{"id":"qld:act-1867-012","name":"Oaths Act 1867","slug":"oaths-act-1867","collection":"act","jurisdiction":"qld","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":"12 of 1867","makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":105849,"registerId":"qld-act-1867-012-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-03","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"pt.1","sectionType":"part","heading":"Preliminary","content":"# Preliminary","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Short title","content":"### sec.1A Short title\n\nThis Act may be cited as the Oaths Act 1867 .\ns 1A ins 1995 No. 24 s 25","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions","content":"### sec.1B Definitions\n\nIn this Act—\naccepted method —\nAccepted method , for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration, means—\na method prescribed, or a method stated in a rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved, under section 13A that is applicable to the affidavit or declaration; or\nif no method is prescribed, or no rule or practice direction is made, given, issued or approved, that applies to the affidavit or declaration—a method described in paragraph 2.\nAccepted method , for electronically signing a document other than an affidavit or a declaration to which paragraph 1(a) applies, means a method that—\nidentifies the signatory for the document and the signatory’s intention in relation to the contents of the document; and\nis either—\nas reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or\nproven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\nHowever, for paragraph 2, the term is subject to a regulation prescribing under section 13A a method that is not an accepted method for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration.\ns 1B def accepted method ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nadminister —\nfor part 4 —see section 11 ; or\nfor part 6A —see section 31B .\ns 1B def administer ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\naudio visual link means facilities that enable reasonably contemporaneous and continuous audio and visual communication between persons at different places and includes videoconferencing.\ns 1B def audio visual link ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nAustralian legal practitioner see the Legal Profession Act 2007 , section 6 (1) .\ns 1B def Australian legal practitioner ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nauthorised person , in relation to a person’s oath or affirmation, means a person who is authorised by law to administer the person’s oath or affirmation.\ns 1B def authorised person ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\ncommissioner for declarations see the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 , section 3 .\ns 1B def commissioner for declarations ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nconfirm , a document, means attest or otherwise confirm a document by signing the document.\ns 1B def confirm ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 138 (1) – (2)\ncopy , of an electronic document, for part 6A , see section 31B .\ns 1B def copy ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\ncounterpart , for a document, means a copy of the document that includes the entire contents of the document but does not include the signatures of all the other persons who are to sign the document.\ns 1B def counterpart ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\ncourt of justice includes a person authorised to administer oaths to witnesses.\ndirect , in relation to a document, includes instruct.\ns 1B def direct ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\ndocument ...\ns 1B def document ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nom 2023 No. 23 s 138 (3)\nelectronically sign , a document, means sign the document using an accepted method.\ns 1B def electronically sign ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nelectronic document ...\ns 1B def electronic document ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nom 2023 No. 23 s 138 (3)\ninformation includes information in the form of data, text or images.\ns 1B def information ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nmake , in relation to a document—\nfor part 4 —see section 11 ; or\nfor part 6A —see section 31B .\ns 1B def make ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nofficial version , of a document, for part 6A , see section 31B .\ns 1B def official version ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\noriginal physical version , of a document, for part 6A , see section 31B .\ns 1B def original physical version ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nphysical document means a document other than an electronic document.\ns 1B def physical document ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 138 (3) – (4)\npresiding judge includes a person authorised to administer oaths to witnesses.\nsign , a document, means—\nfor a physical document—physically sign the document or counterpart; or\nfor an electronic document—electronically sign the document or counterpart.\ns 1B def sign ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nspecial witness , for a document, see section 12 .\ns 1B def special witness ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nState includes a Territory.\nwater allocations register see the Water Act 2000 , schedule 4 .\ns 1B def water allocations register ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\nwitness , a document—\nfor part 4 —see section 11 ; or\nfor part 6A —see section 31B .\ns 1B def witness ins 2021 No. 23 s 35\ns 1B ins 1995 No. 24 s 25\n- 1 Accepted method , for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration, means— (a) a method prescribed, or a method stated in a rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved, under section 13A that is applicable to the affidavit or declaration; or (b) if no method is prescribed, or no rule or practice direction is made, given, issued or approved, that applies to the affidavit or declaration—a method described in paragraph 2.\n- (a) a method prescribed, or a method stated in a rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved, under section 13A that is applicable to the affidavit or declaration; or\n- (b) if no method is prescribed, or no rule or practice direction is made, given, issued or approved, that applies to the affidavit or declaration—a method described in paragraph 2.\n- 2 Accepted method , for electronically signing a document other than an affidavit or a declaration to which paragraph 1(a) applies, means a method that— (a) identifies the signatory for the document and the signatory’s intention in relation to the contents of the document; and (b) is either— (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- (a) identifies the signatory for the document and the signatory’s intention in relation to the contents of the document; and\n- (b) is either— (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or\n- (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- 3 However, for paragraph 2, the term is subject to a regulation prescribing under section 13A a method that is not an accepted method for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration.\n- (a) a method prescribed, or a method stated in a rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved, under section 13A that is applicable to the affidavit or declaration; or\n- (b) if no method is prescribed, or no rule or practice direction is made, given, issued or approved, that applies to the affidavit or declaration—a method described in paragraph 2.\n- (a) identifies the signatory for the document and the signatory’s intention in relation to the contents of the document; and\n- (b) is either— (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or\n- (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- (i) as reliable as appropriate for the purpose for which the document is signed, having regard to all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement; or\n- (ii) proven in fact to have fulfilled the functions described in paragraph (a) , by itself or together with further evidence.\n- (a) for part 4 —see section 11 ; or\n- (b) for part 6A —see section 31B .\n- (a) for part 4 —see section 11 ; or\n- (b) for part 6A —see section 31B .\n- (a) for a physical document—physically sign the document or counterpart; or\n- (b) for an electronic document—electronically sign the document or counterpart.\n- (a) for part 4 —see section 11 ; or\n- (b) for part 6A —see section 31B .","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"pt.2","sectionType":"part","heading":"Oaths of office and allegiance","content":"# Oaths of office and allegiance","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oath substituted for the oaths and declaration now prescribed by law","content":"### sec.1 Oath substituted for the oaths and declaration now prescribed by law\n\nIn every case where but for the passing of this Act it would be necessary for any person to take the oaths commonly called the oaths of allegiance supremacy and abjuration or any of them or the oath prescribed by the Act of Parliament commonly called the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1830 or to make the declaration prescribed by the Act of Parliament passed in the ninth year of the reign of King George IV chapter 17 and whensoever it shall be necessary for any person to take the oath of allegiance it shall be sufficient for such person to take in lieu of the said several oaths and declaration the following oath of allegiance—\n‘I A.B. do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, as lawful Sovereign of the United Kingdom, Australia, and her other Realms and Territories, and to Her Heirs and Successors, according to law.’;\nanything in the said Acts of Parliament or in any other statute Act or law notwithstanding.","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"sec.2","sectionType":"section","heading":"Before whom the oath may be taken","content":"### sec.2 Before whom the oath may be taken\n\nWhere by any law now in force in this State the said several oaths or any of them may be taken before the Supreme Court or before a judge or are required to be taken in open court the oath prescribed by this Act may be taken and subscribed at any hour before the said court or any judge thereof or before any district court or court of quarter sessions or before any justice of the peace authorised by writ of dedimus potestatem for that purpose.\ns 2 amd 2011 No. 45 s 217 sch 1A","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"sec.3","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oaths for justices of the peace and others","content":"### sec.3 Oaths for justices of the peace and others\n\nThe oath of office to be hereafter taken by justices of the peace shall (in lieu of the oath in that behalf heretofore taken by them) be the oath following—\n‘I A.B. do sincerely promise and swear that as a justice of the peace for the State of Queensland I will at all times and in all things do equal justice to the poor and rich and discharge the duties of my office according to the law to the best of my knowledge and ability without fear favour or affection.’.\nMasters of the Supreme Court, members of the Industrial Court and the Land Court appointed after the passing of the Oaths Acts Amendment Act 1981 , wardens appointed under the Mineral Resources Act 1989 and commissioners of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission appointed after the passing of the Holidays and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012 shall take the oath of allegiance and also the oath of office hereinbefore mentioned with the necessary adaptations.\nCommissioners of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission appointed before the passing of the Holidays and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012 may take the oath of allegiance and the oath of office mentioned in subsection (1) with the necessary adaptations.\ns 3 amd 1959 8 Eliz 2 No. 5 s 2; 1981 No. 4 s 2 ; 1989 No. 110 s 1 .6; 2001 No. 80 s 94 sch 2 ; 2012 No. 28 s 9\n(sec.3-ssec.1) The oath of office to be hereafter taken by justices of the peace shall (in lieu of the oath in that behalf heretofore taken by them) be the oath following— ‘I A.B. do sincerely promise and swear that as a justice of the peace for the State of Queensland I will at all times and in all things do equal justice to the poor and rich and discharge the duties of my office according to the law to the best of my knowledge and ability without fear favour or affection.’.\n(sec.3-ssec.2) Masters of the Supreme Court, members of the Industrial Court and the Land Court appointed after the passing of the Oaths Acts Amendment Act 1981 , wardens appointed under the Mineral Resources Act 1989 and commissioners of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission appointed after the passing of the Holidays and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012 shall take the oath of allegiance and also the oath of office hereinbefore mentioned with the necessary adaptations.\n(sec.3-ssec.3) Commissioners of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission appointed before the passing of the Holidays and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2012 may take the oath of allegiance and the oath of office mentioned in subsection (1) with the necessary adaptations.","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"sec.4","sectionType":"section","heading":"Name of the Sovereign","content":"### sec.4 Name of the Sovereign\n\nIn case of the demise of Her Majesty (whom may God long preserve) the name of Her Majesty’s successor for the time being shall be substituted in the form of oath instead of the name of Her Majesty.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"sec.5","sectionType":"section","heading":"Affirmation in lieu of oath","content":"### sec.5 Affirmation in lieu of oath\n\nEvery person who now is or shall hereafter be by law entitled to make affirmation in lieu of an oath may make affirmation in the form hereinbefore prescribed with the words ‘solemnly and sincerely promise and affirm’ substituted for the words ‘sincerely promise and swear’.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"sec.5A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Form of oath of allegiance","content":"### sec.5A Form of oath of allegiance\n\nOn and after the coming into operation of this Act and without prejudice to the provisions of any Act requiring the taking of a further oath of allegiance upon the demise of Her Majesty, there shall be substituted for the oath of allegiance prescribed by section 1 , and for any oath of allegiance prescribed under any Act, other than the Constitution of Queensland 2001 , an oath of allegiance in the following form—\n‘I, , do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, as lawful Sovereign of the United Kingdom, Australia, and her other Realms and Territories, and to Her Heirs and Successors, according to law.\nSo Help Me God!’.\nIn the case of the demise of Her Majesty (whom may God long preserve) the name of Her Majesty’s successor according to law for the time being shall be substituted in the form of oath of allegiance prescribed by subsection (1) instead of the name of Her Majesty.\ns 5A (prev 1954 3 Eliz 2 No. 3 s 52(1), (2))\nprev s 5A om 1970 No. 10 s 3 (1) (b)\npres s 5A (prev 1954 3 Eliz 2 No. 3 s 31) renum 1991 No. 97 s 3 sch 1\namd 1995 No. 24 s 7 (1) ; 11 April 1995 RA ss 23 and 23A and s 5A\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 7 (2)\namd 2001 No. 80 s 94 sch 2\n(sec.5A-ssec.1) On and after the coming into operation of this Act and without prejudice to the provisions of any Act requiring the taking of a further oath of allegiance upon the demise of Her Majesty, there shall be substituted for the oath of allegiance prescribed by section 1 , and for any oath of allegiance prescribed under any Act, other than the Constitution of Queensland 2001 , an oath of allegiance in the following form— ‘I, , do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, as lawful Sovereign of the United Kingdom, Australia, and her other Realms and Territories, and to Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So Help Me God!’.\n(sec.5A-ssec.2) In the case of the demise of Her Majesty (whom may God long preserve) the name of Her Majesty’s successor according to law for the time being shall be substituted in the form of oath of allegiance prescribed by subsection (1) instead of the name of Her Majesty.","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3","sectionType":"part","heading":"Declarations substituted for certain official oaths","content":"# Declarations substituted for certain official oaths","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"sec.6","sectionType":"section","heading":"Declarations substituted for oaths and affirmations","content":"### sec.6 Declarations substituted for oaths and affirmations\n\nIn any case whereby any statute law or ordinance made or to be made relating to any of the public revenue of the State or any of the public offices or public departments or by any official regulation in any department any oath solemn affirmation or affidavit might but for the passing of this Act be required to be taken or made by any person on the doing of any act matter or thing or for the purpose of verifying any book entry or return or for any other purpose whatsoever it shall be lawful for the Governor in Council of the said State if the Governor in Council shall so think fit to substitute a declaration to the same effect as the oath solemn affirmation or affidavit which might but for the passing of this Act be required to be taken or made and the person who might under the Act or Acts imposing the same be required to take or make such oath solemn affirmation or affidavit shall in the presence of the officer or person empowered by such Act or Acts to administer such oath solemn affirmation or affidavit make and subscribe such declaration and every such officer or person is hereby empowered and required to administer the same accordingly.","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"sec.7","sectionType":"section","heading":"Act not to extend to oath of allegiance","content":"### sec.7 Act not to extend to oath of allegiance\n\nHowever, nothing in section 6 contained shall extend or apply to the oath of allegiance in any case in which the same now is or may be required to be taken by any person who may be appointed to any office but such oath of allegiance shall continue to be required and shall be administered and taken as well and in the same manner as if this Act had not been passed.","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"sec.8","sectionType":"section","heading":"Nor to oaths in judicial proceeding","content":"### sec.8 Nor to oaths in judicial proceeding\n\nIn addition, nothing in section 6 contained shall extend or apply to any oath solemn affirmation or affidavit which now is or hereafter may be made or taken or be required to be made or taken in any judicial proceeding in any court of justice or in any proceeding for or by way of summary conviction before any justice or justices of the peace but all such oaths affirmations and affidavits shall continue to be required and to be administered taken and made as well and in the same manner as if this Act had not been passed.","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"sec.9","sectionType":"section","heading":"Such substitution to be notified in gazette","content":"### sec.9 Such substitution to be notified in gazette\n\nWhen the Governor in Council shall in any such case as aforesaid have substituted a declaration in lieu of an oath solemn affirmation or affidavit the same shall be notified in the gazette and from and after the expiration of 21 days next following the day of the date of the gazette wherein such notification shall have been first published the provisions of this Act shall extend and apply to each and every case office or department specified in such notification.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"sec.10","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oaths or affirmations not to be made or taken thereafter","content":"### sec.10 Oaths or affirmations not to be made or taken thereafter\n\nAfter the expiration of the said 21 days it shall not be lawful for any officer or other person to administer or cause to be administered or receive or cause to be received any oath solemn affirmation or affidavit in lieu of which such declaration as aforesaid shall have been directed by the said Governor in Council to be substituted.","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4","sectionType":"part","heading":"Affidavits and statutory declarations","content":"# Affidavits and statutory declarations","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Preliminary","content":"## Preliminary","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"sec.11","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions for part","content":"### sec.11 Definitions for part\n\nIn this part—\nadminister includes—\nin relation to an oath or affirmation—take, receive and swear; and\nin relation to a declaration—take and receive.\nmake , in relation to a document, includes execute.\nspecial witness , for a document, see section 12 .\nwitness , a document, includes—\nwitness the signing of the document; and\nfor an affidavit—administer an oath or affirmation for the affidavit; and\nfor a declaration—administer the declaration.\ns 11 prev s 11 om 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\npres s 11 ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\n- (a) in relation to an oath or affirmation—take, receive and swear; and\n- (b) in relation to a declaration—take and receive.\n- (a) witness the signing of the document; and\n- (b) for an affidavit—administer an oath or affirmation for the affidavit; and\n- (c) for a declaration—administer the declaration.","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"sec.12","sectionType":"section","heading":"Special witnesses","content":"### sec.12 Special witnesses\n\nA special witness , for a document, is a person who is—\nan Australian legal practitioner; or\na government legal officer under the Legal Profession Act 2007 who—\nis an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\nwitnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\na justice or commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under subsection (2) ; or\na justice or commissioner for declarations—\nemployed by the law practice that prepared the document; and\nwho witnesses documents in the course of that employment; or\na notary public; or\na person mentioned in subsection (3) for the document.\nSee sections 31Q and 31S for further provision about special witnesses.\nThe chief executive may approve a justice or commissioner for declarations to be a special witness if the chief executive is satisfied the justice or commissioner for declarations is an appropriate person for witnessing documents under part 6A .\nFor subsection (1) (f) , a person is also a special witness for a document if—\nthe document is prepared by the public trustee; and\nthe person is a justice or commissioner for declarations who is an employee of the public trustee.\nIn this section—\nAustralian lawyer see the Legal Profession Act 2007 , section 5 (1) .\nlaw practice see the Legal Profession Act 2007 , schedule 2 .\ns 12 prev s 12 om 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\npres s 12 ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\namd 2023 No. 23 s 139\nhdg (prec s 13) amd 1908 8 Edw 7 No. 18 s 5 sch 3\nom 1995 No. 24 s 27\n(sec.12-ssec.1) A special witness , for a document, is a person who is— an Australian legal practitioner; or a government legal officer under the Legal Profession Act 2007 who— is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or a justice or commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under subsection (2) ; or a justice or commissioner for declarations— employed by the law practice that prepared the document; and who witnesses documents in the course of that employment; or a notary public; or a person mentioned in subsection (3) for the document. See sections 31Q and 31S for further provision about special witnesses.\n(sec.12-ssec.2) The chief executive may approve a justice or commissioner for declarations to be a special witness if the chief executive is satisfied the justice or commissioner for declarations is an appropriate person for witnessing documents under part 6A .\n(sec.12-ssec.3) For subsection (1) (f) , a person is also a special witness for a document if— the document is prepared by the public trustee; and the person is a justice or commissioner for declarations who is an employee of the public trustee.\n(sec.12-ssec.4) In this section— Australian lawyer see the Legal Profession Act 2007 , section 5 (1) . law practice see the Legal Profession Act 2007 , schedule 2 .\n- (a) an Australian legal practitioner; or\n- (b) a government legal officer under the Legal Profession Act 2007 who— (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\n- (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\n- (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\n- (c) a justice or commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under subsection (2) ; or\n- (d) a justice or commissioner for declarations— (i) employed by the law practice that prepared the document; and (ii) who witnesses documents in the course of that employment; or\n- (i) employed by the law practice that prepared the document; and\n- (ii) who witnesses documents in the course of that employment; or\n- (e) a notary public; or\n- (f) a person mentioned in subsection (3) for the document.\n- (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\n- (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\n- (i) employed by the law practice that prepared the document; and\n- (ii) who witnesses documents in the course of that employment; or\n- (a) the document is prepared by the public trustee; and\n- (b) the person is a justice or commissioner for declarations who is an employee of the public trustee.","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13","sectionType":"section","heading":"References to witnesses, signatories and substitute signatories","content":"### sec.13 References to witnesses, signatories and substitute signatories\n\nIn this part—\na reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and\na reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and\na reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\nAlso, for an affidavit or a declaration—\na reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and\na reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.\ns 13 ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\n(sec.13-ssec.1) In this part— a reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and a reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and a reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\n(sec.13-ssec.2) Also, for an affidavit or a declaration— a reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and a reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.\n- (a) a reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and\n- (b) a reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and\n- (c) a reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\n- (a) a reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and\n- (b) a reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"General requirements for affidavits and declarations","content":"## General requirements for affidavits and declarations","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13AA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.13AA Application of division\n\nThis division applies in relation to an affidavit or declaration—\nwhether the signatory, substitute signatory or witness is present in person or by audio visual link; and\nwhether the affidavit or declaration is physically signed or electronically signed.\nSee also part 6A for additional requirements for an affidavit or declaration made by audio visual link.\ns 13AA ins 2023 No. 23 s 141\n- (a) whether the signatory, substitute signatory or witness is present in person or by audio visual link; and\n- (b) whether the affidavit or declaration is physically signed or electronically signed.","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13AB","sectionType":"section","heading":"Execution requirements","content":"### sec.13AB Execution requirements\n\nAn affidavit or declaration must be in writing.\nAn affidavit or declaration is executed only if it is—\nwitnessed under this part and, if applicable, part 6A ; and\nsigned by the signatory or a substitute signatory; and\nconfirmed by the witness for the document.\nSee also section 31U in relation to how a person who witnesses a document by audio visual link must confirm the document.\nIf an affidavit or declaration is to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding, subsection (2) applies subject to a rule of court or practice direction applying to the document.\nSubsection (2) does not limit a requirement relating to an affidavit or declaration under another Act or law.\ns 13AB ins 2023 No. 23 s 141\n(sec.13AB-ssec.1) An affidavit or declaration must be in writing.\n(sec.13AB-ssec.2) An affidavit or declaration is executed only if it is— witnessed under this part and, if applicable, part 6A ; and signed by the signatory or a substitute signatory; and confirmed by the witness for the document. See also section 31U in relation to how a person who witnesses a document by audio visual link must confirm the document.\n(sec.13AB-ssec.3) If an affidavit or declaration is to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding, subsection (2) applies subject to a rule of court or practice direction applying to the document.\n(sec.13AB-ssec.4) Subsection (2) does not limit a requirement relating to an affidavit or declaration under another Act or law.\n- (a) witnessed under this part and, if applicable, part 6A ; and\n- (b) signed by the signatory or a substitute signatory; and\n- (c) confirmed by the witness for the document. Note— See also section 31U in relation to how a person who witnesses a document by audio visual link must confirm the document.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Accepted method for electronically signing affidavit or declaration","content":"### sec.13A Accepted method for electronically signing affidavit or declaration\n\nA regulation may prescribe an accepted method, or what is not an accepted method, for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration, including an affidavit or a declaration to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding in a court or tribunal.\nThe person or body for a court or tribunal who has the power to make rules of court or practice directions regulating the practice and procedure of the court or tribunal may make, give, issue or approve a rule or practice direction that states an accepted method for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding in the court or tribunal.\nThe person or body for the court or tribunal must, when making, giving, issuing or approving a rule or practice direction under subsection (2) , consider the need to ensure consistency of the rule or practice direction with the rules or practice directions of other courts and tribunals.\nIf a rule or practice direction made, given, issued or approved under subsection (2) is inconsistent with a regulation made under subsection (1) , the regulation prevails to the extent of the inconsistency.\ns 13A ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\namd 2023 No. 23 s 142\n(sec.13A-ssec.1) A regulation may prescribe an accepted method, or what is not an accepted method, for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration, including an affidavit or a declaration to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding in a court or tribunal.\n(sec.13A-ssec.2) The person or body for a court or tribunal who has the power to make rules of court or practice directions regulating the practice and procedure of the court or tribunal may make, give, issue or approve a rule or practice direction that states an accepted method for electronically signing an affidavit or a declaration to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding in the court or tribunal.\n(sec.13A-ssec.3) The person or body for the court or tribunal must, when making, giving, issuing or approving a rule or practice direction under subsection (2) , consider the need to ensure consistency of the rule or practice direction with the rules or practice directions of other courts and tribunals.\n(sec.13A-ssec.4) If a rule or practice direction made, given, issued or approved under subsection (2) is inconsistent with a regulation made under subsection (1) , the regulation prevails to the extent of the inconsistency.","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Jurat of affidavit","content":"### sec.13B Jurat of affidavit\n\nThis section applies in relation to an affidavit made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\nThe signatory must ensure the affidavit’s jurat states the following matters—\nif applicable, that the affidavit was made in the form of an electronic document;\nif applicable, that the affidavit was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory;\nif applicable, that the affidavit was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ;\nthat either—\nthe contents of the affidavit are true; or\nif the contents of the affidavit are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\nthat the signatory understands that a person who makes an affidavit that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\ns 13B ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\namd 2023 No. 23 s 143\n(sec.13B-ssec.1) This section applies in relation to an affidavit made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\n(sec.13B-ssec.2) The signatory must ensure the affidavit’s jurat states the following matters— if applicable, that the affidavit was made in the form of an electronic document; if applicable, that the affidavit was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; if applicable, that the affidavit was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ; that either— the contents of the affidavit are true; or if the contents of the affidavit are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement; that the signatory understands that a person who makes an affidavit that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\n- (a) if applicable, that the affidavit was made in the form of an electronic document;\n- (b) if applicable, that the affidavit was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory;\n- (c) if applicable, that the affidavit was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ;\n- (d) that either— (i) the contents of the affidavit are true; or (ii) if the contents of the affidavit are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\n- (i) the contents of the affidavit are true; or\n- (ii) if the contents of the affidavit are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\n- (e) that the signatory understands that a person who makes an affidavit that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\n- (i) the contents of the affidavit are true; or\n- (ii) if the contents of the affidavit are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement in declaration","content":"### sec.13C Statement in declaration\n\nThis section applies in relation to a declaration made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\nThe signatory must ensure the declaration states the following matters—\nif applicable, that the declaration was made in the form of an electronic document;\nif applicable, that the declaration was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory;\nif applicable, that the declaration was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ;\nthat either—\nthe contents of the declaration are true; or\nif the contents of the declaration are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\nthat the signatory understands that a person who makes a declaration that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\ns 13C ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\namd 2023 No. 23 s 144\n(sec.13C-ssec.1) This section applies in relation to a declaration made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\n(sec.13C-ssec.2) The signatory must ensure the declaration states the following matters— if applicable, that the declaration was made in the form of an electronic document; if applicable, that the declaration was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; if applicable, that the declaration was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ; that either— the contents of the declaration are true; or if the contents of the declaration are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement; that the signatory understands that a person who makes a declaration that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\n- (a) if applicable, that the declaration was made in the form of an electronic document;\n- (b) if applicable, that the declaration was electronically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory;\n- (c) if applicable, that the declaration was made, signed and witnessed under part 6A ;\n- (d) that either— (i) the contents of the declaration are true; or (ii) if the contents of the declaration are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\n- (i) the contents of the declaration are true; or\n- (ii) if the contents of the declaration are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;\n- (e) that the signatory understands that a person who makes a declaration that the person knows is false in a material particular commits an offence.\n- (i) the contents of the declaration are true; or\n- (ii) if the contents of the declaration are stated on the basis of information and belief—those contents are true to the best of the knowledge of the person making the statement;","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13D","sectionType":"section","heading":"General requirements for witnessing affidavit or declaration","content":"### sec.13D General requirements for witnessing affidavit or declaration\n\nA witness for an affidavit or declaration must not confirm the document unless—\nthe person takes reasonable steps to verify—\nthe identity of the signatory; and\nthat the name of the signatory matches the name of the signatory written on or in the document; and\nthe person is satisfied the signatory is—\nfreely and voluntarily signing the document; or\nfreely and voluntarily directing the substitute signatory to sign the document.\nSee also section 31T in relation to witnessing a document by audio visual link.\ns 13D ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 145\n- (a) the person takes reasonable steps to verify— (i) the identity of the signatory; and (ii) that the name of the signatory matches the name of the signatory written on or in the document; and\n- (i) the identity of the signatory; and\n- (ii) that the name of the signatory matches the name of the signatory written on or in the document; and\n- (b) the person is satisfied the signatory is— (i) freely and voluntarily signing the document; or (ii) freely and voluntarily directing the substitute signatory to sign the document.\n- (i) freely and voluntarily signing the document; or\n- (ii) freely and voluntarily directing the substitute signatory to sign the document.\n- (i) the identity of the signatory; and\n- (ii) that the name of the signatory matches the name of the signatory written on or in the document; and\n- (i) freely and voluntarily signing the document; or\n- (ii) freely and voluntarily directing the substitute signatory to sign the document.","sortOrder":27},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Information to be included about witness","content":"### sec.13E Information to be included about witness\n\nA special witness for an affidavit or declaration that is electronically signed or witnessed by audio visual link must include the following information on the document—\nthe witness’s full name;\nthat the witness is a special witness;\nthe type of special witness under section 12 (1) that the witness is;\nan Australian legal practitioner\na justice approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\na commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\nfor a witness who is an Australian legal practitioner and an employee of, or a partner in, a law practice—the name of the law practice;\nfor a witness who is not a witness mentioned in paragraph (d) and not a special witness under section 12 (1) (c) —\nthe name of the witness’s place of employment; or\nthe witness’s employment address or home address; or\nthe witness’s telephone number; or\nthe witness’s email address;\nfor a document witnessed by audio visual link—that the witness understands, and has complied with, the requirements for witnessing a document by audio visual link;\nother information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nJane Anne Doe\nAustralian legal practitioner, ABC Legal\nSpecial witness under the Oaths Act 1867\nI understand the requirements for witnessing a document by audio visual link and have complied with those requirements.\nA witness for an affidavit or declaration that is physically signed in the physical presence of the witness must include the following information on the document—\nthe witness’s full name;\nthe type of witness under section 16A or 16B that the witness is;\na lawyer\na justice of the peace\nfor a witness who is not a justice or commissioner for declarations under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State—\nthe name of the witness’s place of employment; or\nthe witness’s employment address or home address; or\nthe witness’s telephone number; or\nthe witness’s email address;\nother information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nA witness for an affidavit or declaration who is a person prescribed by regulation under section 16A (1) (e) , 16B (1) (d) , 16C (2) , 31Q (2) or 31S (1) must include the following information on the document—\nthe witness’s full name;\nother information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nSee also the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 , section 31 for other requirements applying to a justice of the peace or commissioner for declarations.\ns 13E ins 2021 No. 23 s 38\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 145\n(sec.13E-ssec.1) A special witness for an affidavit or declaration that is electronically signed or witnessed by audio visual link must include the following information on the document— the witness’s full name; that the witness is a special witness; the type of special witness under section 12 (1) that the witness is; an Australian legal practitioner a justice approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2) a commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2) for a witness who is an Australian legal practitioner and an employee of, or a partner in, a law practice—the name of the law practice; for a witness who is not a witness mentioned in paragraph (d) and not a special witness under section 12 (1) (c) — the name of the witness’s place of employment; or the witness’s employment address or home address; or the witness’s telephone number; or the witness’s email address; for a document witnessed by audio visual link—that the witness understands, and has complied with, the requirements for witnessing a document by audio visual link; other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection. Jane Anne Doe Australian legal practitioner, ABC Legal Special witness under the Oaths Act 1867 I understand the requirements for witnessing a document by audio visual link and have complied with those requirements.\n(sec.13E-ssec.2) A witness for an affidavit or declaration that is physically signed in the physical presence of the witness must include the following information on the document— the witness’s full name; the type of witness under section 16A or 16B that the witness is; a lawyer a justice of the peace for a witness who is not a justice or commissioner for declarations under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State— the name of the witness’s place of employment; or the witness’s employment address or home address; or the witness’s telephone number; or the witness’s email address; other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n(sec.13E-ssec.3) A witness for an affidavit or declaration who is a person prescribed by regulation under section 16A (1) (e) , 16B (1) (d) , 16C (2) , 31Q (2) or 31S (1) must include the following information on the document— the witness’s full name; other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n- (a) the witness’s full name;\n- (b) that the witness is a special witness;\n- (c) the type of special witness under section 12 (1) that the witness is; Examples of types of special witness— • an Australian legal practitioner • a justice approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2) • a commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\n- • an Australian legal practitioner\n- • a justice approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\n- • a commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\n- (d) for a witness who is an Australian legal practitioner and an employee of, or a partner in, a law practice—the name of the law practice;\n- (e) for a witness who is not a witness mentioned in paragraph (d) and not a special witness under section 12 (1) (c) — (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or\n- (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or\n- (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or\n- (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (f) for a document witnessed by audio visual link—that the witness understands, and has complied with, the requirements for witnessing a document by audio visual link;\n- (g) other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n- • an Australian legal practitioner\n- • a justice approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\n- • a commissioner for declarations approved by the chief executive under section 12 (2)\n- (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or\n- (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or\n- (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or\n- (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (a) the witness’s full name;\n- (b) the type of witness under section 16A or 16B that the witness is; Examples of types of witness— • a lawyer • a justice of the peace\n- • a lawyer\n- • a justice of the peace\n- (c) for a witness who is not a justice or commissioner for declarations under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State— (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or\n- (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or\n- (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or\n- (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (d) other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n- • a lawyer\n- • a justice of the peace\n- (i) the name of the witness’s place of employment; or\n- (ii) the witness’s employment address or home address; or\n- (iii) the witness’s telephone number; or\n- (iv) the witness’s email address;\n- (a) the witness’s full name;\n- (b) other information prescribed by regulation for this subsection.","sortOrder":28},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Minor non-compliance does not affect validity of affidavit or declaration","content":"### sec.13F Minor non-compliance does not affect validity of affidavit or declaration\n\nAn affidavit or a declaration is not invalid only because it does not comply with a requirement under section 13B , 13C or 13E that does not materially affect the nature of the affidavit or declaration.\nSubsection (1) does not limit a court’s power to admit an affidavit, including a purported affidavit under section 31G , in evidence in a proceeding.\ns 13F ins 2023 No. 1 s 72\n(sec.13F-ssec.1) An affidavit or a declaration is not invalid only because it does not comply with a requirement under section 13B , 13C or 13E that does not materially affect the nature of the affidavit or declaration.\n(sec.13F-ssec.2) Subsection (1) does not limit a court’s power to admit an affidavit, including a purported affidavit under section 31G , in evidence in a proceeding.","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13G","sectionType":"section","heading":"Substitute signatories","content":"### sec.13G Substitute signatories\n\nThe signatory for an affidavit or declaration may direct another person (a substitute signatory ) to sign the document for them.\nHowever, each of the following persons is excluded from signing an affidavit or declaration as a substitute signatory—\na person witnessing the document;\nif the document is to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding by or for a party—a person who is another party to the proceeding or a relation of another party to the proceeding.\nSee also section 31P for further limitations on who may be a substitute signatory if the direction to sign is given by audio visual link. A person may also be excluded under another Act or law from signing a document as a substitute signatory.\nIn this section—\nrelation , of a person, see the Powers of Attorney Act 1998 , schedule 3 .\ns 13G ins 2023 No. 23 s 146\n(sec.13G-ssec.1) The signatory for an affidavit or declaration may direct another person (a substitute signatory ) to sign the document for them.\n(sec.13G-ssec.2) However, each of the following persons is excluded from signing an affidavit or declaration as a substitute signatory— a person witnessing the document; if the document is to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding by or for a party—a person who is another party to the proceeding or a relation of another party to the proceeding. See also section 31P for further limitations on who may be a substitute signatory if the direction to sign is given by audio visual link. A person may also be excluded under another Act or law from signing a document as a substitute signatory.\n(sec.13G-ssec.3) In this section— relation , of a person, see the Powers of Attorney Act 1998 , schedule 3 .\n- (a) a person witnessing the document;\n- (b) if the document is to be filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding by or for a party—a person who is another party to the proceeding or a relation of another party to the proceeding.","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13H","sectionType":"section","heading":"Witnessing signature of substitute signatory","content":"### sec.13H Witnessing signature of substitute signatory\n\nThis section applies if the signatory for an affidavit or declaration directs a substitute signatory to sign the document for them.\nThe witness for the signing of the affidavit or declaration by the substitute signatory must—\nobserve the signatory direct the substitute signatory to sign the document; and\nbe satisfied that the substitute signatory is not excluded from signing the document as the substitute signatory under section 13G or 31P .\nSee also section 13D for other requirements relating to a witness for an affidavit or declaration.\ns 13H ins 2023 No. 23 s 146\nhdg (prec s 14) om 1995 No. 24 s 29\n(sec.13H-ssec.1) This section applies if the signatory for an affidavit or declaration directs a substitute signatory to sign the document for them.\n(sec.13H-ssec.2) The witness for the signing of the affidavit or declaration by the substitute signatory must— observe the signatory direct the substitute signatory to sign the document; and be satisfied that the substitute signatory is not excluded from signing the document as the substitute signatory under section 13G or 31P . See also section 13D for other requirements relating to a witness for an affidavit or declaration.\n- (a) observe the signatory direct the substitute signatory to sign the document; and\n- (b) be satisfied that the substitute signatory is not excluded from signing the document as the substitute signatory under section 13G or 31P .","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"sec.14","sectionType":"section","heading":"Form of declaration","content":"### sec.14 Form of declaration\n\nIn all cases where a declaration in lieu of an oath shall have been substituted by this Act or by virtue of any power or authority hereby given or where a declaration is directed or authorised to be made and subscribed under the authority of this Act or of any power hereby given although the same be not substituted in lieu of an oath heretofore legally taken such declaration unless otherwise directed by the powers hereby given shall be in the following form—\n‘I A.B. do solemnly and sincerely declare that [ let the person declare the facts ] and I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Oaths Act 1867 .’.\nhdg (prec s 15) om 1995 No. 24 s 29","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"sec.15","sectionType":"section","heading":"Fees payable","content":"### sec.15 Fees payable\n\nWhenever any declaration shall be made and subscribed by any person or persons under or in pursuance of the provisions of this Act or any of them all and every such fees or fee as would have been due and payable on the taking or making any legal oath solemn affirmation or affidavit shall be in like manner due and payable upon making and subscribing such declaration.","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4-div.3","sectionType":"division","heading":"Signing in physical presence of witness","content":"## Signing in physical presence of witness","sortOrder":34},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.16 Application of division\n\nThis division applies to an affidavit or a declaration signed in the physical presence of a witness, including a special witness.\nSee part 6A for requirements for witnessing an affidavit or a declaration by audio visual link.\ns 16 prev s 16 om 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\npres s 16 ins 2021 No. 23 s 39","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Who may witness affidavits","content":"### sec.16A Who may witness affidavits\n\nA person’s affidavit may be witnessed by any of the following persons without a commission being issued for the purpose—\na justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State;\na lawyer;\na conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State;\nif the affidavit is witnessed outside Australia—a person authorised to administer an oath under the law of the place in which the affidavit is witnessed;\nanother person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nSee also section 13E and part 6A for requirements for witnessing an affidavit by audio visual link.\nHowever, a regulation may provide that a person mentioned in subsection (1) (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) or (e) —\nmay witness an affidavit only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\nmay not witness an affidavit of a prescribed type.\nThis section applies to an affidavit witnessed for Queensland law, whether it is witnessed inside or outside Queensland (including outside Australia).\ns 16A (prev s 41 (orig 1891 55 Vic No. 14 s 3)) sub 1974 No. 23 s 2 ; 1995 No. 24 s 44\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 45\namd 2008 No. 59 s 91 ; 2021 No. 23 s 41 (1) – (7)\nreloc and renum 2021 No. 23 s 41 (8)\namd 2023 No. 23 s 147\n(sec.16A-ssec.1) A person’s affidavit may be witnessed by any of the following persons without a commission being issued for the purpose— a justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; a lawyer; a conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; if the affidavit is witnessed outside Australia—a person authorised to administer an oath under the law of the place in which the affidavit is witnessed; another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection. See also section 13E and part 6A for requirements for witnessing an affidavit by audio visual link.\n(sec.16A-ssec.2) However, a regulation may provide that a person mentioned in subsection (1) (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) or (e) — may witness an affidavit only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or may not witness an affidavit of a prescribed type.\n(sec.16A-ssec.3) This section applies to an affidavit witnessed for Queensland law, whether it is witnessed inside or outside Queensland (including outside Australia).\n- (a) a justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State;\n- (b) a lawyer;\n- (c) a conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State;\n- (d) if the affidavit is witnessed outside Australia—a person authorised to administer an oath under the law of the place in which the affidavit is witnessed;\n- (e) another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n- (a) may witness an affidavit only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\n- (b) may not witness an affidavit of a prescribed type.","sortOrder":36},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Who may witness declarations","content":"### sec.16B Who may witness declarations\n\nA person’s declaration may be witnessed by—\na justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or\na lawyer; or\na conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or\nanother person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nSee also section 13E and part 6A for requirements for witnessing a declaration by audio visual link.\nHowever, a regulation may provide that a person mentioned in subsection (1) (a) , (b) , (c) or (d) —\nmay witness a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\nmay not witness a declaration of a prescribed type.\nThis section applies to a declaration witnessed for Queensland law, whether it is witnessed inside or outside Queensland (including outside Australia).\ns 16B (prev s 13) amd 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3; 1908 8 Edw 7 No. 18 s 2 sch 1; 1960 9 Eliz 2 No. 16 s 2; 1992 No. 36 s 2 sch 1\nsub 1995 No. 24 s 28\namd 2021 No. 23 s 37 (1) – (7)\nreloc and renum 2021 No. 23 s 37 (8)\namd 2023 No. 23 s 148\n(sec.16B-ssec.1) A person’s declaration may be witnessed by— a justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or a lawyer; or a conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection. See also section 13E and part 6A for requirements for witnessing a declaration by audio visual link.\n(sec.16B-ssec.2) However, a regulation may provide that a person mentioned in subsection (1) (a) , (b) , (c) or (d) — may witness a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or may not witness a declaration of a prescribed type.\n(sec.16B-ssec.3) This section applies to a declaration witnessed for Queensland law, whether it is witnessed inside or outside Queensland (including outside Australia).\n- (a) a justice, commissioner for declarations or notary public under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or\n- (b) a lawyer; or\n- (c) a conveyancer, or another person authorised to administer an oath, under the law of the State, the Commonwealth or another State; or\n- (d) another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n- (a) may witness a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\n- (b) may not witness a declaration of a prescribed type.","sortOrder":37},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Affidavit or declaration electronically signed in physical presence of witness","content":"### sec.16C Affidavit or declaration electronically signed in physical presence of witness\n\nThis section applies if a signatory or substitute signatory signs an affidavit or a declaration in the physical presence of a witness.\nThe affidavit or declaration may be made in the form of an electronic document, and may be electronically signed, if the witness is a special witness for the affidavit or declaration or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nHowever, a regulation made under subsection (2) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection—\nmay witness an affidavit or a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\nmay not witness an affidavit or a declaration of a prescribed type.\nIf the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and electronically signed, the witness may confirm the affidavit or declaration by signing the electronic document or a true copy or counterpart for the electronic document.\nIf a justice or commissioner for declarations confirms the affidavit or declaration under subsection (4) , the justice or commissioner for declarations is not required to insert on the affidavit or declaration the imprint of a seal of office issued to the person under the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 .\nThis section does not apply to a declaration lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register.\nTo remove any doubt, it is declared that this section applies to a declaration that is supporting evidence under the participation rules within the meaning of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (Queensland) for a document lodged under section 7 of that Law.\ns 16C ins 2021 No. 23 s 39\namd 2023 No. 23 s 149\n(sec.16C-ssec.1) This section applies if a signatory or substitute signatory signs an affidavit or a declaration in the physical presence of a witness.\n(sec.16C-ssec.2) The affidavit or declaration may be made in the form of an electronic document, and may be electronically signed, if the witness is a special witness for the affidavit or declaration or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n(sec.16C-ssec.3) However, a regulation made under subsection (2) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection— may witness an affidavit or a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or may not witness an affidavit or a declaration of a prescribed type.\n(sec.16C-ssec.4) If the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and electronically signed, the witness may confirm the affidavit or declaration by signing the electronic document or a true copy or counterpart for the electronic document.\n(sec.16C-ssec.5) If a justice or commissioner for declarations confirms the affidavit or declaration under subsection (4) , the justice or commissioner for declarations is not required to insert on the affidavit or declaration the imprint of a seal of office issued to the person under the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 .\n(sec.16C-ssec.6) This section does not apply to a declaration lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register.\n(sec.16C-ssec.7) To remove any doubt, it is declared that this section applies to a declaration that is supporting evidence under the participation rules within the meaning of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (Queensland) for a document lodged under section 7 of that Law.\n- (a) may witness an affidavit or a declaration only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\n- (b) may not witness an affidavit or a declaration of a prescribed type.","sortOrder":38},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Effect of affidavit or declaration electronically signed in physical presence of witness","content":"### sec.16D Effect of affidavit or declaration electronically signed in physical presence of witness\n\nThis section applies to an affidavit or a declaration under section 16C if—\neither—\nthe affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and the signatory or substitute signatory electronically signed the electronic document; and\nthe witness confirmed the affidavit or declaration by signing the same electronic document or a true copy of the affidavit or declaration; or\nthe affidavit or declaration is made using counterparts in the form of electronic documents.\nIf subsection (1) (a) applies and the affidavit or declaration is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the electronic document or true copy confirmed by the witness, or a printout of the electronic document or true copy, may be—\ngiven, produced or used for the purpose; and\nrelied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\nThe electronic document or a true copy confirmed by the witness, or a printout of the electronic document or true copy, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\nIf subsection (1) (b) applies and the affidavit or declaration is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose—\nthe counterpart confirmed by the witness for the document must be kept with the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; and\nthe counterpart mentioned in paragraph (a) and the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory together constitute the affidavit or declaration; and\nthe counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be—\ngiven, produced or used for the purpose; and\nrelied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\nThe counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\nSubsections (2) and (3) do not limit the power of a court, tribunal or other person to whom the affidavit or declaration is given for any purpose to require production of the electronic document or a true copy, or the counterparts in the form of electronic documents.\ns 16D ins 2021 No. 23 s 39\n(sec.16D-ssec.1) This section applies to an affidavit or a declaration under section 16C if— either— the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and the signatory or substitute signatory electronically signed the electronic document; and the witness confirmed the affidavit or declaration by signing the same electronic document or a true copy of the affidavit or declaration; or the affidavit or declaration is made using counterparts in the form of electronic documents.\n(sec.16D-ssec.2) If subsection (1) (a) applies and the affidavit or declaration is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the electronic document or true copy confirmed by the witness, or a printout of the electronic document or true copy, may be— given, produced or used for the purpose; and relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration. The electronic document or a true copy confirmed by the witness, or a printout of the electronic document or true copy, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n(sec.16D-ssec.3) If subsection (1) (b) applies and the affidavit or declaration is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose— the counterpart confirmed by the witness for the document must be kept with the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; and the counterpart mentioned in paragraph (a) and the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory together constitute the affidavit or declaration; and the counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be— given, produced or used for the purpose; and relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration. The counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n(sec.16D-ssec.4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not limit the power of a court, tribunal or other person to whom the affidavit or declaration is given for any purpose to require production of the electronic document or a true copy, or the counterparts in the form of electronic documents.\n- (a) either— (i) the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and the signatory or substitute signatory electronically signed the electronic document; and (ii) the witness confirmed the affidavit or declaration by signing the same electronic document or a true copy of the affidavit or declaration; or\n- (i) the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and the signatory or substitute signatory electronically signed the electronic document; and\n- (ii) the witness confirmed the affidavit or declaration by signing the same electronic document or a true copy of the affidavit or declaration; or\n- (b) the affidavit or declaration is made using counterparts in the form of electronic documents.\n- (i) the affidavit or declaration is in the form of an electronic document and the signatory or substitute signatory electronically signed the electronic document; and\n- (ii) the witness confirmed the affidavit or declaration by signing the same electronic document or a true copy of the affidavit or declaration; or\n- (a) given, produced or used for the purpose; and\n- (b) relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n- (a) the counterpart confirmed by the witness for the document must be kept with the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; and\n- (b) the counterpart mentioned in paragraph (a) and the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory together constitute the affidavit or declaration; and\n- (c) the counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be— (i) given, produced or used for the purpose; and (ii) relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration. Example for subsection (3) — The counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n- (i) given, produced or used for the purpose; and\n- (ii) relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration. Example for subsection (3) — The counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n- (i) given, produced or used for the purpose; and\n- (ii) relied on as evidence of the affidavit or declaration. Example for subsection (3) — The counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts, may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.","sortOrder":39},{"sectionNumber":"pt.5","sectionType":"part","heading":"Solemn affirmations and declarations","content":"# Solemn affirmations and declarations","sortOrder":40},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17","sectionType":"section","heading":"Affirmation instead of oath in certain cases","content":"### sec.17 Affirmation instead of oath in certain cases\n\nIf any person called as a witness or required or desired to make an oath affidavit or deposition objects to being sworn it shall be lawful for the court or judge or other presiding officer or person qualified to administer oaths or to take affidavits or depositions to permit such person instead of being sworn to make his or her solemn affirmation in the words following videlicet—\n‘I A.B. do solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare etc.’.\nWhich solemn affirmation shall be of the same force and effect as if such person had taken an oath in the usual form and the like provisions shall apply also to every person required to be sworn as a juror.\ns 17 amd 1981 No. 61 s 5 ; 2000 No. 58 s 2 sch\nhdg (prec s 18) om 1995 No. 24 s 31\n(sec.17-ssec.1) If any person called as a witness or required or desired to make an oath affidavit or deposition objects to being sworn it shall be lawful for the court or judge or other presiding officer or person qualified to administer oaths or to take affidavits or depositions to permit such person instead of being sworn to make his or her solemn affirmation in the words following videlicet— ‘I A.B. do solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare etc.’.\n(sec.17-ssec.2) Which solemn affirmation shall be of the same force and effect as if such person had taken an oath in the usual form and the like provisions shall apply also to every person required to be sworn as a juror.","sortOrder":41},{"sectionNumber":"sec.18","sectionType":"section","heading":"Quakers and Moravians permitted to make a solemn affirmation or declaration instead of oath","content":"### sec.18 Quakers and Moravians permitted to make a solemn affirmation or declaration instead of oath\n\nEvery person being or having been of the persuasion of the people called Quakers and every person being or having been a Moravian shall be permitted to make his or her solemn affirmation or declaration instead of taking an oath in all places and for all purposes whatsoever where an oath is or shall be required either by the common law or by an Act of Parliament already made or hereafter to be made which said affirmation or declaration shall be of the same force and effect as if he or she had taken an oath in the usual form.\nHowever, every such affirmation or declaration shall be in the words following that is to say—\n‘I A.B. being [ or having been as the case may be ] one of the people called Quakers [ or one of the persuasion of the people called Quakers or of the united brethren called Moravians as the case may be ] do solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare.’.\ns 18 amd 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3; 1995 No. 24 s 31\nhdg (prec s 19) om 1995 No. 24 s 31\n(sec.18-ssec.1) Every person being or having been of the persuasion of the people called Quakers and every person being or having been a Moravian shall be permitted to make his or her solemn affirmation or declaration instead of taking an oath in all places and for all purposes whatsoever where an oath is or shall be required either by the common law or by an Act of Parliament already made or hereafter to be made which said affirmation or declaration shall be of the same force and effect as if he or she had taken an oath in the usual form.\n(sec.18-ssec.2) However, every such affirmation or declaration shall be in the words following that is to say— ‘I A.B. being [ or having been as the case may be ] one of the people called Quakers [ or one of the persuasion of the people called Quakers or of the united brethren called Moravians as the case may be ] do solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare.’.","sortOrder":42},{"sectionNumber":"sec.19","sectionType":"section","heading":"Separatists instead of an oath may make the following affirmation","content":"### sec.19 Separatists instead of an oath may make the following affirmation\n\nEvery person for the time being belonging to the sect called separatists who shall be required upon any lawful occasion to take an oath in any case where by law an oath is or may be required shall instead of the usual form be permitted to make his or her solemn affirmation or declaration in these words following videlicet—\n‘I A.B. do in the presence of Almighty God solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I am a member of the religious sect called separatists and that the taking of any oath is contrary to my religious belief as well as essentially opposed to the tenets of that sect and I do also in the same solemn manner affirm and declare.’.\nWhich said solemn affirmation or declaration shall be adjudged and taken and is hereby enacted and declared to be of the same force and effect to all intents and purposes in all courts of justice and other places whatsoever where by law an oath is or may be required as if such separatists had taken an oath in the usual form.\ns 19 amd 1995 No. 24 s 31\n(sec.19-ssec.1) Every person for the time being belonging to the sect called separatists who shall be required upon any lawful occasion to take an oath in any case where by law an oath is or may be required shall instead of the usual form be permitted to make his or her solemn affirmation or declaration in these words following videlicet— ‘I A.B. do in the presence of Almighty God solemnly sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I am a member of the religious sect called separatists and that the taking of any oath is contrary to my religious belief as well as essentially opposed to the tenets of that sect and I do also in the same solemn manner affirm and declare.’.\n(sec.19-ssec.2) Which said solemn affirmation or declaration shall be adjudged and taken and is hereby enacted and declared to be of the same force and effect to all intents and purposes in all courts of justice and other places whatsoever where by law an oath is or may be required as if such separatists had taken an oath in the usual form.","sortOrder":43},{"sectionNumber":"sec.20","sectionType":"section","heading":null,"content":"### Section sec.20\n\ns 20 om 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3","sortOrder":44},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6","sectionType":"part","heading":"Other oaths","content":"# Other oaths","sortOrder":45},{"sectionNumber":"sec.21","sectionType":"section","heading":"Swearing of jurors in civil trials","content":"### sec.21 Swearing of jurors in civil trials\n\nJurors may be sworn for civil trials in open court in the following form or in a form to the same effect—\n‘You will conscientiously try the issues on which your decision is required and decide them according to the evidence. You will also not disclose anything about the jury’s deliberations other than as allowed or required by law. So help you God.’.\ns 21 sub 1995 No. 42 s 76 sch 2","sortOrder":46},{"sectionNumber":"sec.22","sectionType":"section","heading":"Swearing of jurors in criminal trials","content":"### sec.22 Swearing of jurors in criminal trials\n\nJurors may be sworn for criminal trials in open court in the following form or in a form to the same effect—\n‘You will conscientiously try the charges against the defendant (or defendants) [*or the issues on which your decision is required] and decide them according to the evidence. You will also not disclose anything about the jury’s deliberations other than as allowed or required by law. So help you God.’.\ns 22 sub 1995 No. 42 s 76 sch 2\nhdg (prec s 23) om 1995 No. 24 s 33","sortOrder":47},{"sectionNumber":"sec.23","sectionType":"section","heading":"Witnesses’ oath in civil causes","content":"### sec.23 Witnesses’ oath in civil causes\n\nWitnesses may be sworn in civil causes in open court in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘The evidence which you shall give to the court [and jury sworn] touching the matters in question between the parties shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\ns 23 ins 1981 No. 61 s 7","sortOrder":48},{"sectionNumber":"sec.23A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Witnesses’ oath in proceedings not otherwise specified","content":"### sec.23A Witnesses’ oath in proceedings not otherwise specified\n\nWitnesses may be sworn in any judicial or other proceedings in respect of which a form of oath to be sworn therein is not provided in this Act in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘The evidence which you shall give to the court [ or in these proceedings] shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\ns 23A ins 1981 No. 61 s 7\nhdg (prec s 24) om 1995 No. 24 s 33","sortOrder":49},{"sectionNumber":"sec.24","sectionType":"section","heading":"Voire dire","content":"### sec.24 Voire dire\n\nAny person may be sworn on the voire dire in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You shall true answer make to all such questions as the court shall demand of you So help you God.’.","sortOrder":50},{"sectionNumber":"sec.25","sectionType":"section","heading":"Witnesses’ oath on criminal trials","content":"### sec.25 Witnesses’ oath on criminal trials\n\nWitnesses may be sworn on criminal trials in open court in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘The evidence which you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] at the bar [ or the defendant] shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\nhdg (prec s 26) om 1995 No. 24 s 33","sortOrder":51},{"sectionNumber":"sec.26","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreters’ oath in civil causes","content":"### sec.26 Interpreters’ oath in civil causes\n\nInterpreters may be sworn in civil causes in open court in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You swear that you understand the language of the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and are able to interpret between the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and the court and jury and all persons conversant with the English language So help you God.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and the court and jury and all persons conversant with the English language to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and the evidence you shall give to the court and jury sworn touching the matters in question shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.","sortOrder":52},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreters’ oath in civil causes on the voire dire","content":"### sec.27 Interpreters’ oath in civil causes on the voire dire\n\nInterpreters may be sworn in civil causes in open court to interpret on the voire dire in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You swear that you understand the language of the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and are able to interpret between the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and the court and all persons conversant with the English language So help you God.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness [ or plaintiff or defendant] and the court and all persons conversant with the English language to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and you shall true answer make to all such questions as the court shall demand of you So help you God.’.\nhdg (prec s 28) om 1995 No. 24 s 33","sortOrder":53},{"sectionNumber":"sec.28","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreters’ oath for the arraignment—to interpret between prisoner and others","content":"### sec.28 Interpreters’ oath for the arraignment—to interpret between prisoner and others\n\nInterpreters may be sworn in open court for the purpose of conducting the arraignment of any person accused in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You swear that you understand the language of the prisoner at the bar and are able to interpret between the prisoner and the court So help you God.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the prisoner at the bar and the court to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and you shall true answer make to all such questions as the court shall demand of you So help you God.’.\nAnd whenever on the trial of such person it may be necessary to examine a witness who does not speak the English language on the voire dire the interpreter’s oath may be in the form given in section 27 or to the like effect retaining the word ‘witness’ throughout.\nhdg (prec s 29) om 1995 No. 24 s 33\n(sec.28-ssec.1) Interpreters may be sworn in open court for the purpose of conducting the arraignment of any person accused in the following form or to the like effect— ‘You swear that you understand the language of the prisoner at the bar and are able to interpret between the prisoner and the court So help you God.’ ‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the prisoner at the bar and the court to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and you shall true answer make to all such questions as the court shall demand of you So help you God.’.\n(sec.28-ssec.2) And whenever on the trial of such person it may be necessary to examine a witness who does not speak the English language on the voire dire the interpreter’s oath may be in the form given in section 27 or to the like effect retaining the word ‘witness’ throughout.","sortOrder":54},{"sectionNumber":"sec.29","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreter’s oath to interpret between a prisoner, defendant or witness and others","content":"### sec.29 Interpreter’s oath to interpret between a prisoner, defendant or witness and others\n\nInterpreters may be sworn for the purposes of a criminal trial in open court in the following form or to the like effect—\nNON-ENGLISH SPEAKING PRISONER\n‘You swear that you understand the language of the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] at the bar [ or the defendant] and are able to interpret between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and the court and jury and between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and all persons conversant with the English language So help you God.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] at the bar [ or the defendant] and the court and jury and between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and all persons conversant with the English language to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and the evidence which you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner [ or prisoners] at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\nNON-ENGLISH SPEAKING WITNESS\n‘You swear that you understand the language of the witness and are able to interpret between the witness and the court and jury and the prisoner and all persons conversant with the English language.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness the court and jury and the prisoner and all persons conversant with the English language and the evidence which you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\nHowever, when the witness and the prisoner do not speak English fluently but speak different languages and the interpreter is unable to interpret to the prisoner the reference to the prisoner shall be omitted and an additional interpreter sworn to interpret the English interpretation of the first interpreter to the prisoner.\ns 29 amd 1995 No. 24 s 34 ; 1996 No. 79 s 89\n(sec.29-ssec.1) Interpreters may be sworn for the purposes of a criminal trial in open court in the following form or to the like effect— NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING PRISONER ‘You swear that you understand the language of the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] at the bar [ or the defendant] and are able to interpret between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and the court and jury and between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and all persons conversant with the English language So help you God.’ ‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] at the bar [ or the defendant] and the court and jury and between the prisoner [ or prisoners or defendant] and all persons conversant with the English language to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and the evidence which you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner [ or prisoners] at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’. NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING WITNESS ‘You swear that you understand the language of the witness and are able to interpret between the witness and the court and jury and the prisoner and all persons conversant with the English language.’ ‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness the court and jury and the prisoner and all persons conversant with the English language and the evidence which you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\n(sec.29-ssec.2) However, when the witness and the prisoner do not speak English fluently but speak different languages and the interpreter is unable to interpret to the prisoner the reference to the prisoner shall be omitted and an additional interpreter sworn to interpret the English interpretation of the first interpreter to the prisoner.\n- NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING PRISONER\n- NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING WITNESS","sortOrder":55},{"sectionNumber":"sec.30","sectionType":"section","heading":"Where witness and prisoner are of different languages—first interpreter’s oaths","content":"### sec.30 Where witness and prisoner are of different languages—first interpreter’s oaths\n\nWhen on any criminal trial a witness and the prisoner do not speak English fluently but speak different languages and an interpreter can be found conversant with the languages of the prisoner and the witness and able to interpret between them and a second interpreter can be found conversant with the English and with any language with which the first interpreter is conversant and able to interpret from the lastnamed language into English the first interpreter may be sworn through the second interpreter in open court in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You swear that you understand the several languages of the witness and the prisoner and are able to interpret between them So help you God.’\n‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness and the prisoner at the bar and the prisoner at the bar and the witness and between them and each of them and the court and jury and all interpreters witnesses and persons whatsoever to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and the evidence you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\nAnd whatever be the number of interpreters necessary before the statements of the prisoner and the witness can be interpreted into one and the same language and into English the same forms of oath shall be administered mutatis mutandis to each interpreter in the succession and the like provision shall apply in civil causes as far as may be.\ns 30 amd 1996 No. 79 s 90\n(sec.30-ssec.1) When on any criminal trial a witness and the prisoner do not speak English fluently but speak different languages and an interpreter can be found conversant with the languages of the prisoner and the witness and able to interpret between them and a second interpreter can be found conversant with the English and with any language with which the first interpreter is conversant and able to interpret from the lastnamed language into English the first interpreter may be sworn through the second interpreter in open court in the following form or to the like effect— ‘You swear that you understand the several languages of the witness and the prisoner and are able to interpret between them So help you God.’ ‘You shall well and truly interpret and true explanation make between the witness and the prisoner at the bar and the prisoner at the bar and the witness and between them and each of them and the court and jury and all interpreters witnesses and persons whatsoever to the best of your knowledge skill and ability and the evidence you shall give to the court and jury sworn between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the prisoner at the bar shall be the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth So help you God.’.\n(sec.30-ssec.2) And whatever be the number of interpreters necessary before the statements of the prisoner and the witness can be interpreted into one and the same language and into English the same forms of oath shall be administered mutatis mutandis to each interpreter in the succession and the like provision shall apply in civil causes as far as may be.","sortOrder":56},{"sectionNumber":"sec.30A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Intermediaries’ oath","content":"### sec.30A Intermediaries’ oath\n\nIntermediaries may be sworn in the criminal proceedings in which they are appointed in the following form or in a form to the same effect—\n‘You swear that you will well and truly communicate and explain the questions put to the witness and the answers given by the witness to the best of your knowledge, skill and ability So help you God.’.\nIn this section—\nintermediary means a person appointed as an intermediary under an order made under the Evidence Act 1977 , section 21AZL .\ns 30A ins 2020 No. 32 s 51\nhdg (prec s 31) sub 1988 No. 26 s 6\nom 1995 No. 24 s 33\n(sec.30A-ssec.1) Intermediaries may be sworn in the criminal proceedings in which they are appointed in the following form or in a form to the same effect— ‘You swear that you will well and truly communicate and explain the questions put to the witness and the answers given by the witness to the best of your knowledge, skill and ability So help you God.’.\n(sec.30A-ssec.2) In this section— intermediary means a person appointed as an intermediary under an order made under the Evidence Act 1977 , section 21AZL .","sortOrder":57},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oath of bailiff in charge of jury","content":"### sec.31 Oath of bailiff in charge of jury\n\nBailiffs may be sworn to take charge of juries in the following form or in a form to the same effect—\n‘You swear that you will not communicate with the jury nor allow anyone else to communicate with the jury unless the communication is authorised by the court, or is otherwise authorised by law. So help you God.’.\ns 31 sub 1988 No. 26 s 6 ; 1995 No. 42 s 76 sch 2","sortOrder":58},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oath of police officer assisting bailiff in charge of jury","content":"### sec.31A Oath of police officer assisting bailiff in charge of jury\n\nPolice officers may be sworn to assist bailiffs in charge of juries in the following form or to the like effect—\n‘You swear that you will assist the bailiff in charge of this jury in keeping them in some safe and private place and allow no-one but the bailiff to communicate with them and not communicate with them yourself without leave of the court So help you God.’.\nA police officer who is about to assume the duty another police officer has sworn (in accordance with subsection (1) ) to carry out in respect of a jury may be sworn to carry out that duty by the bailiff in charge of the jury in the form prescribed by that subsection or to the like effect.\ns 31A ins 1988 No. 26 s 6\n(sec.31A-ssec.1) Police officers may be sworn to assist bailiffs in charge of juries in the following form or to the like effect— ‘You swear that you will assist the bailiff in charge of this jury in keeping them in some safe and private place and allow no-one but the bailiff to communicate with them and not communicate with them yourself without leave of the court So help you God.’.\n(sec.31A-ssec.2) A police officer who is about to assume the duty another police officer has sworn (in accordance with subsection (1) ) to carry out in respect of a jury may be sworn to carry out that duty by the bailiff in charge of the jury in the form prescribed by that subsection or to the like effect.","sortOrder":59},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A","sectionType":"part","heading":"Audio visual links","content":"# Audio visual links","sortOrder":60},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Preliminary","content":"## Preliminary","sortOrder":61},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions for part","content":"### sec.31B Definitions for part\n\nIn this part—\nadminister includes—\nin relation to an oath or affirmation—take, receive and swear; and\nin relation to a declaration—take and receive.\nconfirm ...\ns 31B def confirm om 2023 No. 23 s 150\ncopy , of an electronic document, means a reproduction of the document in either electronic or hard copy form.\nmake , in relation to a document, includes execute.\nofficial version , of a document, means—\nif under section 31U (2) (a) the witness confirms the document is the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory and—\nthe document is given in the form of a physical document—the document; or\nthe document is given in the form of an electronic document—the document or a printout of the document; or\nif under section 31U (2) (b) the witness confirms the document is a true copy of the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory and—\nthe true copy is given in the form of a physical document—the true copy; or\nthe true copy is given in the form of an electronic document—the true copy or a printout of the true copy.\noriginal physical version , of a document, means the version of the document that was physically signed by the signatory or substitute signatory if the version is not the same as the official version of the document.\nwitness , a document, includes—\nwitness the signing of the document; and\nfor an affidavit—administer an oath or affirmation for the affidavit; and\nfor a declaration—administer the declaration.\ns 31B ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n- (a) in relation to an oath or affirmation—take, receive and swear; and\n- (b) in relation to a declaration—take and receive.\n- (a) if under section 31U (2) (a) the witness confirms the document is the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory and— (i) the document is given in the form of a physical document—the document; or (ii) the document is given in the form of an electronic document—the document or a printout of the document; or\n- (i) the document is given in the form of a physical document—the document; or\n- (ii) the document is given in the form of an electronic document—the document or a printout of the document; or\n- (b) if under section 31U (2) (b) the witness confirms the document is a true copy of the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory and— (i) the true copy is given in the form of a physical document—the true copy; or (ii) the true copy is given in the form of an electronic document—the true copy or a printout of the true copy.\n- (i) the true copy is given in the form of a physical document—the true copy; or\n- (ii) the true copy is given in the form of an electronic document—the true copy or a printout of the true copy.\n- (i) the document is given in the form of a physical document—the document; or\n- (ii) the document is given in the form of an electronic document—the document or a printout of the document; or\n- (i) the true copy is given in the form of a physical document—the true copy; or\n- (ii) the true copy is given in the form of an electronic document—the true copy or a printout of the true copy.\n- (a) witness the signing of the document; and\n- (b) for an affidavit—administer an oath or affirmation for the affidavit; and\n- (c) for a declaration—administer the declaration.","sortOrder":62},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31C","sectionType":"section","heading":"References to witnesses, signatories and substitute signatories","content":"### sec.31C References to witnesses, signatories and substitute signatories\n\nIn this part—\na reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and\na reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and\na reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\nAlso, for an affidavit or a declaration—\na reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and\na reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.\ns 31C ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31C-ssec.1) In this part— a reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and a reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and a reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\n(sec.31C-ssec.2) Also, for an affidavit or a declaration— a reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and a reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.\n- (a) a reference to a witness in relation to a document is a reference to a person witnessing the making of the document; and\n- (b) a reference to a signatory in relation to a document is a reference to the person for whom the document is made, whether signed by the person or by a substitute signatory at the direction of the person; and\n- (c) a reference to a substitute signatory in relation to a document is a reference to a person signing the document at the direction of the signatory.\n- (a) a reference to a witness in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who administers an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made; and\n- (b) a reference to a signatory in relation to the affidavit or declaration is a reference to the person who makes or gives an oath or affirmation for the person’s affidavit or declaration before the affidavit or declaration is made.","sortOrder":63},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31CA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Part does not limit other laws","content":"### sec.31CA Part does not limit other laws\n\nTo remove any doubt, it is declared that this part does not limit a provision of another Act or law about the way in which, or by whom, a document—\nis sworn, or taken or received on oath; or\nis made as a statutory declaration.\ncomplaint and summons, application for a warrant\nin person, by audio link, by audio visual link\ns 31CA ins 2023 No. 1 s 73\n- (a) is sworn, or taken or received on oath; or\n- (b) is made as a statutory declaration.","sortOrder":64},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Affidavits","content":"## Affidavits","sortOrder":65},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.31D Application of division\n\nThis division applies to an affidavit made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\ns 31D ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":66},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Presence by audio visual link","content":"### sec.31E Presence by audio visual link\n\nA requirement under this Act or another law for the presence of a witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of an affidavit is taken to be satisfied if—\nthe witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person is present by audio visual link; and\nthe signatory’s oath or affirmation for the affidavit is administered by a special witness for the affidavit or another person prescribed by regulation under section 31Q (2) or 31S (1) ; and\nthe making, signing or witnessing of the affidavit is carried out in accordance with division 5 .\ns 31E ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\namd 2023 No. 23 s 151\n- (a) the witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person is present by audio visual link; and\n- (b) the signatory’s oath or affirmation for the affidavit is administered by a special witness for the affidavit or another person prescribed by regulation under section 31Q (2) or 31S (1) ; and\n- (c) the making, signing or witnessing of the affidavit is carried out in accordance with division 5 .","sortOrder":67},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Affidavit may be in form of electronic document and electronically signed","content":"### sec.31F Affidavit may be in form of electronic document and electronically signed\n\nAn affidavit may be in the form of an electronic document, and may be electronically signed, if—\nthe witness, signatory, substitute signatory or another person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of the affidavit is present by audio visual link; and\nthe affidavit is made, signed and witnessed in accordance with division 5 .\ns 31F ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n- (a) the witness, signatory, substitute signatory or another person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of the affidavit is present by audio visual link; and\n- (b) the affidavit is made, signed and witnessed in accordance with division 5 .","sortOrder":68},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31G","sectionType":"section","heading":"Admission of affidavit not complying with requirements","content":"### sec.31G Admission of affidavit not complying with requirements\n\nThis section applies in relation to a purported affidavit that does not comply with the requirements under this Act, another law or any regulation, rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved under section 13A if—\na court is satisfied compliance with the requirements in relation to the purported affidavit was not reasonably practicable; and\nthe purported affidavit states the reasons why compliance with the requirements was not reasonably practicable.\nThe court may admit the purported affidavit in evidence in a proceeding if the court considers it is desirable in the interests of justice.\ns 31G ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31G-ssec.1) This section applies in relation to a purported affidavit that does not comply with the requirements under this Act, another law or any regulation, rule of court or practice direction made, given, issued or approved under section 13A if— a court is satisfied compliance with the requirements in relation to the purported affidavit was not reasonably practicable; and the purported affidavit states the reasons why compliance with the requirements was not reasonably practicable.\n(sec.31G-ssec.2) The court may admit the purported affidavit in evidence in a proceeding if the court considers it is desirable in the interests of justice.\n- (a) a court is satisfied compliance with the requirements in relation to the purported affidavit was not reasonably practicable; and\n- (b) the purported affidavit states the reasons why compliance with the requirements was not reasonably practicable.","sortOrder":69},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31H","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disapplication of s 33","content":"### sec.31H Disapplication of s 33\n\nSection 33 does not apply in relation to an affidavit made, signed or witnessed under this division.\ns 31H ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":70},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A-div.3","sectionType":"division","heading":"Declarations","content":"## Declarations","sortOrder":71},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31I","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.31I Application of division\n\nThis division applies to a declaration made, signed or witnessed under this Act or another law.\ns 31I ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":72},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31J","sectionType":"section","heading":"Presence by audio visual link","content":"### sec.31J Presence by audio visual link\n\nA requirement under this Act or another law for the presence of a witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of a declaration is taken to be satisfied if—\nthe witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person is present by audio visual link; and\nthe signatory’s oath or affirmation for the declaration is administered by a special witness for the declaration or another person prescribed by regulation under section 31Q (2) or 31S (1) ; and\nthe making, signing or witnessing of the declaration is carried out in accordance with division 5 .\ns 31J ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\namd 2023 No. 23 s 152\n- (a) the witness, signatory, substitute signatory or other person is present by audio visual link; and\n- (b) the signatory’s oath or affirmation for the declaration is administered by a special witness for the declaration or another person prescribed by regulation under section 31Q (2) or 31S (1) ; and\n- (c) the making, signing or witnessing of the declaration is carried out in accordance with division 5 .","sortOrder":73},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31K","sectionType":"section","heading":"Declaration may be in form of electronic document and electronically signed","content":"### sec.31K Declaration may be in form of electronic document and electronically signed\n\nA declaration may be in the form of an electronic document, and may be electronically signed, if—\nthe witness, signatory, substitute signatory or another person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of the declaration is present by audio visual link; and\nthe declaration is made, signed and witnessed in accordance with division 5 .\nSubsection (1) does not apply to a declaration lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register.\nTo remove any doubt, it is declared that subsection (1) applies to a declaration that is supporting evidence under the participation rules within the meaning of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (Queensland) for a document lodged under section 7 of that Law.\ns 31K ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31K-ssec.1) A declaration may be in the form of an electronic document, and may be electronically signed, if— the witness, signatory, substitute signatory or another person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of the declaration is present by audio visual link; and the declaration is made, signed and witnessed in accordance with division 5 .\n(sec.31K-ssec.2) Subsection (1) does not apply to a declaration lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register.\n(sec.31K-ssec.3) To remove any doubt, it is declared that subsection (1) applies to a declaration that is supporting evidence under the participation rules within the meaning of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (Queensland) for a document lodged under section 7 of that Law.\n- (a) the witness, signatory, substitute signatory or another person in relation to the making, signing or witnessing of the declaration is present by audio visual link; and\n- (b) the declaration is made, signed and witnessed in accordance with division 5 .","sortOrder":74},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31L","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disapplication of s 33","content":"### sec.31L Disapplication of s 33\n\nSection 33 does not apply in relation to a declaration made, signed or witnessed under this division.\ns 31L ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":75},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A-div.4","sectionType":"division","heading":"Oaths and affirmations","content":"## Oaths and affirmations","sortOrder":76},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31M","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.31M Application of division\n\nThis division applies to an oath or affirmation, however described, that is administered or made anywhere, including, for example, in open court, under this Act or another law and in the presence of an authorised person if the authorised person is present by audio visual link.\nHowever, this division does not apply to—\nan oath or affirmation administered or made in relation to an affidavit under division 2 or a declaration under division 3 ; or\nan oath of allegiance or oath of office under part 2 .\ns 31M ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31M-ssec.1) This division applies to an oath or affirmation, however described, that is administered or made anywhere, including, for example, in open court, under this Act or another law and in the presence of an authorised person if the authorised person is present by audio visual link.\n(sec.31M-ssec.2) However, this division does not apply to— an oath or affirmation administered or made in relation to an affidavit under division 2 or a declaration under division 3 ; or an oath of allegiance or oath of office under part 2 .\n- (a) an oath or affirmation administered or made in relation to an affidavit under division 2 or a declaration under division 3 ; or\n- (b) an oath of allegiance or oath of office under part 2 .","sortOrder":77},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31N","sectionType":"section","heading":"Presence by audio visual link","content":"### sec.31N Presence by audio visual link\n\nA requirement under this Act or another law for the presence of an authorised person in relation to a person’s oath or affirmation is taken to be satisfied if the authorised person is present by audio visual link.\ns 31N ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":78},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31O","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disapplication of s 33","content":"### sec.31O Disapplication of s 33\n\nSection 33 does not apply in relation to an oath or affirmation administered or made under this division.\ns 31O ins 2021 No. 23 s 40","sortOrder":79},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6A-div.5","sectionType":"division","heading":"Signing or witnessing documents by audio visual link","content":"## Signing or witnessing documents by audio visual link","sortOrder":80},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31OA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of division","content":"### sec.31OA Application of division\n\nThis division applies to a document that is an affidavit or a declaration.\ns 31OA ins 2023 No. 1 s 74","sortOrder":81},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31P","sectionType":"section","heading":"Who may be a substitute signatory","content":"### sec.31P Who may be a substitute signatory\n\nA person may be directed by audio visual link to sign a document for a signatory only if the person is—\nan Australian legal practitioner; or\na government legal officer under the Legal Profession Act 2007 who—\nis an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\nwitnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\nan employee of the public trustee.\nSee also section 13G .\ns 31P ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 153\n- (a) an Australian legal practitioner; or\n- (b) a government legal officer under the Legal Profession Act 2007 who— (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\n- (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\n- (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or\n- (c) an employee of the public trustee.\n- (i) is an Australian lawyer but not an Australian legal practitioner; and\n- (ii) witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer; or","sortOrder":82},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31Q","sectionType":"section","heading":"Substitute signatory signing in physical presence of witness requires special witness or another prescribed person","content":"### sec.31Q Substitute signatory signing in physical presence of witness requires special witness or another prescribed person\n\nThis section applies in relation to a substitute signatory directed by audio visual link to sign a document for a signatory if the substitute signatory is to sign the document in the physical presence of a witness.\nSee section 31S in relation to the signing of a document to be witnessed by audio visual link.\nThe signing of the document by the substitute signatory must be witnessed by a special witness for the document or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nHowever, a regulation made under subsection (2) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection—\nmay witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\nmay not witness a document of a prescribed type.\nThis section does not—\naffect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or\nauthorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.\ns 31Q ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\namd 2023 No. 23 s 154\n(sec.31Q-ssec.1) This section applies in relation to a substitute signatory directed by audio visual link to sign a document for a signatory if the substitute signatory is to sign the document in the physical presence of a witness. See section 31S in relation to the signing of a document to be witnessed by audio visual link.\n(sec.31Q-ssec.2) The signing of the document by the substitute signatory must be witnessed by a special witness for the document or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n(sec.31Q-ssec.3) However, a regulation made under subsection (2) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection— may witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or may not witness a document of a prescribed type.\n(sec.31Q-ssec.4) This section does not— affect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or authorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.\n- (a) may witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\n- (b) may not witness a document of a prescribed type.\n- (a) affect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or\n- (b) authorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.","sortOrder":83},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31R","sectionType":"section","heading":null,"content":"### Section sec.31R\n\ns 31R ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\nom 2023 No. 23 s 155","sortOrder":84},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31S","sectionType":"section","heading":"Witness must be special witness or another prescribed person","content":"### sec.31S Witness must be special witness or another prescribed person\n\nA document may be witnessed by audio visual link only if the witness is a special witness for the document or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\nHowever, a regulation made under subsection (1) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection—\nmay witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\nmay not witness a document of a prescribed type.\nThis section does not—\naffect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or\nauthorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.\ns 31S ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\namd 2023 No. 23 s 156\n(sec.31S-ssec.1) A document may be witnessed by audio visual link only if the witness is a special witness for the document or another person prescribed by regulation for this subsection.\n(sec.31S-ssec.2) However, a regulation made under subsection (1) may provide that a person prescribed for that subsection— may witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or may not witness a document of a prescribed type.\n(sec.31S-ssec.3) This section does not— affect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or authorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.\n- (a) may witness a document only of a prescribed type and subject to any prescribed conditions; or\n- (b) may not witness a document of a prescribed type.\n- (a) affect any requirement under an Act or other law about the number of witnesses required or permitted to witness a document; or\n- (b) authorise or permit a person who is excluded from witnessing a document under an Act or other law to witness the document.","sortOrder":85},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31T","sectionType":"section","heading":"General requirements for witnessing documents","content":"### sec.31T General requirements for witnessing documents\n\nA document may be witnessed by audio visual link only if—\nthe audio visual link enables the witness to be satisfied, by the sounds and images made by the link, that the signatory or substitute signatory is signing the document; and\nthe witness forms the satisfaction under paragraph (a) in real time.\nSee also sections 13D , 13E and 13H for additional requirements.\ns 31T ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\nsub 2023 No. 23 s 157\n- (a) the audio visual link enables the witness to be satisfied, by the sounds and images made by the link, that the signatory or substitute signatory is signing the document; and\n- (b) the witness forms the satisfaction under paragraph (a) in real time.","sortOrder":86},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31U","sectionType":"section","heading":"Confirmation of signed document by witness","content":"### sec.31U Confirmation of signed document by witness\n\nA person who witnesses a document by audio visual link must confirm the document as soon as practicable after witnessing it, which may or may not be the day on which the document is witnessed.\nThe person may confirm a document as the document witnessed by the person only if the person is satisfied the document—\nis the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or\nis a true copy of the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or\na scanned copy of a signed document sent electronically to the witness\na printout of an electronically signed document sent to the witness\nis a counterpart for the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory.\nAffidavits and declarations in the form of electronic documents may be electronically signed—see sections 31F (for affidavits) and 31K (for declarations).\nIf a justice or commissioner for declarations confirms an electronic document, the justice or commissioner for declarations is not required to insert on the document the imprint of a seal of office issued to the person under the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 .\ns 31U ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31U-ssec.1) A person who witnesses a document by audio visual link must confirm the document as soon as practicable after witnessing it, which may or may not be the day on which the document is witnessed.\n(sec.31U-ssec.2) The person may confirm a document as the document witnessed by the person only if the person is satisfied the document— is the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or is a true copy of the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or a scanned copy of a signed document sent electronically to the witness a printout of an electronically signed document sent to the witness is a counterpart for the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory. Affidavits and declarations in the form of electronic documents may be electronically signed—see sections 31F (for affidavits) and 31K (for declarations).\n(sec.31U-ssec.3) If a justice or commissioner for declarations confirms an electronic document, the justice or commissioner for declarations is not required to insert on the document the imprint of a seal of office issued to the person under the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991 .\n- (a) is the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or\n- (b) is a true copy of the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory; or Examples for paragraph (b) — • a scanned copy of a signed document sent electronically to the witness • a printout of an electronically signed document sent to the witness\n- • a scanned copy of a signed document sent electronically to the witness\n- • a printout of an electronically signed document sent to the witness\n- (c) is a counterpart for the document signed by the signatory or substitute signatory. Note— Affidavits and declarations in the form of electronic documents may be electronically signed—see sections 31F (for affidavits) and 31K (for declarations).\n- • a scanned copy of a signed document sent electronically to the witness\n- • a printout of an electronically signed document sent to the witness","sortOrder":87},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31V","sectionType":"section","heading":"Action after witness confirms document","content":"### sec.31V Action after witness confirms document\n\nAfter a witness confirms a document witnessed by the witness by audio visual link, the witness must give the document, a true copy or a counterpart of the document to the relevant person for the document.\nscanning the document and emailing the scanned copy to the person\ngiving a hard copy printout of the document to the person\nIn this section—\ngive includes—\ngive by electronic means; and\ngive by allowing online computer access; and\nallowing a person to access and download a document from an online file-sharing website\ngive by post.\nrelevant person , for a document, means—\nthe signatory for the document; or\na person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given.\nA person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given may be or include the witness for the document.\ns 31V ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31V-ssec.1) After a witness confirms a document witnessed by the witness by audio visual link, the witness must give the document, a true copy or a counterpart of the document to the relevant person for the document. scanning the document and emailing the scanned copy to the person giving a hard copy printout of the document to the person\n(sec.31V-ssec.2) In this section— give includes— give by electronic means; and give by allowing online computer access; and allowing a person to access and download a document from an online file-sharing website give by post. relevant person , for a document, means— the signatory for the document; or a person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given. A person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given may be or include the witness for the document.\n- • scanning the document and emailing the scanned copy to the person\n- • giving a hard copy printout of the document to the person\n- (a) give by electronic means; and\n- (b) give by allowing online computer access; and Example for paragraph (b) — allowing a person to access and download a document from an online file-sharing website\n- (c) give by post.\n- (a) the signatory for the document; or\n- (b) a person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given. Note— A person to whom the signatory directs the document, true copy or counterpart be given may be or include the witness for the document.","sortOrder":88},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31W","sectionType":"section","heading":"When document starts to be effective","content":"### sec.31W When document starts to be effective\n\nA document made, signed and witnessed under this part starts to be effective when the signatory or substitute signatory signs the document.\nSubsection (1) applies even if the witness confirms the document on a later day than the day the signatory or substitute signatory signs the document.\ns 31W ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31W-ssec.1) A document made, signed and witnessed under this part starts to be effective when the signatory or substitute signatory signs the document.\n(sec.31W-ssec.2) Subsection (1) applies even if the witness confirms the document on a later day than the day the signatory or substitute signatory signs the document.","sortOrder":89},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31X","sectionType":"section","heading":"Presumptions","content":"### sec.31X Presumptions\n\nIn a proceeding, the following must be presumed in relation to a document made, signed or witnessed under this part, unless a party to the proceeding, by reasonable notice, requires proof of it—\nthe validity of the document, to the extent it is made, signed or witnessed under this part;\nthe eligibility of a witness to witness the document;\nthe eligibility of a substitute signatory to sign the document at the direction of the signatory;\nthat a signature on or in the document purporting to be the signature of a witness, signatory or substitute signatory for the document is the signature of the witness, signatory or substitute signatory.\ns 31X ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n- (a) the validity of the document, to the extent it is made, signed or witnessed under this part;\n- (b) the eligibility of a witness to witness the document;\n- (c) the eligibility of a substitute signatory to sign the document at the direction of the signatory;\n- (d) that a signature on or in the document purporting to be the signature of a witness, signatory or substitute signatory for the document is the signature of the witness, signatory or substitute signatory.","sortOrder":90},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31Y","sectionType":"section","heading":"Documents made using official and original physical versions","content":"### sec.31Y Documents made using official and original physical versions\n\nThis section applies to a document, or a true copy of a document—\nthat is confirmed by a person as the document witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (a) or (b) ; and\ngiven to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) .\nFor a document made using counterparts, see section 31Z .\nIf the document is made using an original physical version, the signatory for the document must ensure the original physical version of the document is kept.\nThe person or body for a court or tribunal who has the power to make rules of court or practice directions regulating the practice and procedure of the court or tribunal may make, give, issue or approve a rule or practice direction that states a minimum period for which an original physical version of a document that is filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding is to be kept.\nTo remove any doubt, it is declared that—\na signatory for a document does not commit an offence against this Act or another Act only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) ; and\nthe official version of a document is not invalid only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) .\nSubject to any requirement under any law, once the witness gives the document or true copy to the relevant person, there is no requirement to keep any version of the document confirmed by the witness that has not been given to the relevant person.\nIf a document made, signed or witnessed in accordance with this part is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the official version of the document may be—\ngiven, produced or used for the purpose; and\nrelied on as evidence of the document.\nThe official version of an affidavit or a declaration may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\nThis section does limit the power of a court, tribunal or other person to whom a document is given for any purpose to require production of the original physical version of the document.\ns 31Y ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31Y-ssec.1) This section applies to a document, or a true copy of a document— that is confirmed by a person as the document witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (a) or (b) ; and given to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) . For a document made using counterparts, see section 31Z .\n(sec.31Y-ssec.2) If the document is made using an original physical version, the signatory for the document must ensure the original physical version of the document is kept.\n(sec.31Y-ssec.3) The person or body for a court or tribunal who has the power to make rules of court or practice directions regulating the practice and procedure of the court or tribunal may make, give, issue or approve a rule or practice direction that states a minimum period for which an original physical version of a document that is filed or admitted into evidence in a proceeding is to be kept.\n(sec.31Y-ssec.4) To remove any doubt, it is declared that— a signatory for a document does not commit an offence against this Act or another Act only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) ; and the official version of a document is not invalid only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) .\n(sec.31Y-ssec.5) Subject to any requirement under any law, once the witness gives the document or true copy to the relevant person, there is no requirement to keep any version of the document confirmed by the witness that has not been given to the relevant person.\n(sec.31Y-ssec.6) If a document made, signed or witnessed in accordance with this part is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the official version of the document may be— given, produced or used for the purpose; and relied on as evidence of the document. The official version of an affidavit or a declaration may be given to a court or other entity, and relied on by the court or other entity, as evidence of the affidavit or declaration.\n(sec.31Y-ssec.7) This section does limit the power of a court, tribunal or other person to whom a document is given for any purpose to require production of the original physical version of the document.\n- (a) that is confirmed by a person as the document witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (a) or (b) ; and\n- (b) given to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) .\n- (a) a signatory for a document does not commit an offence against this Act or another Act only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) ; and\n- (b) the official version of a document is not invalid only because the signatory fails to ensure the original physical version of the document is kept under subsection (2) or (3) .\n- (a) given, produced or used for the purpose; and\n- (b) relied on as evidence of the document.","sortOrder":91},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31Z","sectionType":"section","heading":"Documents made using counterparts","content":"### sec.31Z Documents made using counterparts\n\nThis section applies to a document that is made using counterparts if a counterpart—\nis confirmed by a person as the counterpart witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (c) ; and\nis given to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) .\nThe counterpart confirmed by the witness for the document must be kept with the counterpart signed by the signatory or substitute signatory.\nThe counterparts together constitute the document.\nIf a document made using counterparts is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts if they are in the form of an electronic document, may be—\ngiven, produced or used for the purpose; and\nrelied on as evidence of the document.\ns 31Z ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31Z-ssec.1) This section applies to a document that is made using counterparts if a counterpart— is confirmed by a person as the counterpart witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (c) ; and is given to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) .\n(sec.31Z-ssec.2) The counterpart confirmed by the witness for the document must be kept with the counterpart signed by the signatory or substitute signatory.\n(sec.31Z-ssec.3) The counterparts together constitute the document.\n(sec.31Z-ssec.4) If a document made using counterparts is required to be given, produced or used for any purpose, the counterparts constituting the document, or a printout of the counterparts if they are in the form of an electronic document, may be— given, produced or used for the purpose; and relied on as evidence of the document.\n- (a) is confirmed by a person as the counterpart witnessed by the person under section 31U (2) (c) ; and\n- (b) is given to a relevant person for the document under section 31V (1) .\n- (a) given, produced or used for the purpose; and\n- (b) relied on as evidence of the document.","sortOrder":92},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31ZA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Lodgement or deposit of document in land registry or water allocations register","content":"### sec.31ZA Lodgement or deposit of document in land registry or water allocations register\n\nIf an official version of a document is lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register, the registrar of titles under the Land Title Act 1994 or the registrar of water allocations under the Water Act 2000 may require the original physical version of the document to be given to the registrar for lodgement or depositing with the official version.\nIf a document made using counterparts is lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register, each counterpart must be lodged or deposited.\ns 31ZA ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31ZA-ssec.1) If an official version of a document is lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register, the registrar of titles under the Land Title Act 1994 or the registrar of water allocations under the Water Act 2000 may require the original physical version of the document to be given to the registrar for lodgement or depositing with the official version.\n(sec.31ZA-ssec.2) If a document made using counterparts is lodged or deposited in the land registry or water allocations register, each counterpart must be lodged or deposited.","sortOrder":93},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31ZB","sectionType":"section","heading":"Audio visual recording of signing or witnessing of document","content":"### sec.31ZB Audio visual recording of signing or witnessing of document\n\nAn audio visual recording of the signing or witnessing of a document may be made only with the consent of the signatory, witnesses and, if applicable, the substitute signatory.\nWhether an audio visual recording of the signing or witnessing of the document is or is not made under subsection (1) does not affect the validity of the document or the signing or witnessing of the document.\ns 31ZB ins 2021 No. 23 s 40\n(sec.31ZB-ssec.1) An audio visual recording of the signing or witnessing of a document may be made only with the consent of the signatory, witnesses and, if applicable, the substitute signatory.\n(sec.31ZB-ssec.2) Whether an audio visual recording of the signing or witnessing of the document is or is not made under subsection (1) does not affect the validity of the document or the signing or witnessing of the document.","sortOrder":94},{"sectionNumber":"pt.7","sectionType":"part","heading":"Miscellaneous","content":"# Miscellaneous","sortOrder":95},{"sectionNumber":"sec.32","sectionType":"section","heading":"General provision","content":"### sec.32 General provision\n\nNothing herein contained shall invalidate any oath sworn or taken in a sufficient and lawful form and any oath of allegiance or office sworn before a judge of the Supreme Court may be certified or recorded by the associate or judge’s clerk.","sortOrder":96},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33","sectionType":"section","heading":"Special provision as to oaths","content":"### sec.33 Special provision as to oaths\n\nAny person taking any oath on the Bible or the New Testament or the Old Testament, for any purpose whatsoever, whether in judicial proceedings or otherwise, shall, if physically capable of doing so, hold a copy of a Bible or Testament in the person’s hand, but it shall not be necessary for the person to kiss such copy by way of assent.\nThe officer administering the oath may repeat the appropriate form of adjuration, and the person taking the oath shall thereupon, while holding in the person’s hand a copy of the Bible or Testament, indicate the person’s assent to the oath so administered by uttering the words ‘So help me, God’; or the person taking the oath may, while holding in the person’s hand a copy of the Bible or Testament, repeat the words of the oath as prescribed or allowed by law.\ns 33 prev s 33 om 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\npres s 33 ins 1924 15 Geo 5 No. 7 s 2\nhdg (prec s 34) om 1995 No. 24 s 33\n(sec.33-ssec.1) Any person taking any oath on the Bible or the New Testament or the Old Testament, for any purpose whatsoever, whether in judicial proceedings or otherwise, shall, if physically capable of doing so, hold a copy of a Bible or Testament in the person’s hand, but it shall not be necessary for the person to kiss such copy by way of assent.\n(sec.33-ssec.2) The officer administering the oath may repeat the appropriate form of adjuration, and the person taking the oath shall thereupon, while holding in the person’s hand a copy of the Bible or Testament, indicate the person’s assent to the oath so administered by uttering the words ‘So help me, God’; or the person taking the oath may, while holding in the person’s hand a copy of the Bible or Testament, repeat the words of the oath as prescribed or allowed by law.","sortOrder":97},{"sectionNumber":"sec.34","sectionType":"section","heading":null,"content":"### Section sec.34\n\ns 34 om 1995 No. 58 s 4 sch 1\nhdg (prec s 35) om 1995 No. 24 s 36","sortOrder":98},{"sectionNumber":"sec.35","sectionType":"section","heading":"Mode of binding interpreters to interpreting certain cases","content":"### sec.35 Mode of binding interpreters to interpreting certain cases\n\nIf in any criminal proceeding in any court of justice it shall be necessary to call an interpreter whether for the purpose of the arraignment of any person accused or for the interpretation of the evidence of witnesses and it shall appear to the presiding judge that the person called as interpreter understands the language of the accused or other person between whom and the court the interpreter is called to interpret sufficiently to be able to make true explanation of the evidence and other proceedings but that such interpreter can not for any cause be sworn in the form and manner prescribed by the Oaths Act 1867 in that behalf it shall be the duty of the presiding judge to declare in what manner such interpreter shall be sworn or otherwise bound to make true declaration.\nAnd it shall in such case be the further duty of the presiding judge to ascertain that true explanation of the evidence and all other proceedings is made to the accused person.\nAnd if the presiding judge shall be satisfied that such true explanation is so made the trial and any verdict given thereat shall be as valid as if the interpreter had been sworn in the ordinary manner.\ns 35 prev s 35 om 1995 No. 24 s 36\npres s 35 (prev 1876 40 Vic No. 10 s 3) reloc 1995 No. 24 s 38\n(sec.35-ssec.1) If in any criminal proceeding in any court of justice it shall be necessary to call an interpreter whether for the purpose of the arraignment of any person accused or for the interpretation of the evidence of witnesses and it shall appear to the presiding judge that the person called as interpreter understands the language of the accused or other person between whom and the court the interpreter is called to interpret sufficiently to be able to make true explanation of the evidence and other proceedings but that such interpreter can not for any cause be sworn in the form and manner prescribed by the Oaths Act 1867 in that behalf it shall be the duty of the presiding judge to declare in what manner such interpreter shall be sworn or otherwise bound to make true declaration.\n(sec.35-ssec.2) And it shall in such case be the further duty of the presiding judge to ascertain that true explanation of the evidence and all other proceedings is made to the accused person.\n(sec.35-ssec.3) And if the presiding judge shall be satisfied that such true explanation is so made the trial and any verdict given thereat shall be as valid as if the interpreter had been sworn in the ordinary manner.","sortOrder":99},{"sectionNumber":"sec.36","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interruption of trial by reason of failure of interpreters not to entitle to acquittal","content":"### sec.36 Interruption of trial by reason of failure of interpreters not to entitle to acquittal\n\nIf on any trial for a criminal offence it shall appear to the presiding judge after the accused person shall have been given in charge to the jury that true explanation of the evidence can not by reason of the incompetence of any interpreter be made to such accused person the person shall not by reason thereof be entitled to be acquitted but it shall be the duty of the presiding judge to discharge the jury from giving any verdict and the accused person shall be liable to be again tried as if such first trial had not been commenced.\ns 36 (prev 1876 40 Vic No. 10 s 4) reloc 1995 No. 24 s 38","sortOrder":100},{"sectionNumber":"sec.37","sectionType":"section","heading":"Mode of taking evidence of persons objecting or incompetent to take an oath","content":"### sec.37 Mode of taking evidence of persons objecting or incompetent to take an oath\n\nIf any person tendered for the purpose of giving evidence in respect of any civil or criminal proceeding before a court of justice, or any officer thereof, or on any commission issued out of the court, objects to take an oath, or by reason of any defect of religious knowledge or belief or other cause, appears incapable of comprehending the nature of an oath, it shall be the duty of the judge or person authorised to administer the oath, if satisfied that the taking of an oath would have no binding effect on the conscience of such person and that the person understands that he or she will be liable to punishment if the evidence is untruthful, to declare in what manner the evidence of such person shall be taken, and such evidence so taken in such manner as aforesaid shall be valid as if an oath had been administered in the ordinary manner.\ns 37 (prev 1884 48 Vic No. 19 s 2) amd 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 41","sortOrder":101},{"sectionNumber":"sec.38","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreters","content":"### sec.38 Interpreters\n\nSection 37 shall, mutatis mutandis, extend and apply to interpreters called to interpret in any civil or criminal proceeding in any court of justice.\ns 38 (prev 1884 48 No. 19 s 3) amd 1995 No. 24 s 40\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 41","sortOrder":102},{"sectionNumber":"sec.39","sectionType":"section","heading":"Mode of taking evidence of witness who can not be sworn in manner required by witness’s religion—schedule","content":"### sec.39 Mode of taking evidence of witness who can not be sworn in manner required by witness’s religion—schedule\n\nWhenever in the course of any civil or criminal proceeding in any court of justice a person is tendered as a witness, and it is found to be impracticable, at the time and place when and where the person is so tendered, to administer to the person an oath in the form and manner required by the person’s religion to make it binding on the person’s conscience, it shall be the duty of the presiding judge, if satisfied of the fact, to require such person to make a solemn affirmation in the form of the schedule, and upon such person making such solemn affirmation the person’s evidence shall be taken, and the evidence so taken shall be as valid as if an oath had been administered in the ordinary manner.\ns 39 (prev 1891 55 Vic No. 14 s 1) amd 1899 63 Vic No. 9 s 3(2) sch 3\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 45","sortOrder":103},{"sectionNumber":"sec.40","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpreter","content":"### sec.40 Interpreter\n\nThe provisions of section 39 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to interpreters called to interpret in any civil or criminal proceeding in any court of justice.\ns 40 (prev 1891 55 Vic No. 14 s 2) amd 1995 No. 24 s 43\nreloc 1995 No. 24 s 45","sortOrder":104},{"sectionNumber":"sec.42","sectionType":"section","heading":"Mode of pleading affirmation instead of oath","content":"### sec.42 Mode of pleading affirmation instead of oath\n\nWherever in any legal proceeding of any kind any other legal proceedings may be set out it shall not be necessary to specify that any particular persons, who acted as jurors had made affirmation or declaration instead of oath, but if it is stated in such firstmentioned proceedings or in any record of any kind that the jurors served and acted as jurors (in the same way as if no Act had passed for enabling persons to serve as jurors without oath) such proceedings or record shall not be held insufficient in respect thereof.\ns 42 (prev 1954 3 Eliz 2 No. 3 s 48) reloc 1995 No. 24 s 6","sortOrder":105},{"sectionNumber":"sec.43","sectionType":"section","heading":"References to Oaths Act Amendment Acts","content":"### sec.43 References to Oaths Act Amendment Acts\n\nIn an Act or document, a reference to any of the following Acts is taken to be a reference to this Act, and a reference to a provision of any of the following Acts that was relocated to this Act is taken to be a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act—\nOaths Act Amendment Act 1876\nOaths Act Amendment Act 1884\nOaths Act Amendment Act 1891 .\ns 43 ins 1995 No. 24 s 36\namd 1995 No. 58 s 4 sch 1\n- • Oaths Act Amendment Act 1876\n- • Oaths Act Amendment Act 1884\n- • Oaths Act Amendment Act 1891 .","sortOrder":106},{"sectionNumber":"sec.43A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Regulation made by Police Legislation (Efficiencies and Effectiveness) Amendment Act 2022","content":"### sec.43A Regulation made by Police Legislation (Efficiencies and Effectiveness) Amendment Act 2022\n\nThis section applies to the regulation made by the Police Legislation (Efficiencies and Effectiveness) Amendment Act 2022 .\nThe regulation is subordinate legislation.\nThe Statutory Instruments Act 1992 , part 6 does not apply to the regulation.\ns 43A ins 2022 No. 4 s 4\n(sec.43A-ssec.1) This section applies to the regulation made by the Police Legislation (Efficiencies and Effectiveness) Amendment Act 2022 .\n(sec.43A-ssec.2) The regulation is subordinate legislation.\n(sec.43A-ssec.3) The Statutory Instruments Act 1992 , part 6 does not apply to the regulation.","sortOrder":107},{"sectionNumber":"sec.44","sectionType":"section","heading":"Regulation-making power","content":"### sec.44 Regulation-making power\n\nThe Governor in Council may make regulations under this Act.\nA regulation may be made about the making, signing and witnessing of affidavits and declarations.\ns 44 ins 2021 No. 23 s 42\n(sec.44-ssec.1) The Governor in Council may make regulations under this Act.\n(sec.44-ssec.2) A regulation may be made about the making, signing and witnessing of affidavits and declarations.","sortOrder":108},{"sectionNumber":"pt.8","sectionType":"part","heading":"Transitional provisions","content":"# Transitional provisions","sortOrder":109},{"sectionNumber":"pt.8-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Transitional provisions for Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021","content":"## Transitional provisions for Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021","sortOrder":110},{"sectionNumber":"sec.45","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions for division","content":"### sec.45 Definitions for division\n\nIn this division—\namending Act means the Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021 .\nrepealed regulation means the repealed Justice Legislation (COVID-19 Emergency Response—Documents and Oaths) Regulation 2020 as in force immediately before its repeal.\ns 45 ins 2021 No. 23 s 43\namd 2023 No. 1 s 77","sortOrder":111},{"sectionNumber":"sec.46","sectionType":"section","heading":"Repealed regulation continues to apply to affidavit or declaration in particular circumstances","content":"### sec.46 Repealed regulation continues to apply to affidavit or declaration in particular circumstances\n\nThis section applies in relation to a document that is an affidavit or a declaration if—\nbefore the commencement, the document was signed by a signatory or substitute signatory, and a person witnessed the document, under the repealed regulation; and\nimmediately before the commencement, the person—\nhad not confirmed the document as the document witnessed by the person under the repealed regulation; or\nhad not complied with another requirement relating to the document under the repealed regulation.\nDespite the repeal of the repealed regulation, the repealed regulation continues to apply to the person in relation to the document as if the amending Act had not been enacted.\ns 46 ins 2021 No. 23 s 43\n(sec.46-ssec.1) This section applies in relation to a document that is an affidavit or a declaration if— before the commencement, the document was signed by a signatory or substitute signatory, and a person witnessed the document, under the repealed regulation; and immediately before the commencement, the person— had not confirmed the document as the document witnessed by the person under the repealed regulation; or had not complied with another requirement relating to the document under the repealed regulation.\n(sec.46-ssec.2) Despite the repeal of the repealed regulation, the repealed regulation continues to apply to the person in relation to the document as if the amending Act had not been enacted.\n- (a) before the commencement, the document was signed by a signatory or substitute signatory, and a person witnessed the document, under the repealed regulation; and\n- (b) immediately before the commencement, the person— (i) had not confirmed the document as the document witnessed by the person under the repealed regulation; or (ii) had not complied with another requirement relating to the document under the repealed regulation.\n- (i) had not confirmed the document as the document witnessed by the person under the repealed regulation; or\n- (ii) had not complied with another requirement relating to the document under the repealed regulation.\n- (i) had not confirmed the document as the document witnessed by the person under the repealed regulation; or\n- (ii) had not complied with another requirement relating to the document under the repealed regulation.","sortOrder":112},{"sectionNumber":"sec.47","sectionType":"section","heading":"Repealed regulation continues to apply to particular documents","content":"### sec.47 Repealed regulation continues to apply to particular documents\n\nThis section applies to a document made, signed or witnessed under the repealed regulation, including a document to which section 46 applies.\nDespite the repeal of the repealed regulation, the repealed regulation, sections 22 to 26 continues to apply in relation to the document as if the amending Act had not been enacted.\ns 47 ins 2021 No. 23 s 43\n(sec.47-ssec.1) This section applies to a document made, signed or witnessed under the repealed regulation, including a document to which section 46 applies.\n(sec.47-ssec.2) Despite the repeal of the repealed regulation, the repealed regulation, sections 22 to 26 continues to apply in relation to the document as if the amending Act had not been enacted.","sortOrder":113},{"sectionNumber":"pt.8-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Transitional provision for Domestic and Family Violence Protection (Combating Coercive Control) and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2023","content":"## Transitional provision for Domestic and Family Violence Protection (Combating Coercive Control) and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2023","sortOrder":114},{"sectionNumber":"sec.48","sectionType":"section","heading":"Retrospective application of s 13F","content":"### sec.48 Retrospective application of s 13F\n\nSection 13F applies, and is taken to apply, in relation to an affidavit or a declaration made from the commencement of the Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021 , section 34.\ns 48 ins 2023 No. 1 s 78","sortOrder":115}],"analysis":{"summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The original 1867 Act was narrowly focused on simplifying colonial oath requirements — replacing multiple old English oaths of allegiance with a single form, and allowing declarations to substitute for some official oaths. Its scope has expanded dramatically. The 2021 amendments (No. 23) added an entirely new framework for electronic signing and audio visual link witnessing. The 2023 amendments (No. 23) further refined those frameworks, added substitute signatory rules, and restructured general execution requirements. The Act now functions as a comprehensive code governing the formal execution of legal documents in Queensland, far beyond its original purpose of oath simplification."},"complexity_factors":["Spans 156+ years of amendments layered onto an 1867 foundation, creating inconsistent drafting styles across different eras","Multiple interlocking parts (Parts 1–6A) with cross-references that require reading several sections together to understand any single rule","Dual-track system for physical vs electronic documents, each with different rules and witness requirements","A third track for audio visual link (video call) witnessing with its own part and additional requirements","Complex tiered definition of 'accepted method' for electronic signing, with regulations, court rules, and practice directions all potentially applying and overriding each other","Multiple categories of authorised witnesses ('special witnesses' vs ordinary witnesses) with different eligibility criteria and different obligations","Substitute signatory rules with exclusions that cross-reference other parts and other Acts","Extensive cross-referencing to other Queensland legislation (Legal Profession Act 2007, Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991, Powers of Attorney Act 1998, Water Act 2000, Electronic Conveyancing National Law, Evidence Act 1977)","The 'official version' vs 'original physical version' concept in Part 6A adds a non-intuitive document tracking obligation","Some provisions use archaic language retained from 1867 (especially Parts 2, 5, and 6) alongside modern legislative drafting in Parts 4 and 6A"],"plain_english_summary":"## Queensland's Oaths Act 1867 — What It Actually Does\n\nThis is Queensland's foundational law governing how people formally swear to tell the truth or commit to official duties. Despite its age, it has been significantly modernised — particularly in 2021 and 2023 — to deal with electronic documents and remote witnessing via video call.\n\n### Who it affects\nPractically **everyone** at some point — anyone who:\n- Takes an oath of office (judges, justices of the peace, commissioners of the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission)\n- Signs a **statutory declaration** (a written statement you solemnly declare is true, used for everything from insurance claims to government applications)\n- Swears an **affidavit** (a written sworn statement used in legal proceedings)\n- Sits as a juror or gives evidence in court\n- Acts as a witness, interpreter, or intermediary in legal proceedings\n\n### The key things it does\n\n**1. Oaths of office and allegiance**\nIt sets the actual wording for oaths taken by officials — from the Governor down to justices of the peace. If the monarch changes, the name in the oath automatically updates.\n\n**2. Substituting declarations for official oaths**\nIn government departments, the Governor can replace formal oaths with simpler written declarations — reducing bureaucracy while maintaining legal weight.\n\n**3. Rules for affidavits and statutory declarations**\nThis is where most ordinary people interact with the Act. It sets out:\n- **Who can witness** your document (lawyers, justices of the peace, notary publics, commissioners for declarations, conveyancers — even overseas witnesses in some cases)\n- **What the document must say** (that the contents are true, and that you understand lying in one is a criminal offence)\n- **Who can sign on your behalf** if you physically cannot sign (a 'substitute signatory') — but not the witness, and not the other party in a legal dispute\n- A '**minor non-compliance**' safety valve: small technical mistakes don't automatically void a document\n\n**4. Electronic signing (big modern addition)**\nYou can now sign affidavits and declarations electronically, provided the method reliably identifies you and shows your intent. Courts and tribunals can set their own approved methods, but government regulations override those if they conflict.\n\n**5. Witnessing by video call (audio visual link)**\nDocuments can now be witnessed remotely via video call — a major change driven by COVID-era needs. Special rules apply: the witness must be a 'special witness' (typically a lawyer, approved justice of the peace, or notary public), must verify your identity, must confirm you're signing freely, and must meet specific information-disclosure requirements on the document.\n\n**6. Court oath forms**\nThe Act sets the precise wording for oaths sworn by jurors, witnesses, interpreters, and court bailiffs — including in situations involving non-English speakers requiring multiple interpreters.\n\n**7. Affirming instead of swearing**\nAnyone who objects to swearing an oath on religious or other grounds can instead make a solemn **affirmation** — which has exactly the same legal force. Quakers, Moravians, and Separatists have their own specific affirmation wording.\n\n### Why it matters\nIf you sign a statutory declaration or affidavit incorrectly — wrong witness, missing statements, wrong format — it may be legally invalid, which can derail insurance claims, court cases, visa applications, and more. The 2021–2023 updates mean electronic and video-witnessed documents are now legally valid in Queensland, but specific rules must still be followed."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Act’s operational scope has been expanded from its historical, paper‑centric provisions to expressly cover electronic documents, electronic signatures and remote witnessing by audio visual link. This expansion is effected through new or amended definitions and procedural parts: the definition of \"accepted method\" and electronic signing rules (s 1B, s 13A), the new audio visual link Part 6A with detailed rules on presence, witnessing, confirmation, delivery and presumptions (ss 31E–31X, 31U–31V, 31Y–31Z), and provisions on electronic affidavits and declarations including exceptions for land and water registries (ss 31F, 31K, 16C). The Act now also expressly delegates further technical standard setting to regulations and court practice directions (ss 13A, 44). Transitional provisions preserve or clarify application of prior emergency rules and apply non‑materiality protections retrospectively where specified (ss 45–48)."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-references between parts and sections (e.g. parts 4, 6A; ss 13A, 31-series).","Multiple categories of actors with different permissions and duties (special witnesses, justices, legal practitioners, commissioners, substitute signatories) (ss 12, 16A–16C, 31P, 31S).","Detailed procedural rules for audio visual link witnessing, confirmation, delivery, and retention (ss 31T–31W, 31U–31V, 31Y–31Z, 31ZA).","Delegation of technical standards to regulations and court practice directions with a supremacy rule (s 13A and s 44).","Different regimes depending on context (affidavits, declarations, oaths of office, land/water registry exceptions) requiring careful application (ss 13AB, 16C, 31K, 31ZA).","Evidential presumptions and court discretion coexist (ss 31X, 31G), creating conditional evidentiary effects.","Transitional provisions and retrospective application clauses add temporal complexity (ss 45–48)."],"plain_english_summary":"What this law does, mechanically\n\n- Sets the official words and basic rules for oaths, affirmations and declarations used in Queensland (forms of allegiance, office oaths, juror and witness oaths) and keeps existing valid oaths valid (pts 1–3, pt 6) (see sections 1, 3, 5A, 21–31, 32–33).\n\n- Allows the Governor in Council to replace particular statutory oaths with declarations and to notify those substitutions (sections 6, 9–10). The Governor in Council therefore decides (subject to the Act) when a declaration may be used instead of an oath (s 6).\n\n- Specifies who may administer, witness, sign or confirm affidavits and statutory declarations, and what those documents must include (part 4: sections 11–16B, 13B–13E). For example, witnesses must take reasonable steps to verify identity and that the name on the document matches the signatory (s 13D). Special information is required from witnesses in many electronic or remote cases (s 13E).\n\n- Allows substitute signatories (someone signs on the signatory’s direction) but excludes certain people from being substitute signatories (e.g. the witness, a party to the proceeding, or a relative of a party when the document is for a proceeding) (s 13G). If a substitute signatory signs, the witness must observe the direction and satisfy themselves the substitute is not excluded (s 13H).\n\n- Introduces rules for electronically signing documents and for documents and oaths handled by audio visual link (parts 4 and 6A). The Act:\n  - Defines an \"accepted method\" for electronic signing and gives power to regulations and court rules to prescribe or describe accepted methods (s 1B, s 13A).\n  - Permits affidavits and declarations to be electronic and to be electronically signed when witnessing and oath/affirmation requirements are met, including when people participate by audio visual link (ss 13AA, 13AB, 31E–31K, 16C–16D).\n  - Sets technical and procedural requirements for remote witnessing by audio visual link: who may act as witness or substitute signatory remotely (special witnesses and prescribed persons), what the audio visual link must show in real time, how and when the remote witness must confirm the signed document, and how the confirmed document is delivered to the signatory (ss 31P–31V, 31T–31U).\n\n- Creates evidential presumptions about the validity and signatures of documents made, signed or witnessed under the remote/audio-visual rules unless a party gives reasonable notice to require proof (s 31X).\n\n- Provides that minor non‑compliance with jurat/declaration or witness information requirements does not automatically invalidate an affidavit or declaration if the defect is not material (s 13F).\n\n- Gives courts discretion to admit affidavits that do not comply with technical requirements where compliance was not reasonably practicable and admission is desirable in the interests of justice (s 31G).\n\n- Gives the Governor in Council and courts rule-makers power to make regulations and practice rules about accepted electronic methods and about the making, signing and witnessing of affidavits and declarations (ss 13A, 44). If court practice directions conflict with regulations, the regulation prevails to the extent of inconsistency (s 13A(4)).\n\nWho this affects and who decides\n\n- People who must take oaths or make declarations and affidavits: public office holders, jurors, witnesses, litigants, and any person required by law to verify facts in writing (parts 2–4, 6).\n\n- Witnesses and special witnesses (lawyers, notaries, approved justices/commissioners, public trustee employees in some cases) — the Act imposes identity‑checking and information duties on them when witnessing and confirming documents (ss 12, 13D, 13E, 31U).\n\n- Signatories and substitute signatories — they must follow direction rules, use accepted electronic methods when required, and where relevant keep originals or counterparts as specified (ss 13G, 31Y–31Z).\n\n- Regulators and decision-makers: Governor in Council (can substitute declarations, make regulations under s 44; ss 6, 44), courts and tribunal rule-makers (can define accepted electronic methods for court filings and must consider consistency with other courts; s 13A), and the chief executive (may approve certain justices/commissioners as special witnesses; s 12).\n\nPractical mechanics, incentives and costs\n\n- Shift to remote and electronic processes: The Act enables remote (audio visual) participation and electronic signing for affidavits and declarations when procedures are followed (ss 13AA, 31E–31K). This lowers the need for in‑person attendance but creates procedural steps for witnesses to confirm and deliver documents (ss 31U–31V).\n\n- Verification and record-keeping duties fall on witnesses and signatories: witnesses must take reasonable steps to verify identity and voluntary signing (s 13D); special information must be recorded on electronically signed or AV‑witnessed documents (s 13E). Some documents require keeping an original physical version or counterparts (ss 31Y–31Z, 31ZA). These are explicit compliance burdens on private and professional witnesses and signatories.\n\n- Regulatory and court rule discretion: The Governor in Council, courts and tribunals, and the chief executive can make detailed rules about methods, who may witness remotely, and minimum retention periods (ss 13A, 12, 31Y). That delegation means practices can vary unless regulations impose standardisation; regulations prevail over court rules where inconsistent (s 13A(4)).\n\n- Evidential convenience and rebuttable presumptions: Documents made under the AV/electronic rules benefit from statutory presumptions of validity and of genuine signatures (s 31X), which reduces the immediate evidential burden for users unless an opponent gives reasonable notice to require proof. Courts retain powers to require originals or exclude non‑compliant material (ss 16D, 31Y, 31G).\n\n- Fees and continuity with historic practice: Fees that were payable for oaths/affirmations apply equally where declarations have been substituted (s 15). Existing valid oaths remain valid (s 32).\n\nImplementation risks and trade-offs (mechanisms, not evaluations)\n\n- Dependence on delegated instruments: Many technical details are left to regulations, practice directions and court rules (ss 13A, 44). That creates implementation reliance on those instruments and potential variation across jurisdictions or courts (s 13A(3)).\n\n- Administrative burden on witnesses and signatories: identity verification, recording required witness information, confirming and delivering official versions or counterparts, and retaining originals where required (ss 13D–13E, 31U–31Y) increase procedural work for practitioners and private individuals.\n\n- Litigation friction: the Act builds in a safety valve allowing courts to admit imperfect affidavits when compliance was not reasonably practicable (s 31G) and a non‑materiality rule for minor defects (s 13F), but it also preserves courts’ power to require originals or further proof (ss 16D(4), 31Y(7), 31G(2)).\n\n- Limited authorised remote actors: who may act as a special witness or as a remote substitute signatory is constrained (ss 12, 31P, 31S, 31Q). That concentrates certain witnessing roles with legal practitioners, notaries, approved justices/commissioners, and some public officers and may affect availability in some settings.\n\nKey sections to look at quickly\n\n- Definitions and electronic signing concept: s 1B, s 13A.\n- Witness duties and required information: ss 13D–13E.\n- Remote witnessing and electronic documents (procedures and confirmations): ss 31T–31V, 31U, 31Y–31Z.\n- Presumptions and court discretion: ss 31X, 31G.\n- Regulation and court rule powers: ss 13A, 44.\n\nOverall mechanical effect\n\nThe Act modernises and codifies when and how oaths, affirmations, affidavits and declarations can be made, and who may witness or confirm them, with explicit pathways for electronic signing and remote (audio visual link) witnessing. It delegates technical standard setting to regulations and court rules, requires identity verification and witness information in many contexts, creates evidential presumptions for remotely handled documents, preserves certain in‑person or registry exceptions (land/water registry), and keeps courts able to manage exceptional cases (ss referenced above)."},"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"provider":"moonshot","completionTokens":2308},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Originally a simple 19th-century statute prescribing oath forms for court proceedings and oaths of allegiance, the Act has expanded into a comprehensive framework for document authentication. It now regulates electronic signatures, video witnessing, eligibility requirements for various classes of witnesses, and complex rules for substituted signatories. The scope has shifted from purely ceremonial oath administration to a detailed technical code governing how legal documents are executed in both physical and digital environments."},"complexity_factors":["20+ defined terms in section 1B with nested conditional definitions (e.g., 'accepted method' has different meanings for affidavits vs other documents)","Extensive cross-referencing to at least 6 other Acts including the Legal Profession Act 2007, Justices of the Peace and Commissioners for Declarations Act 1991, and Land Title Act 1994","Multiple parallel regulatory pathways: physical presence vs audio-visual link; physical documents vs electronic documents; affidavits vs statutory declarations vs other oaths","Duplicative definition sections (sections 11 and 31B overlap significantly) requiring careful comparison","Nested exceptions and special categories: 'special witnesses', 'substitute signatories', 'prescribed persons', and regulated classes of witnesses with varying permissions","Detailed prescriptive requirements for document content (sections 13B and 13C mandate specific jurat statements and witness information fields)","Transitional provisions preserving and converting repealed COVID-19 emergency regulations into permanent law"],"plain_english_summary":"This is Queensland’s **Oaths Act 1867**, which sets out how people make sworn promises (oaths) and solemn declarations for legal and official purposes.\n\n**What it covers:**\n\n- **Court proceedings** — Prescribes the exact words for oaths taken by witnesses, jurors, interpreters, bailiffs, and intermediaries. It also allows people who object to swearing on religious grounds (such as Quakers or Moravians) to make a solemn “affirmation” instead.\n\n- **Affidavits and statutory declarations** — Rules for who can witness these documents (lawyers, Justices of the Peace, Commissioners for Declarations, notaries public) and how they must be executed. Recent amendments allow these to be signed **electronically** and witnessed via **audio-visual link** (video conferencing), though special rules apply.\n\n- **Oaths of office and allegiance** — The specific wording that judges, Justices of the Peace, and other officials must use when sworn into office, including the oath of allegiance to the Sovereign (currently King Charles III, though the Act still references Queen Elizabeth II).\n\n- **Remote witnessing framework** — Detailed requirements for “special witnesses” (typically lawyers) who can witness documents over video link, verify identity, and confirm the document is signed voluntarily.\n\n**Why it matters:**\nAnyone giving evidence in court, verifying facts in an affidavit, or taking up a public office needs to comply with this Act. Recent changes modernised the law to allow documents to be signed and witnessed digitally, ensuring legal validity even when people cannot meet in person."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867","history":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867/history","analysis":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/oaths-act-1867/documents"}}