{"id":"public-interest-monitor-act-2011","name":"Public Interest Monitor Act 2011","slug":"public-interest-monitor-act-2011","collection":"act","jurisdiction":"vic","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":178341,"registerId":"vic-public-interest-monitor-act-2011-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-05","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Public Interest Monitor Act 2011","content":"Version No. 010\n\n**Public Interest Monitor Act 2011**\n\n**No. 72 of 2011**\n\nVersion incorporating amendments as at  \n10 February 2025\n\n**TABLE OF PROVISIONS**\n\n*Section Page*\n\nPart 1—Preliminary 1\n\n1 Purposes 1\n\n2 Commencement 1\n\n3 Objects 2\n\n4 Definitions 3\n\n5 Act binds the Crown 5\n\nPart 2—Appointment of Public Interest Monitor 6\n\n6 Principal Public Interest Monitor 6\n\n7 Deputy Public Interest Monitors 6\n\n8 Eligibility for appointment 6\n\n9 Terms and conditions of appointment 7\n\n10 Remuneration 7\n\n11 Acting Principal Public Interest Monitor 7\n\n12 Vacancy and resignation 8\n\n13 Suspension and removal from office 9\n\nPart 3—Functions of a Public Interest Monitor 10\n\n14 Functions of Public Interest Monitor 10\n\n15 Guidelines 10\n\n16 Conflict of interest 10\n\n17 Confidentiality 11\n\n17A Immunity 12\n\nPart 4—General 14\n\n18 Freedom of Information Act 1982 not to apply to a Public Interest Monitor 14\n\n19 Annual report 14\n\n20 Minister to lay annual reports before each House of the Parliament 16\n\n21 Regulations 17\n\n═══════════════\n\nEndnotes 19\n\n1 General information 19\n\n2 Table of Amendments 21\n\n3 Explanatory details 23\n\n**Version No.** **010**\n\n**Public Interest Monitor Act 2011**\n\n**No. 72 of 2011**\n\nVersion incorporating amendments as at  \n10 February 2025\n\n**The Parliament of Victoria enacts:**\n\nPart 1—Preliminary\n\n\t1 Purposes\n\nThe main purposes of this Act are—\n\n(a) to establish the offices of Principal Public Interest Monitor and Deputy Public Interest Monitors; and\n\n(b) to confer functions on those Public Interest Monitors under this Act and under—\n\n(i) the **Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004**; and\n\n(ii) the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**; and\n\n(iii) the **Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988**; and\n\n(iv) the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**.\n\n\t2 Commencement\n\nThis Act comes into operation on a day or days to be proclaimed.\n\nS. 3 (Heading) substituted by No. 31/2024 s. 27(1).\n\nS. 3 amended by No. 31/2024 s. 27(4) (ILA s. 39B(1)).\n\n\t3 Objects\n\n(1) The object of this Act is to provide further safeguards for applications for the following—\n\n(a) coercive powers orders;\n\n(b) surveillance device warrants;\n\n(c) retrieval warrants;\n\n(d) assistance orders;\n\n(e) approval of emergency authorisations;\n\n(f) telecommunications interception warrants;\n\nS. 3(1)(fa) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 27(2).\n\n(fa) international production orders;\n\nS. 3(1)(fb) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 27(2).\n\n(fb) counter‑terrorism intelligence protection orders;\n\n(g) covert search warrants;\n\n(h) preventative detention orders;\n\n(i) prohibited contact orders;\n\nS. 3(1)(j) amended by No. 31/2024 s. 27(3).\n\n(j) an extension, variation,  renewal  or revocation of an order, warrant or approval referred to in paragraphs (a) to (i), other than a counter‑terrorism intelligence protection order.\n\nS. 3(2) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 27(4).\n\n(2) It is also an object of this Act to provide further safeguards for—\n\n(a) police detention decisions; and\n\n(b) periodic reviews.\n\n\t4 Definitions\n\nIn this Act—\n\n***assistance order*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**;\n\nS. 4 def. of *Australian legal practitioner* repealed by No. 17/2014 s. 160(Sch. 2 item 80).\n\n ** * * * **\n\n***coercive powers order*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004**;\n\nS. 4 def. of *counter-  \nterrorism intelligence protection order* inserted by No. 47/2021 s. 29(1).\n\n***counter-terrorism intelligence protection order*** has the same meaning as in the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\n***covert search warrant*** means a covert search warrant under Part 2 of the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\n***Deputy Public Interest Monitor*** means a Deputy Public Interest Monitor appointed under section 7;\n\n***emergency authorisation*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**;\n\nS. 4 def. of *international production order* inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 28(a).\n\n***international production order*** has the same meaning as it has in Schedule 1 to the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 of the Commonwealth;\n\nS. 4 def. of *periodic review* inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 28(a).\n\n***periodic review*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\nS. 4 def. of *police detention decision* inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 28(a).\n\n***police detention decision*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\n***preventative detention order*** has the same meaning as it has in Part 2A of the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\n***prohibited contact order*** has the same meaning as it has in Part 2A of the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**;\n\n***Principal Public Interest Monitor*** means the Principal Public Interest Monitor appointed under section 6;\n\n***Public Interest Monitor*** means—\n\n(a) the Principal Public Interest Monitor; or\n\n(b) a Deputy Public Interest Monitor;\n\nS. 4 def. of *relevant application* amended by Nos 47/2021 s. 29(2), 31/2024 s. 28(b).\n\n***relevant application*** means an application for—\n\n(a) a coercive powers order;\n\n(b) a surveillance device warrant;\n\n(c) a retrieval warrant;\n\n(d) an assistance order;\n\n(e) an approval of an emergency authorisation;\n\n(f) a telecommunications interception warrant;\n\n(fa) an international production order;\n\n(g) a covert search warrant;\n\n(h) a preventative detention order;\n\n(i) a prohibited contact order;\n\n(ia) a counter-terrorism intelligence protection order;\n\n(j) an extension, variation, renewal or revocation of an order, warrant or approval referred to in paragraphs (a) to (i);\n\n***retrieval warrant*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**;\n\n***surveillance device warrant*** has the same meaning as it has in the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**;\n\n***telecommunications interception warrant*** has the same meaning as warrant has in the **Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988**.\n\n\t5 Act binds the Crown\n\nThis Act binds the Crown—\n\n(a) in right of the State of Victoria; and\n\n(b) to the extent that the legislative power of the Parliament permits, in all its other capacities.\n\nPart 2—Appointment of Public Interest Monitor\n\n\t6 Principal Public Interest Monitor\n\nThe Governor in Council may appoint a person as the Principal Public Interest Monitor.\n\n\t7 Deputy Public Interest Monitors\n\nThe Governor in Council may appoint one or more persons as Deputy Public Interest Monitors.\n\n\t8 Eligibility for appointment\n\nS. 8(1) amended by No. 30/2016 s. 71.\n\n(1) A Public Interest Monitor must be an Australian lawyer.\n\n(2) A person who is a member of the Parliament of Victoria or of the Commonwealth or of another State or Territory is not eligible to be appointed as a Public Interest Monitor.\n\n(3) A Public Interest Monitor must not be any of the following—\n\n(a) the Director of Public Prosecutions;\n\n(b) the Solicitor for Public Prosecutions;\n\n(c) any person appointed under the **Public Prosecutions Act 1994**;\n\n(d) a person who is employed in, or seconded to, the Office of Public Prosecutions;\n\n(e) a person who—\n\n(i) is eligible to make a relevant application; or\n\n(ii) is employed in or by, or seconded to, a body that is eligible to make a relevant application.\n\n\t9 Terms and conditions of appointment\n\n(1) The appointment of a Public Interest Monitor is to be for the period, not exceeding 3 years, set out in the instrument of appointment.\n\n(2) The appointment of a Public Interest Monitor is to be on the terms and conditions set out in the instrument of appointment.\n\n(3) A Public Interest Monitor may be reappointed.\n\n(4) The **Public Administration Act 2004** does not apply to a Public Interest Monitor.\n\n\t10 Remuneration\n\n(1) A Public Interest Monitor is entitled to be paid the remuneration and allowances that are determined from time to time in respect of that Public Interest Monitor by the Governor in Council.\n\n(2) The remuneration of a Public Interest Monitor cannot be reduced during his or her period of appointment, unless he or she consents to the reduction.\n\n\t11 Acting Principal Public Interest Monitor\n\n(1) The Governor in Council may appoint a person qualified to be appointed as a Public Interest Monitor to act as the Principal Public Interest Monitor—\n\n(a) during a vacancy in the office of the Principal Public Interest Monitor; or\n\n(b) during any period, or all periods, when the Principal Public Interest Monitor is absent from duty or from the State or, for another reason, is unable to perform the duties of the office.\n\n(2) The appointment is to be for a period, not exceeding 6 months, set out in the instrument of appointment.\n\n(3) The appointment is to be on the same terms and conditions as the Principal Public Interest Monitor.\n\n\t12 Vacancy and resignation\n\nA Public Interest Monitor ceases to hold office if he or she—\n\n(a) resigns by notice in writing delivered to the Governor; or\n\n(b) becomes an insolvent under administration; or\n\n(c) is convicted of an indictable offence or an offence that, if committed in Victoria, would be an indictable offence; or\n\n(d) nominates for election for the Parliament of Victoria or of the Commonwealth or of another State or a Territory of the Commonwealth; or\n\n(e) is appointed as—\n\n(i) the Director of Public Prosecutions; or\n\n(ii) the Solicitor for Public Prosecutions; or\n\n(f) is appointed under the **Public Prosecutions Act 1994**; or\n\n(g) is employed in, or seconded to, the Office of Public Prosecutions; or\n\n(h) becomes a person who—\n\n(i) is eligible to make a relevant application; or\n\n(ii) is employed in or by, or seconded to, a body that is eligible to make a relevant application; or\n\nS. 12(i) amended by No. 30/2016 s. 72.\n\n(i) ceases to be an Australian lawyer; or\n\n(j) is removed from office under section 13.\n\n\t13 Suspension and removal from office\n\n(1) The Governor in Council may suspend or remove the Principal Public Interest Monitor or a Deputy Public Interest Monitor from office on any ground on which the Governor in Council is satisfied that the Public Interest Monitor is unfit to hold office.\n\n(2) If the Principal Public Interest Monitor or a Deputy Public Interest Monitor is suspended from office under subsection (1), he or she is taken not to be the Principal Public Interest Monitor or a Deputy Public Interest Monitor (as the case requires) during the period of suspension.\n\nPart 3—Functions of a Public Interest Monitor\n\n\t14 Functions of Public Interest Monitor\n\nA Public Interest Monitor has the following functions—\n\n(a) to appear at any hearing of a relevant application to test the content and sufficiency of the information relied on and the circumstances of the application; and\n\n(b) for the purpose of testing the content and sufficiency of the information relied on and the circumstances of the application—\n\n(i) to ask questions of any person giving information in relation to the application; and\n\n(ii) to make submissions as to the appropriateness of granting the application; and\n\n(c) any other functions conferred on a Public Interest Monitor under any Act or law.\n\n\t15 Guidelines\n\nThe Principal Public Interest Monitor may issue guidelines about how a Deputy Public Interest Monitor is to perform his or her functions.\n\n\t16 Conflict of interest\n\n(1) A Public Interest Monitor must avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest with his or her role as a Public Interest Monitor.\n\n(2) A Public Interest Monitor may declare that he or she is unable to perform the functions of a Public Interest Monitor in relation to a matter if the Public Interest Monitor believes that he or she has an actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to that matter.\n\n(3) If the Principal Public Interest Monitor makes a declaration under subsection (2), he or she may arrange for a Deputy Public Interest Monitor to perform the functions of the Principal Public Interest Monitor in relation to the matter.\n\n(4) If a Deputy Public Interest Monitor makes a declaration under subsection (2), the Principal Public Interest Monitor may arrange for another Public Interest Monitor to perform the functions of the Deputy Public Interest Monitor in relation to the matter.\n\n\t17 Confidentiality\n\nS. 17(1) amended by No. 30/2016 s. 73(1).\n\n(1) A person who is or was a Public Interest Monitor or assists or assisted a Public Interest Monitor must not disclose information obtained or that came to the person's knowledge in the course of or as a result of his or her role, or the performance of his or her functions, as a Public Interest Monitor or in assisting a Public Interest Monitor.\n\nPenalty: 240 penalty units or imprisonment for 2 years or both.\n\nS. 17(2) substituted by Nos 30/2016 s. 73(2), 2/2019 s. 146, amended by No. 31/2024 s. 29(1).\n\n(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the disclosure of information, other than lawfully intercepted information or protected information the disclosure of which is prohibited by section 63 of, or clause 152 of Schedule 1 to, the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 of the Commonwealth, by a Public Interest Monitor—\n\n(a) in the performance of their functions as a Public Interest Monitor, including the disclosure of information—\n\n(i) to a person assisting the Public Interest Monitor in the performance of their functions; or\n\n(ii) to another Public Interest Monitor; or\n\n(iii) to an Australian legal practitioner for the purpose of obtaining legal advice; or\n\nS. 17(2)(b) amended by No. 31/2024 s. 113(Sch. 1 item 29).\n\n(b) to Integrity Oversight Victoria to assist it in the performance of its functions under section 11(2)(g) and (h) of the **Integrity Oversight Victoria Act 2011**.\n\nS. 17(3) substituted by No. 30/2016 s. 73(2).\n\n(3) A person who is or was a Public Interest Monitor or a person assisting or who assisted a Public Interest Monitor is not compellable to disclose information obtained, or that came to the person's knowledge, in the course of or as a result of performing his or her functions or assisting a Public Interest Monitor in any proceedings before a court, board, commission or tribunal.\n\nS. 17(4) repealed by No. 30/2016 s. 73(2), new s. 17(4) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 29(2).\n\n(4) In this section—\n\n***lawfully intercepted information*** has the meaning given by section 6E of the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 of the Commonwealth;\n\n***protected information*** has the meaning given by clause 2 of Schedule 1 to the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 of the Commonwealth.\n\nS. 17A inserted by No. 30/2016 s. 74.\n\n\t17A Immunity\n\n(1) A Public Interest Monitor is not personally liable for anything necessarily or reasonably done or omitted to be done in good faith—\n\n(a) in the performance of a function or the exercise of a power under this Act; or\n\n(b) in the reasonable belief that the act or omission was in the course of the performance of a function or the exercise of a power under this Act.\n\n(2) Any liability resulting from an act or omission that, but for subsection (1), would attach to a Public Interest Monitor attaches instead to the State.\n\nPart 4—General\n\n\t18 Freedom of Information Act 1982 not to apply to a Public Interest Monitor\n\nA Public Interest Monitor is not, and cannot be declared to be, a prescribed authority for the purposes of the **Freedom of Information Act 1982**.\n\n\t19 Annual report\n\n(1) The Principal Public Interest Monitor must give the Minister a report on the performance of the functions of the Public Interest Monitors during each financial year.\n\n(2) A report for a financial year must be given as soon as practicable, but within 4 months after the end of the financial year.\n\n(3) A report for a financial year must include—\n\n(a) the total number of relevant applications in respect of which a Public Interest Monitor appeared at a hearing during that year; and\n\n(b) the number of relevant applications by each law enforcement agency in respect of which a Public Interest Monitor appeared at a hearing during that year; and\n\n(c) the number of orders made, warrants issued or authorisations approved on relevant applications by each law enforcement agency during that year; and\n\n(d) the number of relevant applications made by telephone during that year; and\n\nS. 19(3)(e) amended by No. 31/2024 s. 30(a).\n\n(e) the number of relevant applications by each law enforcement agency that were refused or withdrawn during that year; and\n\nS. 19(3)(f) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 30(b).\n\n(f) the number of notifications in relation to police detention decisions under Division 2 of Part 1A of the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**; and\n\nS. 19(3)(g) inserted by No. 31/2024 s. 30(b).\n\n(g) the number of submissions made in relation to the conduct of periodic reviews under section 4K of the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**.\n\n(4) A report must not contain information that—\n\n(a) discloses or may lead to the disclosure  \nof the identity of any person involved in an investigation relating to a relevant application made by a law enforcement agency; or\n\n(b) indicates that a particular investigation has been, is being, or is to be conducted.\n\nS. 19(4A) inserted by No. 34/2016 s. 32(1).\n\n(4A) A report for a financial year must not include information concerning the functions of the Public Interest Monitor under the **Witness Protection Act 1991** that would—\n\n(a) prejudice a criminal investigation, criminal proceeding or other legal proceeding of which the Public Interest Monitor is aware; or\n\n(b) compromise the operational activities or methodologies of Victoria Police or of any authority or body referred to in the definition of ***approved authority*** in section 3(1) of the **Witness Protection Act 1991**; or\n\n(c) disclose information about the identity or location, or compromise the security, of a person—\n\n(i) who is or has been included in the Victorian witness protection program, within the meaning of the **Witness Protection Act 1991**; or\n\n(ii) to whom alternative protection arrangements, within the meaning of the **Witness Protection Act 1991**, are being or have been provided.\n\nS. 19(5) amended by No. 34/2016 s. 32(2).\n\n(5) In subsection (3)—\n\n***law enforcement agency*** means a person or body who or which is eligible to make a relevant application.\n\n\t20 Minister to lay annual reports before each House of the Parliament\n\n(1) The Minister must cause the report to be laid before each House of the Parliament within 14 sitting days of the House after receiving the report.\n\n(2) If the Minister proposes to transmit the report to the Parliament on a day on which neither House of the Parliament is actually sitting, the Minister must—\n\n(a) give a copy of the report to the clerk of each House of the Parliament; and\n\n(b) publish the report on a Government Internet site as soon as practicable after giving it to the clerks.\n\n(3) The clerk of each House must—\n\n(a) notify each member of the House of the receipt of the report under subsection (2)(a) on the same day that the clerk receives that report; and\n\n(b) make copies of the report available to each member of the House as soon as practicable after the report is received under subsection (2)(a); and\n\n(c) cause the report to be laid before the House on the next sitting day of the House.\n\n(4) A report that is given to the clerks under subsection (2)(a) is taken to have been published by order, or under the authority, of the Houses of Parliament.\n\n(5) The publication of a report by the Minister under subsection (2)(b) is absolutely privileged and the provisions of sections 73 and 74 of the **Constitution Act 1975** and any other enactment or rule of law relating to the publication of the proceedings of Parliament apply to and in relation to the publication of the report as if it were a report to which those sections applied and had been published by the Government Printer under the authority of Parliament.\n\n\t21 Regulations\n\nThe Governor in Council may make regulations for or with respect to any matter or thing required or permitted by this Act to be prescribed or necessary or convenient to be prescribed to give effect to this Act including regulations relating to the following—\n\n(a) the requirements for transmission, disposal and storage of documents or information that a Public Interest Monitor receives in performing his or her functions;\n\n(b) the notifications required to be given to a Public Interest Monitor under—\n\n(i) the **Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004**; and\n\n(ii) the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**; and\n\n(iii) the **Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988**; and\n\n(iv) the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**.\n\nPts 5, 6 (Headings and ss 22−42) repealed by No. 72/2011 s. 54.\n\n* * * * *\n\nPt 7 (Heading and s. 43) amended by No. 82/2012 s. 166, repealed by No. 72/2011 s. 54.\n\n* * * * *\n\nPts 8, 9 (Headings and ss 44−54) repealed by No. 72/2011 s. 54.\n\n* * * * *\n\n═══════════════\n\nEndnotes\n\n1 General information\n\nSee [www.legislation.vic.gov.au](http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au) for Victorian Bills, Acts and current Versions of legislation and up-to-date legislative information.\n\n *Minister's second reading speech—*\n\n *Legislative Assembly: 25 October 2011*\n\n *Legislative Council: 10 November 2011*\n\nThe long title for the Bill for this Act was \"A Bill for an Act to establish a Principal Public Interest Monitor and Deputy Public Interest Monitors and to confer functions on those Public Interest Monitors under the Act and under the **Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004**, the **Surveillance Devices Act 1999**, the **Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988** and the **Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003**, to amend other Acts and for other purposes.\"\n\nThe **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** was assented to on 6 December 2011 and came into operation as follows:\n\nSections 1–13, 15–21, 52 and 53 on 18 September 2012: Special Gazette (No. 316) 18 September 2012 page 1; ss 14, 22–51 and 54 on 10 February 2013: Special Gazette (No. 32) 6 February 2013 page 2.\n\nINTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION ACT 1984 (ILA)\n\nStyle changes\n\nSection 54A of the ILA authorises the making of the style changes set out in Schedule 1 to that Act.\n\nReferences to ILA s. 39B\n\nSidenotes which cite ILA s. 39B refer to section 39B of the ILA which provides that where an undivided section or clause of a Schedule is amended by the insertion of one or more subsections or subclauses, the original section or clause becomes subsection or subclause (1) and is amended by the insertion of the expression \"(1)\" at the beginning of the original section or clause.\n\nInterpretation\n\nAs from 1 January 2001, amendments to section 36 of the ILA have the following effects:\n\n• Headings\n\nAll headings included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 form part of that Act. Any heading inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Act. This includes headings to Parts, Divisions or Subdivisions in a Schedule; sections; clauses; items; tables; columns; examples; diagrams; notes or forms. See section 36(1A)(2A).\n\n• Examples, diagrams or notes\n\nAll examples, diagrams or notes included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 form part of that Act. Any examples, diagrams or notes inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, form part of that Act. See section 36(3A).\n\n• Punctuation\n\nAll punctuation included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 forms part of that Act. Any punctuation inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Act. See section 36(3B).\n\n• Provision numbers\n\nAll provision numbers included in an Act form part of that Act, whether inserted in the Act before, on or after 1 January 2001. Provision numbers include section numbers, subsection numbers, paragraphs and subparagraphs. See section 36(3C).\n\n• Location of \"legislative items\"\n\nA \"legislative item\" is a penalty, an example or a note. As from 13 October 2004, a legislative item relating to a provision of an Act is taken to be at the foot of that provision even if it is preceded or followed by another legislative item that relates to that provision. For example, if a penalty at the foot of a provision is followed by a note, both of these legislative items will be regarded as being at the foot of that provision. See section 36B.\n\n• Other material\n\nAny explanatory memorandum, table of provisions, endnotes, index and other material printed after the Endnotes does not form part of an Act.  \nSee section 36(3)(3D)(3E).\n\n2 Table of Amendments\n\nThis publication incorporates amendments made to the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** by Acts and subordinate instruments.\n\n–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––\n\n**Public Interest Monitor Act 2011, No. 72/2011**\n\n| *Assent Date:* | 6.12.11 |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Commencement Date:* | S. 54 on 10.2.14: s. 54 |\n| *Current State:* | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Integrity and Accountability Legislation Amendment Act 2012, No. 82/2012**\n\n| *Assent Date:* | 18.12.12 |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Commencement Date:* | S. 166 on 10.2.13: Special Gazette (No. 32) 6.2.13 p. 2 |\n| *Current State:* | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Legal Profession Uniform Law Application Act 2014, No. 17/2014**\n\n| *Assent Date:* | 25.3.14 |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Commencement Date:* | S. 160(Sch. 2 item 80) on 1.7.15: Special Gazette (No. 151) 16.6.15 p. 1 |\n| *Current State:* | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Integrity and Accountability Legislation Amendment (A Stronger System) Act 2016, No. 30/2016**\n\n| *Assent Date:* | 31.5.16 |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Commencement Date:* | Ss 71–74 on 1.7.16: Special Gazette (No. 194) 21.6.16 p. 1 |\n| *Current State:* | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Witness Protection Amendment Act 2016, No. 34/2016**\n\n| Assent Date: | 15.6.16 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Commencement Date: | S. 32 on 1.7.17: s. 2(2) |\n| Current State: | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Integrity and Accountability Legislation Amendment (Public Interest Disclosures, Oversight and Independence) Act 2019, No. 2/2019**\n\n| Assent Date: | 5.3.19 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Commencement Date: | S. 146 on 1.1.20: s. 2(3) |\n| Current State: | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Terrorism (Community Protection) Amendment Act 2021, No. 47/2021**\n\n| Assent Date: | 3.11.21 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Commencement Date: | S. 29 on 24.2.22: Special Gazette (No. 87) 22.2.22 p. 1 |\n| Current State: | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n**Justice Legislation Amendment (Integrity, Defamation and Other Matters) Act 2024, No. 31/2024**\n\n| Assent Date: | 10.9.24 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Commencement Date: | Ss 27–30 on 1.11.24: Special Gazette (No. 579) 29.10.24 p. 1; s. 113(Sch. 1 item 29) on 10.2.25: Special Gazette (No. 648) 26.11.24 p. 1 |\n| Current State: | This information relates only to the provision/s amending the **Public Interest Monitor Act 2011** |\n\n\n–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––\n\n3 Explanatory details\n\nNo entries at date of publication.","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"},"summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"Based on the available text, the Act appears to have remained consistent with its original intent of establishing and regulating the Public Interest Monitor role in Victoria. The version history shows the Act as made and in force without indicators of significant scope expansion or contraction."},"complexity_factors":["Operates within a broader framework of other legislation (e.g. Surveillance Devices Act, Listening Devices Act) requiring cross-referencing to understand full effect","Procedural focus — understanding the role requires familiarity with how warrant proceedings work in courts","The provided text is heavily truncated/formatted poorly, limiting full analysis of operative provisions","Institutional design elements (independence, appointment, functions) require careful reading to understand accountability mechanisms","Interaction with law enforcement powers across multiple agencies adds some complexity"],"plain_english_summary":"The Act creates an independent Public Interest Monitor who appears in otherwise one‑sided court or tribunal hearings to scrutinise police and agency applications for covert surveillance and related warrants. Acting as a public “devil’s advocate,” the PIM tests justification and proportionality, giving courts a contradictory view, bolstering accountability and protecting citizens’ privacy when intrusive powers are sought."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Yes. Since enactment the Act's remit has been broadened by amendments to include items such as international production orders, counter‑terrorism intelligence protection orders, police detention decisions and periodic reviews and to add specific reporting and disclosure rules relating to witness protection and Integrity Oversight Victoria (see ss 3, 4, 17(2)(b), 19 and amendment notes). These changes expand the Monitor's subject‑matter coverage and reporting constraints beyond the original list of warrants and coercive orders."},"complexity_factors":["Heavy cross-referencing to multiple other Acts (Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004; Surveillance Devices Act 1999; Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988; Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003; Witness Protection Act 1991; Commonwealth Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979) which expands interpretive burden (see ss 1, 3, 4).","Broad, operationally sensitive definition of \"relevant application\" that has been expanded by amendments (s 4; s 3 lists objects).","Governor in Council discretion over appointments, acting appointments, remuneration and suspension/removal (ss 6–13, 10, 13) concentrating formal decision‑making power.","Statutory confidentiality with criminal penalties (240 penalty units or 2 years) and detailed exceptions for lawful operational disclosures and specified oversight bodies (s 17).","Immunity for good‑faith acts that shifts legal liability to the State (s 17A), creating public‑liability and indemnity interactions.","Reporting obligations with prescribed content and explicit prohibitions on disclosure that intersect witness protection and investigative secrecy (s 19; s 19(4A)).","Exclusion from Freedom of Information (s 18) which limits public access and raises transparency/compliance trade‑offs.","Regulatory power for detailed operational rules (s 21) that can affect handling, storage and notification procedures for sensitive material.","Eligibility and exclusion rules for appointment (s 8) that interact with prosecutorial, policing and legal employment status, creating potential conflicts and replacement needs."],"plain_english_summary":"This Act creates the offices of a Principal Public Interest Monitor and Deputies whose job is to appear at and test \"relevant applications\" by law enforcement (warrants, coercive orders, emergency authorisations and related extensions) and make submissions on their appropriateness. It sets out appointment, tenure, pay, immunity and confidentiality rules and reporting duties. The Governor in Council appoints and sets pay (ss 6–11), the State bears liability for good‑faith acts (s 17A), and the Minister receives annual reports (ss 19–20)."},"issue_detection":{"absurdities":[],"contradictions":[]},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The legislation has expanded significantly beyond its original 2011 scope. Originally established to oversee four specific Acts covering major crime, surveillance devices, telecommunications interception and terrorism powers, it has since grown to include: international production orders (2024), counter-terrorism intelligence protection orders (2021), and police detention decisions with periodic reviews (2024). The annual reporting requirements have also expanded to capture these new functions. While the core mechanism (independent oversight of covert surveillance and detention powers) remains consistent, the breadth of powers subject to PIM scrutiny has increased substantially through amendments."},"complexity_factors":["Multiple cross-references to four other major Acts (Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004, Surveillance Devices Act 1999, Telecommunications (Interception) (State Provisions) Act 1988, Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003)","19 defined terms in section 4, many importing definitions from other legislation","Nested exceptions in confidentiality provisions (section 17) with specific carve-outs for Commonwealth telecommunications interception laws","Amendment history showing piecemeal expansion of scope (originally 4 Acts, now covers additional powers like international production orders and counter-terrorism intelligence protection orders)","Specific procedural requirements for annual reporting with multiple exclusions for witness protection and operational security","Repealed Parts 5-9 (indicating original Act was larger, now streamlined but with historical baggage)"],"plain_english_summary":"This Victorian law creates a watchdog role called the **Public Interest Monitor** (PIM) to act as a check on police and spy agencies when they want to use extraordinary surveillance and detention powers.\n\n**What it does:**\n- Establishes a **Principal Public Interest Monitor** and **Deputy Public Interest Monitors**—independent lawyers appointed by the Governor in Council (the Governor acting on ministerial advice).\n- These monitors act as **\"devil's advocates\"** in secret court hearings. When police or security agencies apply for intrusive powers—like wiretaps, hidden cameras, covert searches, or orders to detain someone without charge—the PIM attends the hearing to challenge the evidence and argue against granting the request.\n\n**Which powers are covered?**\nThe PIM scrutinises applications for:\n- **Coercive powers orders** (forcing people to answer questions in major crime investigations)\n- **Surveillance device warrants** (hidden cameras/microphones)\n- **Retrieval warrants** (recovering hidden recordings)\n- **Telecommunications interception warrants** (phone taps)\n- **International production orders** (accessing overseas communications data)\n- **Covert search warrants** (secretly searching premises)\n- **Preventative detention orders** (detaining people without charge to prevent terrorism)\n- **Prohibited contact orders** (restricting who someone can talk to)\n- **Counter-terrorism intelligence protection orders** (newer powers to protect sensitive intelligence)\n- **Police detention decisions** and **periodic reviews** (oversight of terrorism-related detention)\n\n**Key safeguards:**\n- PIMs must be qualified Australian lawyers and cannot be politicians, prosecutors, or employed by agencies seeking these powers.\n- They have strict **confidentiality** rules (2 years jail for unauthorised leaks) but can share information with Integrity Oversight Victoria.\n- They have **immunity** from personal liability for actions taken in good faith.\n- They are **exempt from Freedom of Information laws** to protect sensitive operational details.\n- Must publish **annual reports** with statistics on how many applications were made, granted, refused, or withdrawn—without revealing specific investigations.\n\n**Why it matters:**\nNormally, police ask a judge or magistrate for a warrant in a one-sided hearing (called an *ex parte* hearing—where only the applicant is present). This law ensures an independent lawyer is in the room to test the evidence and protect civil liberties, particularly for the most invasive state powers that infringe on privacy and freedom."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011","history":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011/history","analysis":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/public-interest-monitor-act-2011/documents"}}