined environment.\n- 60 Both of the following\n\n- severe disturbances of thinking and/or behaviour which entails potential or actual harm to self and/or others\n- need for supervision and direction in a confined environment.\n- 90 Very severe disturbance in all aspects of thinking and behaviour such as to require constant supervision and care in a confined environment and assistance with all activities of daily living.\n\n\n \n\n#### Chapter 6—Visual system\n\n##### Table 6.1 Disorders of visual acuity\n\nDisorders such as nystagmus, conjunctivitis, impaired colour vision, night blindness and glaucoma (without visual loss) are usually binocular and cause minimal impairment. An assessment of 0 to 5% is appropriate for such conditions.\n\nVisual field defects should be accurately mapped and assessed in accordance with the procedures dictated in AMA2.\n\nImpairment is based on corrected visual acuity.\n\n- Right eye\n- L e f t\n\ne y e % WPI 6/6 6/9 6/12 6/18 6/24 6/30 6/36 6/48 6/60 3/60 No perceived light\n- 6/6 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 20 25\n- 6/9 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30\n- 6/12 5 10 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40\n- 6/18 10 15 20 30 30 35 35 40 40 40 45\n- 6/24 10 15 25 30 40 40 40 45 45 50 50\n- 6/30 15 20 25 35 40 45 50 50 55 55 60\n- 6/36 15 20 30 35 40 50 55 60 60 65 65\n- 6/48 20 25 30 40 45 50 60 65 70 70 75\n- 6/60 20 25 35 40 45 55 60 70 75 80 80\n- 3/60 20 30 35 40 50 55 65 70 80 85 85\n- No perceived light 25 30 40 45 50 60 65 75 80 85 85\n\n\n\n\n\n#### Chapter 7—Ear, nose and throat disorders\n\n##### Table 7.1 Hearing\n\nHearing defects are assessed in accordance with the current procedures from Australian Hearing Services (Hearing Australia).\n\nOnce the binaural percentage loss of hearing has been calculated, it is then converted to a WPI value.\n\nThe calculation for converting the percentage loss of hearing to a WPI rating is:\n\n\n\n#### Table 7.2 Miscellaneous ear, nose and throat disorders\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | One or more of the following:
intermittent otorrhoeaintermittent otalgia and tinnituspost nasal discharge, rhinorrhoea and sneezingvertigo which does not interfere with any activitiesother conditions which are controlled by medication or for which no medication is required. |\n| 5 | Any of the following:
permanent otorrhoeacomplete loss of olfaction or tastepermanent tinnitus. |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
permanent otalgiavertigo which interferes only with activities involving personal or public safety (for example, driving a car, operating machinery). |\n| 20 | Vertigo which interferes with activities of daily living. |\n| 25 | Permanent tracheostomy or stoma. |\n| 40 | Vertigo which interferes with all activities except household duties and self-care. |\n| 60 | Vertigo which interferes with all activities to the extent that only self-care can be managed and all other activity is impossible. |\n| 80 | Vertigo such that the sufferer is confined to home and requires assistance with all activities, including self-care. |\n\n\n#### Chapter 8—Digestive system\n\n##### Table 8.1 Disorders of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, pancreas, colon, rectum and anus\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Symptoms present but no anatomical loss or alteration. |\n| 5 | Symptoms and/or signs present and there is anatomical loss or alteration but continuous treatment is not required and weight and nutrition are maintained at normal levels
or
mild incontinence of flatus or liquid stool. |\n| 10 | Objective signs of disease present and at least one of the following:
dietary modification needed for controldrugs needed for controlloss of up to 10% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 15 | Objective signs of disease present and at least two of the following:
dietary modification needed for controldrugs needed for controlloss of up to 10% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 20 | Partial faecal incontinence requiring continual treatment
or
objective signs of disease present and all of the following:
dietary modification needed for controldrugs needed for controlloss of up to 10% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 25 | Objective signs of disease present and one of the following:
dietary modification and drugs produce partial but incomplete controlloss of 10% to 20% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 30 | Objective signs of disease present and both of the following:
dietary modification and drugs produce partial but incomplete controlweight loss of 10% to 20% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 40 | Objective signs of disease present with two of the following:
disturbed bowel habit
pain (periodic or continual)
continual manifestations (for example, fever or anaemia)
weight loss of 10% to 20% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| 45 | Complete faecal incontinence |\n\n\n\n\n\n| 50 | Objective signs of disease present with all of the following:
disturbed bowel habitpain (periodic or continual)continual manifestations (for example, fever or anaemia)weight loss of 10% to 20% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chart. |\n| --- | --- |\n| 55-75 | Objective signs of disease present and a combination of the following:
severe persistent disturbance of bowel habitsevere persistent painconstitutional manifestationsweight loss of more than 20% of desirable weight per range on standard BMI chartsevere limitation of activity. |\n\n\nNote\n\n- Assessors should refer to [Gradations of impairment](#_Gradations_of_impairment) in the [Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment) for guidance on awarding an impairment value within a range.\n\n\n\n\n\n##### Table 8.2 Disorders of the liver and biliary tract\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Mildly abnormal liver function tests but adequate nutrition and strength with no other signs of disease. |\n| 5 | Episodes of biliary colic twice a year or less frequently. |\n| 10 | Stigmata of liver disease but no history of jaundice, ascites or bleeding oesophageal varices within the last five years
and
Liver function tests normal or mildly abnormal. |\n| 15 | Episodes of biliary colic three to five times a year. |\n| 20 | Stigmata of liver disease with jaundice, ascites or bleeding oesophageal varices one to five years ago and liver function tests now normal or mildly abnormal. |\n| 25 | Stigmata of liver disease with jaundice, ascites or bleeding oesophageal varices one to five years ago and liver function tests markedly abnormal. |\n| 40 | Stigmata of liver disease with jaundice, ascites or bleeding oesophageal varices in the past year
or
objective signs of progressive liver disease. |\n| 50 | Permanent irreparable biliary tract obstruction. |\n| 60 | Objective signs of progressive liver disease with one of the following:
persistent jaundicefrequent, recurrent bleeding episodescentral nervous system manifestations of hepatic insufficiency. |\n| 70 | Objective signs of progressive liver disease with two of the following:
persistent jaundicefrequent, recurrent bleeding episodescentral nervous system manifestations of hepatic insufficiency. |\n| 80 | Objective signs of progressive liver disease with all of the following:
persistent jaundicefrequent, recurrent bleeding episodescentral nervous system manifestations of hepatic insufficiency. |\n| 95 | Hepatic coma. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n##### Table 8.3 Fistulae and herniae\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 5 | Any of the following:
inguinal hernia (readily reducible)ventral hernia, well supported. |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
small recurrent inguinal hernia (operable but not readily reducible)colostomy. |\n| 15 | Any of the following:
large recurrent inguinal hernia (inoperable and not readily reducible)oesophagostomygastrostomyventral hernia, not well supported. |\n| 20 | Any of the following:
massive ventral hernia (inoperable, with severe diastasis of recti)jejunostomyileostomy. |\n\n\n \n\n#### Chapter 9—Musculo-skeletal system\n\nIntroduction \n\nThese tables are intended to be used to assess impairment arising from specific joint lesions or amputations.\n\nWhere the joints function normally but the use of a limb is restricted for other reasons, for example soft tissue injury, nerve injury or bony injury not involving joints, [Table 9.4 (Limb function—upper limb)](#_Table_9.4_) or [9.5 (Limb function—lower limb)](#_Table_9.5_) should be used.\n\nThese Tables can be used to assess the impairment of overall limb function from any cause.\n\nNotes\n\n- Either the musculo-skeletal table or [Table 9.4](#_Table_9.4_) or [9.5](#_Table_9.5_) should be used—not both.\n- Assessment is in accordance with the range of joint movement.\n- X-rays should not be taken solely for assessment purposes.\n\n\n##### Table 9.1 Upper extremity\n\nValues are for one joint only. Where more than one joint is affected, values should be combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | X-ray changes but no loss of function of shoulder, elbow or wrist. |\n| 5 | Any one of the following:
x-ray changes with minimal loss of function of shoulder, elbow or wristankylosis of any joint of ring and/or small finger(s). |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
loss of less than half normal range of movement of shoulder or elbowloss of half normal range of movement of wristankylosis of any joints of index and/or middle finger(s). |\n| 15 | Any of the following:
loss of more than half normal range of movement of wristankylosis of any joint(s) of thumb. |\n| 20 | Any of the following:
loss of half normal range of movement of shoulder or elbowankylosis of wrist. |\n| 30 | Loss of more than half normal range of movement of shoulder or elbow |\n| 40 | Ankylosis of shoulder or elbow. |\n\n\n \n\n\n##### Table 9.2 Lower extremity\n\nAssessment is in accordance with the range of joint movement. X-rays should not be taken solely for assessment purposes.\n\nWhere a joint has been surgically replaced assessment is in accordance with its function.\n\nShortening of the lower extremity by 2.5cm or more is an impairment of 5%.\n\nFor conditions not covered (such as flail joints) the assessor should have regard to the loss of function (not exceeding the maximum allowed for amputation).\n\nValues are for one joint only. Where more than one joint is affected, values should be combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | X-ray changes but no loss of function of hip, knee or ankle
or
ankylosis or lesser changes in any toes except the hallux. |\n| 5 | Loss of less than half normal range of movement of ankle. |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
loss of less than half normal range of movement of hip or kneeloss of half normal range of movement of ankleankylosis of hallux. |\n| 15 | Loss of more than half normal range of movement of ankle. |\n| 20 | Any of the following:
loss of half normal range of movement of hip or kneeankylosis of ankle. |\n| 30 | Loss of more than half normal range of movement of hip or knee. |\n| 40 | Ankylosis of hip or knee. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n##### Table 9.3 Amputations and/or total loss of function\n\nImpairment relating to the loss of or injury to a finger or toe refers not only to amputation or total loss of efficient use of the whole digit, but also to partial loss of efficient use of a digit.\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 5 | Any of the following:
amputation of little fingeramputation of ring fingertotal loss of movement of any joint of thumbamputation of terminal segment of thumb involving one third of its flexor surface without loss of distal phalanx or interphalangeal jointamputation of two phalanges or joints of index, middle, ring or little fingeramputation of distal phalanx or joint of forefingeramputation of distal phalanx or joint of hallux. |\n| 10 | Any of the following:
amputation of all toesamputation of great toeamputation of middle fingeramputation of distal phalanx or joint of thumb. |\n| 15 | Any of the following:
mid-metatarsal amputationamputation of index finger. |\n| 20 | Any of the following:
partial amputation of the foot (Chopart)amputation of the thumb. |\n| 30 | Any of the following:
amputation below knee, with functional stumpamputation at ankleamputation of all fingers, but not thumb. |\n| 40 | Any of the following:
amputation above knee with functional stumpdisarticulation at kneeGritti Stokes amputationamputation below knee with short stump (7.5 cm or less below intercondylar notch)disarticulation at hip jointamputation above knee with short stump (7.5 cm or less below tuber ischii). |\n| 50 | Any of the following:
hemipelvectomyamputation of forearm distal to biceps tendon insertiondisarticulation at wrist jointmid-carpal or mid-metacarpal amputation of hand. |\n| 60 | Any of the following:
amputation between deltoid insertion and elbowdisarticulation at elbowamputation of forearm proximal to biceps tendon insertiondisarticulation at shoulderamputation above deltoid insertion. |\n| 70 | Forequarter (upper) amputation. |\n\n\n##### Table 9.4 Limb function—upper limb\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | Can use limb for self-care and grasping and holding but has difficulty with digital dexterity. |\n| 20 | Can use limb for self-care but has no digital dexterity or has difficulties grasping and holding. |\n| 30 | Retains some use of limb but has difficulty with self-care. |\n| 40 | Cannot use limb for self-care. |\n\n\n##### Table 9.5 Limb function—lower limb\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | Can rise to standing position and walk but has difficulty with grades and steps. |\n| 20 | Can rise to standing position and walk but has difficulty with grades, steps and distances. |\n| 30 | Can rise to standing position and walk with difficulty but is limited to level surfaces. |\n| 50 | Can rise to standing position and maintain it with difficulty but cannot walk. |\n| 65 | Cannot stand or walk. |\n\n##### Table 9.6 Spine\n\nLesions of the sacrum and coccyx should be assessed by using the table which most appropriately reflects the functional impairment. This will usually be [Table 9.5 (Limb function—lower limb)](#_Table_9.5_).\n\nLesions of the spine are often accompanied by neurological consequences. These should be assessed using [Table 9.4 (Limb function—upper limb)](#_Table_9.4_) or [9.5 (Limb function—lower limb)](#_Table_9.5_) and the results combined using [Table 14.1 (Combined values chart)](#_Table_14.1_).\n\n- % WPI Description of level of impairment\n- Cervical spine Thoraco-lumbar spine\n- 0 X-ray changes only. X-ray changes only.\n- 5 Minor restrictions of movement. Minor restrictions of movementorcrush fracture - compression of 25% to 50%.\n- 10 Loss of half normal range of movement. Loss of less than half normal range of movementorcrush fracture—compression greater than 50%.\n- 15 Loss of more than half normal range of movement. Loss of half normal range of movement.\n- 20 Complete loss of movement. Loss of more than half normal range of movement.\n- 30 Complete loss of movement.\n\n\n\n\n\n#### Chapter 10—Urinary system\n\n##### Table 10.1 Upper urinary tract\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 90 litres/day or more
and/or
intermittent symptoms or signs of upper urinary tract dysfunction are present that do not require continuous treatment or surveillance. |\n| 10 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 75 to 89 litres/day
and/or
single kidney. |\n| 15 | Creatinine clearance is 75 to 89 litres/day AND symptoms and signs of urinary tract dysfunction or disease necessitate continuous medical treatment. |\n| 30 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 60 to 74 litres/day. |\n| 40 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 50 to 59 litres/day. |\n| 45 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 50 to 59 litres/day and symptoms and signs of dysfunction or disease are incompletely controlled by surgical or continuous medical treatment. |\n| 60 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 40 to 49 litres/day. |\n| 65 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of 40 to 49 litres/day and symptoms and signs of dysfunction or disease are incompletely controlled by surgical or continuous medical treatment. |\n| 70 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of less than 40 litres/day. |\n| 75 | Diminution of upper urinary tract function is present as evidenced by creatinine clearance of less than 40 litres/day and symptoms and signs of dysfunction or disease are incompletely controlled by surgical or continuous medical treatment. |\n| 85 | Deterioration of renal function requiring either peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. |\n\n\n \n\n\n##### Table 10.2 Lower urinary tract\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Occasional intermittent disorder without interval problems. |\n| 10 | Uretheral stricture or other disorder requiring intermittent therapy (for example, passage of sounds at intervals of greater than eight weeks). |\n| 15 | Disorder requires continuous treatment
or
no voluntary bladder control but good reflex activity. |\n| 25 | Urinary diversion with or without removal of the bladder
or
uretheral stricture or other disorder which cannot be effectively controlled, or recurs frequently, or requires more frequent passage of sounds (at intervals of less than four to eight weeks). |\n| 30 | Intermittent dribbling incontinence. |\n| 45 | Continuous dribbling incontinence. |\n\n\n \n\n#### Chapter 11—Reproductive system\n\n##### Table 11.1 Male\n\nThis table is used to assess conditions affecting the testes, prostate, penis, seminal vesicles, spermatic cord, epididymis and scrotum.\n\n| % WPI | Description of the level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 5 | Any of the following:
only one testis presentsymptoms and/or signs of scrotal loss or diseasescrotal malposition
or
all of the following:
symptoms and/or signs of testicular, epididymal and/or spermatic cord disease, WITH anatomical alterationcontinuous treatment not requiredno seminal or hormonal abnormalities
or
all of the following:
symptoms and/or signs of prostatic and/or seminal vesicular dysfunction or diseaseanatomical alteration presentcontinuous treatment not required
or
impotence in a claimant aged 65 years or more with intact sexual organs. |\n| 10 | Sexual function possible but varying degrees of difficulty with erection, ejaculation and/or sensation. |\n| 15 | Any of the following:
sexual function possible in that there is sufficient erection but no ejaculation or sensationtestes implanted in other than scrotal position to preserve function and testicular pain or discomfort with activitytotal loss of scrotumimpotence in a claimant aged between 40 and 64 years with intact sexual organs
or
all of the following:
symptoms and/or signs of testicular, epididymal and/or spermatic cord disease, with anatomical alterationcontinuous or frequent treatment requireddetectable seminal or hormonal abnormalities
or
all of the following:
frequent severe symptoms and/or signs of prostatic and/or seminal vesicular function or diseaseanatomical alteration presentcontinuous treatment required. |\n\n\n\n\n\n| 20 | No sexual function possible because of any of the following:
bilateral loss of testesno detectable seminal or hormonal function of the testes, epididymis or spermatic cordsablation of prostate and/or seminal vesicles
or
impotence in a claimant aged less than 40 years with intact sexual organs. |\n| --- | --- |\n\n\n##### Table 11.2 Female\n\n| % WPI | Vulva and/or vagina | Cervix and/or uterus | Fallopian tubes and/or ovaries |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 10 | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not requiring continuous treatment
and
sexual intercourse possible
and
vagina adequate for childbirth. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not requiring continuous treatment
or
cervical stenosis not requiring treatment
or
anatomical loss in post- menopausal years. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not requiring continuous treatment
or
unilateral dysfunction
or
bilateral loss in post- menopausal years. |\n| 25 | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity requiring continuous treatment
and
sexual intercourse possible with varying degrees of difficulty
and
vaginal delivery limited in pre-menopausal years. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity requiring continuous treatment
or
cervical stenosis requiring periodic treatment. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity requiring continuous treatment but tubes are patent and ovulation is possible. |\n| 35 | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not controlled by continuous treatment
and
sexual intercourse not possible
and
vaginal delivery not possible in the pre-menopausal years. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not controlled by continuous treatment
or
cervical stenosis complete
or
anatomical or complete functional loss in the pre-menopausal years. | Symptoms and/or signs of disease or deformity not controlled by continuous treatment
and
total loss of tubular patency, or total failure to produce ova, in the pre-menopausal years. |\n\n\n##### Table 11.3 Mammary glands\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | Any of the following.
female of childbearing age with absence of the breastsmale with painful gynaecomastia that interferes with daily activitiesgalactorrhoea sufficient to require the use of absorbent pads. |\n\n\n#### Chapter 12—Neurological function\n\nIntroduction\n\nNeurological function is divided into three sub-groups—cranial nerves ([Table 12.1](#_Table_12.1_)), communication (Tables [12.2](#_Table_12.2_) & [12.3](#_Table_12.3_)) and cognitive function ([Tables 12.4](#_Table_12.4_) & [12.5](#_Table_12.5_)).\n\nCommunication and cognitive function are each divided into two sub-sections—the sub-sections of communication are comprehension ([Table 12.2](#_Table_12.2_)) and expression ([Table 12.3](#_Table_12.3_)); the sub-sections of cognitive function are memory ([Table 12.4](#_Table_12.4_)) and reasoning ([Table 12.5](#_Table_12.5_)).\n\nTables 12.2 to 12.5 should not be used to assess problems whose origins are genetic, social or educational. Their use is confined to the assessment of the consequences of neurological injury or disease.\n\n##### Table 12.1 Cranial nerves\n\nPlease note that assessments for sight, smell and taste can be made under other tables. They have been included here as well so that this table is complete.\n\nDo not make two separate assessments and combine them. Use one or the other.\n\nThe other relevant tables are [Table 6.1 (Disorders of visual acuity)](#_Table_6.1_Disorders), and [Table 7.2 (Miscellaneous ear, nose and throat disorders)](#_Table_7.2_).\n\n- % WPI Criteria\n- Unilateral loss or paralysis Bilateral loss or paralysis Other\n- 0 I XII I\n- 5 V (motor) VII (complete loss of taste).\n- 10 V (sensory) XII (swallowing impairment, with diet restricted to semi-solids). Swallowing impairment due to one or two combinations of IX, X and XI, with diet restricted to semi- solids.\n- 15 VII\n- 20 VII Atypical facial neuralgia.\n- 25 IIorIII, IV, VI alone or in combination (diplopia corrected by covering one eye).\n- 30 XII (swallowing impairment, with diet restricted to liquids). Swallowing impairment due to one or two combinations of IX, X and XI, with diet restricted to liquids.\n- 35 V (sensory)\n- 45 V (motor)\n- 50 V Intractable typical trigeminal neuralgia or tic douloureux.\n- 60 XII (swallowing impairment, with diet by tube feeding or gastrostomy). Swallowing impairment due to one or two combinations of IX, X & XI, and resulting in diet by tube feeding or gastrostomy.\n- 85 II\n\n\nCommunication\n\n- Communication disorders may arise as a result of interference with comprehension and/or expression. They are the result of neurological damage arising, for example, from head injury or cerebro-vascular accident.\n- Comprehension may be further divided into hearing and reading skills, and expression into verbal and written skills. A report from a Speech Pathologist or Rehabilitation Specialist will generally be necessary to enable impairment of this function to be accurately assessed.\n- In all cases the employee’s abilities prior to the injury or disease must be taken into account. It would be inappropriate to assess an illiterate person with respect to reading and writing skills. Similarly where English is an employee’s second language, it may be more appropriate to base assessment on interference with ability to understand and speak the employee’s first language.\n\n\n#### Table 12.2 Comprehension\n\n- % WPI Criteria\n- Hearing(see note below) Reading\n- 5 Understands speech in most situations, but has difficulties in groups or when fatigued. Reads books and magazine articles, but does not understand details.\n- 10 Understands speech in one-to-one situations, but cannot cope in group situations. Can get the gist of simple articles, for example in newspapers, but has great difficulty with details.\n- 20 Understands only simple sentences.\n- 25 Understands simple sentences although repetition is sometimes needed.\n- 30 Able to read only single words.\n- 35 Unable to read at all.\n- 40 Able to understand only single words.\n- 50 Unable to understand any language.\n\n\nNote\n\n- Hearing refers to the ability to comprehend spoken language—that is, with the ability to interpret auditory signals, not to receive such signals. It does not refer to hearing impairment, which is assessed using [Table 7.1 (Hearing)](#_Table_7.1_).\n\n\n##### Table 12.3 Expression\n\n- % WPI Criteria\n- Verbal Written\n- 5 Can sustain conversation, but has minor word retrieval problems and/or hesitancy. Can write simple letters, but cannot write complex documents.\n- 10 Can converse in simple sentences only and may have difficulty with word finding and expressing complex ideas. Can write postcards and letters of about five lines (spelling and grammatical errors may be apparent), but cannot write longer documents.\n- 15 Can write only short, simple sentences (spelling errors may be evident).\n- 20 Only able to respond in short sentences or phrases. Cannot write sentences, but can write single words.\n- 25 Able to write or copy only a familiar sequence of letters, for example own nameorunable to write at all.\n- 30 Limited to use of single words and/or social or stereotyped phrases.\n- 35 No useful speech (includes unintelligible speech and speech limited to swearing).\n\n\n\n\n\n##### Table 12.4 Memory\n\n| % WPI | Criteria |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | No appreciable effect. Reliance on notes, lists etc is comparable to others of same age, education and lifestyle. |\n| 10 | Difficulties with names and appointments and tends to misplace objects.
There may be partial compensation by reliance on notes, lists, diaries or other people. |\n| 25 | Failure to keep appointments or fulfil other obligations despite use of memory aids
and
difficulties recalling details of recent events AND tendency to get lost in unfamiliar surroundings. |\n| 40 | Failure to keep appointments or fulfil other obligations despite use of memory aids, to a more pronounced extent
and
some supervision by another necessary. |\n| 60 | Unable to recall recent events or experiences
and
constant supervision necessary to avoid harm, resulting in inability to live independently. |\n| 70 | Unable to recall recent events or experiences, to a more pronounced extent
and
disorientation in familiar surroundings
and
inability to recognise familiar faces or objects. |\n\n\nNotes\n\n- Cognitive function has two components—memory and reasoning ability. These functions are affected where there is neurological damage, for example from head injury, cerebro-vascular accident etc.\n- Difficulties with memory or reasoning ability due to some other process, for example psychiatric illness, should not be assessed using these tables. Instead [Table 5.1 (Psychiatric conditions)](#_Table_5.1_) should be used.\n- Assessment should be carried out by a neurologist or clinical psychologist.\n\n##### Table 12.5 Reasoning\n\n| % WPI | Criteria |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Abilities intact. |\n| 10 | Able to cope with routine activities and situations but experiences minor difficulties in new situations. |\n| 25 | Still able to cope with routine activities but has moderate difficulties in new situations
and
complex decision-making and abstract thinking are affected. |\n| 40 | Major difficulties in new situations
and
difficulties with routine activities and problems becoming manifest
and
complex decision-making and abstract thinking seriously affected. |\n| 60 | Major difficulties in carrying out routine daily activities.
Perseverative thinking may be evident. |\n| 70 | Needs prompting and assistance with even the simplest activities. |\n\n\nNotes\n\n- Assessment is carried out by examining the degree of interference with the ability to plan and carry out tasks involving a number of steps, ability to solve problems and make decisions which involve the examination of new and old material, and the ability to think in abstract terms: for example, to interpret proverbs. Generally complex tasks and decisions will be first affected as will decisions involving unfamiliar factors.\n- Assessment should be carried out by a neurologist or clinical psychologist.\n\n\n#### Chapter 13—Miscellaneous\n\n##### Table 13.1 Intermittent conditions\n\nFor use in the assessment of disorders of the haemopoietic system such as anaemia, polycythaemia, leucocyte and platelet disorders and intermittent disorders such as asthma, migraine, tension headache, epilepsy etc.\n\nPrinciples\n\nDetermine the frequency, duration and severity of attacks with reference to the degree of interference with activities of daily living.\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Episodes may be of any frequency but do not interfere with activities of daily living or are readily prevented or reversed by appropriate medication or treatment. |\n| 10 | Episodes occur 12 or more times a year and cause minor interference with activities of daily living
or
episodes occur less frequently and cause interference with all activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 20 | Episodes occur up to 25% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 30 | Episodes occur up to 30% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 40 | Episodes occur up to 40% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 50 | Episodes occur up to 50% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 60 | Episodes occur up to 60% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 70 | Episodes occur up to 70% of the time and cause significant interference with most activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 75-95 | Episodes occur 75% to 100% of the time and needs assistance with most or all activities of daily living including self-care (confinement to a residential care facility is required for assessed impairment levels of more than 80%). |\n\n\nNote\n\n- Assessors should refer to [Gradations of impairment](#_Gradations_of_impairment) in the [Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment) for guidance on awarding an impairment value within a range.\n\n##### Table 13.2 Malignancies\n\n| % WPI | Description of level of impairment |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | No symptoms or evidence of disease and able to undertake normal activities with no special care needed. |\n| 10-15 | Some signs or symptoms of disease and normal activities can be undertaken with moderate effort. |\n| 35 | Does not require institutional care but needs assistance with activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 50 | Can still be maintained at home but with considerable assistance and frequent medical care. |\n| 65 | Requires institutional care and considerable assistance with activities of daily living other than self-care. |\n| 75 | Requires institutional care and considerable assistance with activities of daily living including self-care. |\n| 85 | Intensive support and/or treatment needed (disease may be progressing rapidly). |\n\n\nNote\n\n- Assessors should refer to [Gradations of impairment](#_Gradations_of_impairment) in the [Principles of assessment](#_Principles_of_assessment) for guidance on awarding an impairment value within a range.\n\n\n#### Chapter 14—Combined values chart\n\nIntroduction\n\nThe values are derived from the formula:\n\nA + B(1-A) = combined value of A and B\n\nwhere A and B are the decimal equivalents of the WPI ratings.\n\nIn the chart all values are expressed as percentages. To combine any two impairment values, locate the larger of the values on the side of the chart and read along that row until you come to the column indicated by the smaller value at the bottom of the chart. At the intersection of the row and the column is the combined value.\n\nExample: To combine 35% and 20%, read down the side of the chart until you come to the larger value, 35%. Then read across the 35% row until you come to the column indicated by 20% at the bottom of the chart. At the intersection of the row and column is the number 48.\n\nTherefore, 35% combined with 20% is 48%.\n\nBecause of the construction of this chart, the larger impairment value must be identified at the side of the chart.\n\nIf three or more impairment values are to be combined, sort the impairment values from highest to lowest, select the highest and second highest, then find their combined values as above. Then use that combined value and the third highest impairment value to locate the combined value of all impairments.\n\nThis process can be repeated indefinitely, the final value in each instance being the combination of all the previous values. In each step of this process the larger impairment value must be identified at the side of the chart.\n\n#### Table 14.1 Combined values chart\n\nSource: AMA5, pp 604-5.\n\n\n\n\n Table14.1 Combined values chart (continued)\n\n \n\n\n Table14.1 Combined values chart (continued)\n\n\n\n### Division 2—Non-economic loss\n\nIntroduction\n\nThe degree of non-economic loss is to be assessed in accordance with this Division.\n\nThe compensation payable for non-economic loss is divided into two equal amounts.\n\nThe formula to calculate the total payable in an individual case is:\n\n\n\nwhere:\n\nA = the percentage assessment of total permanent impairment, multiplied by the first half of the maximum; and\n\nB = a reasonable percentage of the second half of the maximum, having regard to the non-economic loss suffered.\n\nThe tables in this Division used to calculate a reasonable percentage (for B) are as follows:\n\n[B1 Pain and suffering](#_B1__Pain)\n\n[Table B1.1—Pain](#_Table_B1.1_)\n\n[Table B1.2—Suffering](#_Table_B1.2_)\n\n[B2 Loss of amenities](#_B2__Loss)\n\n[Table B2.1—Mobility](#_Table_B2.1_)\n\n[Table B2.2—Social relationships](#_Table_B2.2_)\n\n[Table B2.3—Recreation and leisure activities](#_Table_B2.3_)\n\n[B3 Other loss](#_Table_B3_)\n\n[Table B3—Other loss](#_Table_B3_)\n\n[B4 Loss of expectation of life](#_B4__Loss)\n\n[Table B4—Loss of expectation of life](#_Table_B4_)\n\nB5 Calculation of non-economic loss\n\n[Table B5—Worksheet: calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_)\n\n#### B1 Pain and suffering\n\nA score out of 5 is assessed for each of the following:\n\n(a) pain (using [Table B1.1—Pain](#_Table_B1.1_));\n\n(b) suffering (using [Table B1.2—Suffering](#_Table_B1.2_)).\n\nPain and suffering are defined in the [Glossary](#_Glossary).\n\nUsing [Table B5—Worksheet: calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_) (Step 1), the score for pain and suffering is combined with the scores derived from Tables B2.1—Mobility, B2.2—Social relationships, B2.3—Recreation and other leisure activities, B3—Other loss and B4—Loss of expectation of life.\n\nTable B1.1—Pain and Table B1.2—Suffering do not include:\n\n(a) temporary pain or temporary suffering; or\n\n(b) speculation of future pain, or future suffering, that has not yet manifested itself.\n\nOnly permanent pain or permanent suffering is considered.\n\n##### Table B1.1 Pain\n\n| Score | Description of level of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | No pain experienced. |\n| 1 | Intermittent attacks of pain of nuisance value only. Can be ignored when activity commences. |\n| 2 | Intermittent attacks of pain. Not easily tolerated, but short lived. Responding fairly readily to treatment. |\n| 3 | Episodes of pain more persistent. Not easily tolerated. Treatment, if available, of limited benefit. |\n| 4 | Pain occurring most of the time. Restrictions on activity. Resistant to treatment. |\n| 5 | Pain continuous and severe preventing activity. Not controlled by medication. |\n\n\n##### Table B1.2 Suffering\n\n| Score | Description of level of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | No symptoms experienced. |\n| 1 | Symptoms minimal or ill defined. Occur intermittently. No interference with activity. |\n| 2 | Distinct symptoms. Episodic in nature. Activities reduced during such episodes. Recovers quickly after episodes. |\n| 3 | Symptoms distinct and varied. Episodes occur regularly. Ability to cope or perform activity effectively reduced during episodes. Needs time to recover between episodes. Treatment of benefit. |\n| 4 | Symptoms wide ranging. Tend to dominate thinking. Little time when free of symptoms. Difficulty coping or performing activity. Treatment necessary. |\n| 5 | Constantly focussed on condition. Ruled by emotions. Symptoms interfere with normal thought processes. Unable to cope. Activities severely restricted. Treatment of no real help. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n#### B2 Loss of amenities\n\nLoss of amenities is defined in the [Glossary](#_Glossary). It is also known as loss of enjoyment of life.\n\nA score out of five is assessed for each of the following:\n\n(a) mobility (using [Table B2.1—Mobility](#_Table_B2.1_)). ‘Mobility’ concerns the employee’s ability to move around in his or her environment;\n\n(b) social relationships (using [Table B2.2—Social relationships](#_Table_B2.2_)). ‘Social relationships’ concerns the employee’s capacity to engage in usual social and personal relationships;\n\n(c) recreation and leisure activities (using [Table B2.3—Recreation and leisure activities](#_Table_B2.3_)). ‘Recreation and leisure activities’ concerns the employee’s ability to maintain customary recreational and leisure pursuits.\n\nUsing [Table B5—Worksheet: calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_) (Step 1), the score for loss of amenities is combined with the scores derived from Tables B1.1—Pain, B1.2—Suffering, B3—Other loss) and B4—Loss of expectation of life.\n\n##### Table B2.1 Mobility\n\n| Score | Description of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | No or minimal restrictions on mobility. |\n| 1 | Effects on mobility periodic or intermittent—in between episodes no restrictions. Effects continuing but mild (for example, slowing of pace, need for a walking stick) (can do everything, but at a slower pace). |\n| 2 | Mobility reduced, but remains independent of others both within and outside the home. Can travel but may need to have rest breaks, special seating or other special treatment. |\n| 3 | Mobility markedly reduced. Needs some assistance from others. Unable to use most forms of transport. |\n| 4 | Restricted to home and vicinity. Can only travel with door to door transport. Needs assistance of others. |\n| 5 | Severely restricted mobility (for example: bed, chair, room). Dependent on others for assistance. Mechanical devices or appliances used (for example: wheelchair, hoist). |\n\n\n##### Table B2.2 Social relationships\n\n| Score | Description of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Usual relationships unaffected. |\n| 1 | Minor interference with personal relationships, causing some reduction in social activities and contacts. |\n| 2 | Relationships confined to immediate and extended family and close friends, but unable to relate to casual acquaintances. |\n| 3 | Difficulty in maintaining relationships with close friends and the extended family. |\n| 4 | Social contacts confined to immediate family. |\n| 5 | Difficulty relating socially to anyone. |\n\n\n##### Table B2.3 Recreation and leisure activities\n\n| Score | Description of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Able to follow usual recreation and leisure activities. |\n| 1 | Intermittent interference with activities. In between episodes able to pursue usual activities. |\n| 2 | Interference with activities reduces frequency of activity, but is able to continue. Is able to enjoy alternatives. |\n| 3 | Unable to continue activity. Alternative less satisfying activity possible. |\n| 4 | Range of activities greatly reduced. Needs some assistance to participate. |\n| 5 | Unable to undertake any satisfying or rewarding activities. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n##### B3 Other loss\n\nThis table is used to assess losses of a non-economic nature that are not adequately covered by any of the other tables in this Division.\n\nThe factors to be considered include:\n\n- dependence upon external life-saving or supporting machine (for example, aspirator, respirator, dialysis machine, or any form of electro-mechanical device for the sustenance or extension of activities);\n- dependence upon a specialised diet;\n- detrimental effects of climatic features (for example, temperature, humidity, ultra-violet rays, light, noise, dust);\n- move to specially modified premises.\n\n\nA score out of 3 is assessed.\n\nUsing [Table B5—Worksheet: calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_) (Step 1), the score for other loss is combined with the scores derived from Tables B1.1—Pain, B1.2—Suffering, B2.1— Mobility, B2.2—Social relationships, B2.3—Recreation and leisure activities and B4—Loss of expectation of life.\n\n##### Table B3 Other loss\n\n| Score | Description of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Nil or minimal disadvantages. |\n| 1 | Slight disadvantages. |\n| 2 | Moderate disadvantages. |\n| 3 | Marked disadvantages. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n##### B4 Loss of expectation of life\n\nA score out of 3 is assessed.\n\nUsing [Table B5—Worksheet: calculation of non-economic loss](#_Table_B5_) (Step 1), the score for loss of expectation of life is combined with the scores derived from Tables B1.1—Pain, B1.2— Suffering), B2.1—Mobility, B2.2—Social relationships, B2.3—Recreation and leisure activities and B3—Other loss.\n\nLoss of expectation of life is restricted to a maximum of three points because of the value placed on it by the courts in damages cases.\n\n##### Table B4 Loss of expectation of life\n\n| Score | Description of effect |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | Loss of life expectancy of less than one year. |\n| 1 | Loss of life expectancy of 1 year to less than 10 years. |\n| 2 | Loss of life expectancy of 10 years to less than 20 years. |\n| 3 | Loss of life expectancy of 20 years or more. |\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n##### B5 Calculation of non-economic loss\n\nThis table allows for the calculation of the percentage of non-economic loss suffered by the employee for the purposes of section 27 of the DRCA.\n\n##### Table B5 Calculation of non-economic loss\n\n- Step 1—Calculation of total of scores from Division 2 tables\n- Table Score Factor Final score\n- [Table B1: Pain and Suffering](#_B1__Pain)\n- [Table B1.1: Pain](#_Table_B1.1_) × 0.5 =\n- [Table B1.2: Suffering](#_Table_B1.2_) × 0.5 =\n- [Table B2: Amenities of life](#_B2__Loss)\n- [Table B2.1: Mobility](#_Table_B2.1_) × 0.6 =\n- [Table B2.2: Social relationships](#_Table_B2.3_) × 0.6 =\n- [Table B2.3: Recreation and leisure activities](#_Table_B2.3_) × 0.6 =\n- [Table B3: Other loss](#_Table_B3_) × 1.0 =\n- [Table B4: Loss of expectation of life](#_Table_B4_) × 1.0 =\n- Total of scores =\n- Step 2—Conversion of total of scores to a percentage\n- Choose either Step 2.1 or Step 2.2 (whichever is applicable)\n- Step 2.1If the total of scores from Step 1 (above): (a) equals 15; or (b) is greater than 15;then the percentage of non-economic loss suffered by the employee is 100%.\n- Or\n- Step 2.2If the total of scores from Step 1 (above) is less than 15, complete the following calculation to find the percentage of non-economic loss (%NEL) suffered by the employee:Start formula Total of scores from Step 1 divided by 15 multiplied by 100 equals percentage NEL end formula\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n### Division 3—Calculation of the total entitlement to compensation for permanent impairment and non-economic loss\n\nUse Worksheet C1—Calculation of total entitlement to derive the total entitlement.\n\nCurrent statutory maximum amounts for permanent impairment and non-economic loss compensation are available on the Department’s website at [www.dva.gov.au](http://www.dva.gov.au/financial-support/payment-rates/compensation-payment-rates-drca-and-defence-act).\n\nThey are indexed annually on 1 July in accordance with the Consumer Price Index.\n\n#### Worksheet C1 Calculation of total entitlement\n\n| Step | Calculation | Amount |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Step 1 | Obtain the current indexed maximum amount for permanent impairment under subsection 24(9) of the DRCA (maximum s 24(9) amount) and complete the following calculation:
 | $ |\n| Step 2 | Obtain the current indexed maximum amount for non-economic loss under subsection 27(2) “A” of the DRCA (maximum s 27(2) “A” amount) and complete the following calculation:
 | $ |\n| Step 3 | Obtain the current indexed maximum amount for non-economic loss under subsection 27(2) “B” of the DRCA (maximum s 27(2) “B” amount) and complete the following calculation:
 | $ |\n| Step 4 | Add the amounts calculated in Steps 1, 2 and 3 to calculate the total entitlement under sections 24 and 27 of the DRCA: | $ |\n\n\n \n","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The legislation maintains its original scope as a technical assessment guide for pre-2004 defence-related compensation claims. While the 2023 edition updates medical criteria and references, it does not expand beyond its core purpose of quantifying permanent impairment and non-economic loss for the specified cohort of defence members."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-referencing between 30+ assessment tables across 13 medical chapters plus Division 2 lifestyle tables","Mathematical combination formula for multiple impairments (A + B(1-A)) requiring lookup charts rather than simple addition","Multiple threshold exceptions: 10% general rule, 1-5% for digits/senses, 2.5% for hearing loss","Temporal complexity with three different legislative regimes applying to different service periods (pre-1988, 1988-2004, post-2004)","Conditional logic for interim vs final assessments, aggravation vs natural progression, and pre-existing conditions","Dual-track assessment system requiring separate medical (WPI) and lifestyle (NEL) calculations that must be combined","Defined terms in Glossary plus implicit references to external AMA5 medical standards when internal tables don't apply","Transition provisions preserving earlier guide versions for old claims while new guide applies to new claims"],"plain_english_summary":"This guide sets the rules for calculating lump‑sum compensation for Australian Defence Force members (and former members) with permanent injuries from service before 1 July 2004. It tells assessors how to translate medical and lifestyle impacts into a Whole Person Impairment score and dollar amounts.\n\nIt affects injured members, their estates, medical assessors and the MRCC, and matters because it standardises payouts so similar service‑caused harms receive consistent compensation."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This instrument updates and republishes the MRCC's Guide to assessment methodology; it does not materially expand the statutory entitlement scheme under the DRCA. The Guide refines assessment detail (tables, thresholds, worksheets) and clarifies application and transitional rules (paragraphs 7–11), but remains a technical replacement rather than a substantive change in scope of who is eligible or the nature of compensable losses under the DRCA. In short, it updates assessment mechanics and references (including allowance to use AMA5 where Division 1 is inapplicable) without altering the Act's coverage or introducing new categories of entitlement."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive technical content: 14 impairment chapters plus Division 2 (non‑economic loss) and Division 3 (calculation worksheet), containing dozens of tables and figures.","Many cross‑references to the DRCA (notably ss 24, 25, 27, 28, 38, 55, 62, 111) and to other Guides (AMA2, AMA5), requiring reading of primary Act provisions alongside the Guide (paragraphs 3, 7–11, 13–16, 54).","Multiple conditional rules and exceptions (e.g. general 10% WPI threshold, special thresholds for fingers/toes/taste/smell and hearing, interim assessment rules), producing branching logic (paragraphs 17–19, 23–26).","Numerous defined terms and glossary reliance (e.g. WPI, %NEL, activities of daily living, permanent, MRCC) that affect interpretation (Glossary and Principles of assessment).","Granular gradations: impairment tables use 5% steps and ranges with requirement to justify placement within ranges (paragraphs 44–46).","Combining formula and chart (Table 14.1 using A + B(1-A)) for multiple impairments, plus iterative combination rules for 3+ impairments (Chapter 14).","Clinical/administrative requirements: many assessments require specialist tests or reports (spirometry, audiology, neurologist/psychologist assessments), creating procedural complexity across health and legal practitioners (Tables 2.1, 7.1, 12.1–12.5).","Transitional and application complexity: different Guides may apply depending on date the claim or re‑assessment request was received (paragraphs 7–11).","Ability to direct use of AMA5 in exceptional cases introduces another external standard and potential discretionary step (paragraph 54)."],"plain_english_summary":"**What this instrument does (mechanically)\n\n- Approves and publishes the \"Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment 2023\" prepared by the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (MRCC) under section 28 of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation (Defence-related Claims) Act 1988 (the DRCA) (see sections 3 and Schedule 1 of the instrument). The Minister formally approves the Guide.\n\n- Establishes the method that the relevant authority must use to assess two things for DRCA claims:\n - the degree of whole person permanent impairment (expressed as a percentage) (Division 1); and\n - the degree of non‑economic loss (also converted into a percentage and then into a dollar amount) (Division 2 and 3).\n\n- Provides detailed medical and functional tables (14 chapters and a combined values chart) and step‑by‑step worksheets for combining multiple impairments and calculating total compensation (Division 1, Table 14.1 and Division 2/3 worksheets).\n\n- Sets rules about which cases this Guide applies to depending on when the claim or re‑assessment request is received (paragraphs 7–11). For claims received on or after the Guide's commencement day the 2023 Guide applies; earlier claims may continue to be assessed under the earlier Guide (subject to specified transitional rules).\n\n- Confirms thresholds and special exceptions for entitlement:\n - Generally no lump‑sum compensation under s24 if WPI is under 10% (paragraph 17), with exceptions (fingers/toes/taste/smell have lower thresholds; hearing has a separate conversion and threshold) (paragraphs 18–19).\n - Interim payments may be made on request where the permanent impairment is assessed at 10% or more and a final determination is not yet made (paragraphs 23–24).\n - A subsequent increase in WPI of 10% or more can trigger an additional assessment/payment (paragraphs 25–26).\n\n- Allows the relevant authority to direct use of the American Medical Association 5th edition guides (AMA5) where an impairment cannot be assessed under the Guide (paragraph 54).\n\n**Who is affected\n\n- Primary beneficiaries: members and former members of the Australian Defence Force who are eligible as \"employees\" under the DRCA and who suffered injuries while engaged in defence service before 1 July 2004 (paragraph 1 and Note 2).\n\n- Decision‑makers and administrators: the MRCC and the \"relevant authority\" under the DRCA carry out assessments using this Guide; the Minister approves the Guide (section 3 and Schedule 1).\n\n- Payor: the Commonwealth (payments under the DRCA) — compensation amounts and the statutory maxima are set in the DRCA and indexed (paragraph 22, Division 3 worksheet refers to statutory maxima).\n\n**Why it matters (official rationale and practical effects)\n\n- Officially: the Guide provides the criteria and methods required by the DRCA (section 28) to convert clinical and functional impairment into a percentage whole person impairment (WPI) and to convert WPI and non‑economic loss into lump‑sum compensation (paragraphs 13–16, 20–22).\n\n- Practically: the Guide is the binding technical rulebook for converting medical findings into legal entitlements under the DRCA. It sets the threshold rules that determine who gets paid and how much, prescribes the medical tests and functional descriptions assessors must use, and details how to combine multiple impairments.\n\n**Costs, incentives and trade‑offs (mechanics and likely behavioural channels)\n\n- Who pays and who decides: payments come from Commonwealth funds under DRCA rules; assessors and the MRCC apply the Guide. The Minister approves the Guide (section 3). This concentrates benefits on claimants with compensable permanent impairment; costs are borne by the Commonwealth (taxpayers) (see paragraphs 17–22 and Division 3 worksheet).\n\n- Compliance and administrative burden: the Guide requires clinical evidence (spirometry, audiology, specialist reports, neurologist/clinical psychologist reports for cognitive testing, etc.) and structured assessor judgments against many descriptive tables (Division 1 chapters, Tables 2.1, 7.1, 12.2–12.5, etc.). That creates a demand for specialist assessments and record‑keeping by claimants and administrators.\n\n- Thresholds create sharp eligibility boundaries: the 10% WPI cutoff (paragraph 17) and lower special thresholds (fingers/toes/taste/smell; hearing) can create incentive effects around timing of claim, requests for interim assessment (paragraphs 23–24), or pursuit of further treatment if pursuit of treatment might change the assessed WPI. The Guide requires the relevant authority to consider whether impairment is \"permanent\" (paragraphs 38–40) and whether treatment has been undertaken — this ties entitlement to clinical status and claimant behaviour.\n\n- Interim payments and increases in impairment: interim assessments (minimum 10% WPI) enable earlier payments (paragraphs 23–24) which may reduce financial delays but also require re‑assessment and potential reconciliations when final determinations are made. The 10% (and for hearing, effectively 2.5% WPI) thresholds for further compensation on increase create discrete triggers for additional claims (paragraphs 25–26).\n\n- Discretion and consistency risks: assessors must choose within ranges (paragraphs 44–46) and provide clinical justification where a point within a range is used. The Guide prohibits choosing values not listed (paragraph 45), but still leaves clinical judgment within ranges and use of a combining formula (Table 14.1), which can produce variability between assessors.\n\n- Interaction with other legislation and guides: the Guide cross‑references multiple DRCA provisions (s24, s25, s27, s28, s62, s55, s111 and others noted in text) and may require using AMA5 where Division 1 cannot apply (paragraph 54). That cross‑referencing increases complexity of decision‑making and may require administrators to consult the primary Act and other medical reference material.\n\n**Implementation risks and opportunity costs\n\n- Medical and administrative capacity: accurate application needs access to testing (audiology, spirometry, imaging), specialist reports and trained assessors. Limited capacity could delay determinations or increase reliance on conservative assessments.\n\n- Litigation and review: the Guide is used in reconsiderations and AAT reviews of determinations (paragraph 9). Ambiguities or assessor variation could increase reviews and administrative costs.\n\n- Concentration of benefits and diffuse costs: the financial benefit is concentrated on eligible claimants; the fiscal cost is spread across the Commonwealth budget. The Guide's detailed tables make entitlements predictable in many cases, but borderline cases may still require extensive medical investigation and administrative work.\n\n**Key provisions to note (by paragraph/section cited in the Guide)\n\n- Application timing and transitional rules: paragraphs 7–11.\n- Whole person impairment methodology and expression as %WPI: paragraphs 13–16.\n- General compensation thresholds and special exceptions (fingers/toes/taste/smell, hearing): paragraphs 17–19.\n- Interim assessment rules and additional assessments on increase of WPI: paragraphs 23–26.\n- Use of AMA5 where Division 1 cannot assess: paragraph 54.\n- Detailed impairment tables and combining method (Table 14.1) used to aggregate multiple impairments: Division 1 and Chapter 14.\n\n**Bottom line**: This instrument formally puts into law the MRCC's 2023 technical Guide that sets the medical and functional rules for converting injury and impairment into percentage whole person impairment and non‑economic loss for DRCA claims. It determines who qualifies for lump‑sum payments, how multiple impairments are combined, what evidence assessors should rely on, and how amounts are calculated against statutory maxima. (See Guide paragraphs 1, 13–16, 17–27, and Table 14.1.)"},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-","history":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-/history","analysis":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/safety-rehabilitation-and-compensation-defence-related-claims-guide-to-the-assessment-of-the-degree-/documents"}}