{"id":"qld:sl-2022-0022","name":"Land Court Rules 2022","slug":"land-court-rules-2022","collection":"regulation","jurisdiction":"qld","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":"22 of 2022","makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":173831,"registerId":"qld-sl-2022-0022-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-05","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"pt.1","sectionType":"part","heading":"Preliminary","content":"# Preliminary","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Short title","content":"### sec.1 Short title\n\nThese rules may be cited as the Land Court Rules 2022 .","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"sec.2","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of rules","content":"### sec.2 Application of rules\n\nThese rules, other than part 3 , division 2 and parts 7 and 8 , apply to proceedings in the Land Court and, with necessary changes, to proceedings in the Land Appeal Court.\nPart 3 , division 2 and part 7 apply only to proceedings in the Land Court.\nPart 8 applies only to appeals to the Land Appeal Court.\nIn a provision of these rules, a reference to the court is a reference to the court mentioned in subrule (1) that is appropriate in the context of the provision.\n(sec.2-ssec.1) These rules, other than part 3 , division 2 and parts 7 and 8 , apply to proceedings in the Land Court and, with necessary changes, to proceedings in the Land Appeal Court.\n(sec.2-ssec.2) Part 3 , division 2 and part 7 apply only to proceedings in the Land Court.\n(sec.2-ssec.3) Part 8 applies only to appeals to the Land Appeal Court.\n(sec.2-ssec.4) In a provision of these rules, a reference to the court is a reference to the court mentioned in subrule (1) that is appropriate in the context of the provision.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"sec.3","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999","content":"### sec.3 Application of Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999\n\nIf these rules, an order or a direction do not provide for a matter in relation to a proceeding in the court and the uniform rules provide for the matter, the uniform rules apply in relation to the matter with necessary changes.\nFor subrule (1) —\nan originating application under these rules is to be treated as if it were a claim under the uniform rules; and\na notice of appeal under these rules is to be treated as if it were a notice of appeal under the uniform rules; and\na document that starts a recommendatory proceeding under these rules is to be treated as if it were an application for a statutory order of review under the uniform rules.\nThe following rules of the uniform rules do not apply—\nrules 961 and 962 ;\nrules 964 to 966 ;\nrule 970 ;\nrule 972 ;\nrule 975 ;\nrules 982 and 983 .\nFor the uniform rules, chapter 22 , part 3 , a reference to a solicitor is taken to be a reference to a solicitor or agent.\n(sec.3-ssec.1) If these rules, an order or a direction do not provide for a matter in relation to a proceeding in the court and the uniform rules provide for the matter, the uniform rules apply in relation to the matter with necessary changes.\n(sec.3-ssec.2) For subrule (1) — an originating application under these rules is to be treated as if it were a claim under the uniform rules; and a notice of appeal under these rules is to be treated as if it were a notice of appeal under the uniform rules; and a document that starts a recommendatory proceeding under these rules is to be treated as if it were an application for a statutory order of review under the uniform rules.\n(sec.3-ssec.3) The following rules of the uniform rules do not apply— rules 961 and 962 ; rules 964 to 966 ; rule 970 ; rule 972 ; rule 975 ; rules 982 and 983 .\n(sec.3-ssec.4) For the uniform rules, chapter 22 , part 3 , a reference to a solicitor is taken to be a reference to a solicitor or agent.\n- (a) an originating application under these rules is to be treated as if it were a claim under the uniform rules; and\n- (b) a notice of appeal under these rules is to be treated as if it were a notice of appeal under the uniform rules; and\n- (c) a document that starts a recommendatory proceeding under these rules is to be treated as if it were an application for a statutory order of review under the uniform rules.\n- (a) rules 961 and 962 ;\n- (b) rules 964 to 966 ;\n- (c) rule 970 ;\n- (d) rule 972 ;\n- (e) rule 975 ;\n- (f) rules 982 and 983 .","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"sec.4","sectionType":"section","heading":"Main purposes of rules","content":"### sec.4 Main purposes of rules\n\nThe main purposes of these rules are—\nto ensure that when the court performs a function under an Act, including applying these rules, the court—\nfacilitates the just and quick resolution of the issues in a proceeding; and\navoids undue delay, expense and technicality in a proceeding; and\nto ensure that a party to a proceeding undertakes to the court and to each other party to the proceeding to—\nparticipate in the proceeding in an expeditious way; and\ncomply with these rules and any order or direction made by the court in relation to the proceeding.\n- (a) to ensure that when the court performs a function under an Act, including applying these rules, the court— (i) facilitates the just and quick resolution of the issues in a proceeding; and (ii) avoids undue delay, expense and technicality in a proceeding; and\n- (i) facilitates the just and quick resolution of the issues in a proceeding; and\n- (ii) avoids undue delay, expense and technicality in a proceeding; and\n- (b) to ensure that a party to a proceeding undertakes to the court and to each other party to the proceeding to— (i) participate in the proceeding in an expeditious way; and (ii) comply with these rules and any order or direction made by the court in relation to the proceeding.\n- (i) participate in the proceeding in an expeditious way; and\n- (ii) comply with these rules and any order or direction made by the court in relation to the proceeding.\n- (i) facilitates the just and quick resolution of the issues in a proceeding; and\n- (ii) avoids undue delay, expense and technicality in a proceeding; and\n- (i) participate in the proceeding in an expeditious way; and\n- (ii) comply with these rules and any order or direction made by the court in relation to the proceeding.","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"sec.5","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions","content":"### sec.5 Definitions\n\nThe dictionary in schedule 1 defines particular words used in these rules.","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"pt.2","sectionType":"part","heading":"Starting proceedings","content":"# Starting proceedings","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"sec.6","sectionType":"section","heading":"Starting proceeding","content":"### sec.6 Starting proceeding\n\nA proceeding in the court is started by filing an originating process in the registry.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"sec.7","sectionType":"section","heading":"Originating process","content":"### sec.7 Originating process\n\nAn originating process for a proceeding must—\nbe in the approved form; and\nstate—\nthe name of the respondent; and\nthe relevant entity’s address for service; and\nbe signed by the relevant entity; and\ncomply with any requirements of the Act giving jurisdiction for the proceeding to the court.\nIf at any time after filing the originating process the relevant entity’s address for service changes, the entity must file and serve a notice of the change of address in the approved form on each other party to the proceeding.\nIn this rule—\naddress for service , of a relevant entity, means the relevant entity’s residential or business address.\nrelevant entity means—\nthe applicant or appellant who files the originating process; or\nif the applicant or appellant is represented by a lawyer or agent—the lawyer or agent who files the originating process.\n(sec.7-ssec.1) An originating process for a proceeding must— be in the approved form; and state— the name of the respondent; and the relevant entity’s address for service; and be signed by the relevant entity; and comply with any requirements of the Act giving jurisdiction for the proceeding to the court.\n(sec.7-ssec.2) If at any time after filing the originating process the relevant entity’s address for service changes, the entity must file and serve a notice of the change of address in the approved form on each other party to the proceeding.\n(sec.7-ssec.3) In this rule— address for service , of a relevant entity, means the relevant entity’s residential or business address. relevant entity means— the applicant or appellant who files the originating process; or if the applicant or appellant is represented by a lawyer or agent—the lawyer or agent who files the originating process.\n- (a) be in the approved form; and\n- (b) state— (i) the name of the respondent; and (ii) the relevant entity’s address for service; and\n- (i) the name of the respondent; and\n- (ii) the relevant entity’s address for service; and\n- (c) be signed by the relevant entity; and\n- (d) comply with any requirements of the Act giving jurisdiction for the proceeding to the court.\n- (i) the name of the respondent; and\n- (ii) the relevant entity’s address for service; and\n- (a) the applicant or appellant who files the originating process; or\n- (b) if the applicant or appellant is represented by a lawyer or agent—the lawyer or agent who files the originating process.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"sec.8","sectionType":"section","heading":"Service of originating process","content":"### sec.8 Service of originating process\n\nUnless the court otherwise orders, the applicant or appellant must serve a copy of the originating process on each other party to the proceeding.\n(sec.8-ssec) Unless the court otherwise orders, the applicant or appellant must serve a copy of the originating process on each other party to the proceeding.","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3","sectionType":"part","heading":"Court supervision","content":"# Court supervision","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Rules, orders and directions","content":"## Rules, orders and directions","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"sec.9","sectionType":"section","heading":"Directions hearing","content":"### sec.9 Directions hearing\n\nAt any time after an originating process is filed—\nany party may apply to the court for a hearing (a directions hearing ) about an order or directions about the proceeding; or\nthe court may order the parties to attend a directions hearing.\n- (a) any party may apply to the court for a hearing (a directions hearing ) about an order or directions about the proceeding; or\n- (b) the court may order the parties to attend a directions hearing.","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"sec.10","sectionType":"section","heading":"Compliance with rules, orders and directions","content":"### sec.10 Compliance with rules, orders and directions\n\nThis rule applies if a party to a proceeding does not comply with a rule or an order or a direction made by the court.\nThe court may—\nwaive compliance with the rule, order or direction, or excuse non-compliance with the rule, order or direction, if the court considers compliance would be likely to cause injustice, unreasonable expense or inconvenience; or\nextend time for compliance with the rule, order or direction; or\ngive directions; or\nmake another order.\n(sec.10-ssec.1) This rule applies if a party to a proceeding does not comply with a rule or an order or a direction made by the court.\n(sec.10-ssec.2) The court may— waive compliance with the rule, order or direction, or excuse non-compliance with the rule, order or direction, if the court considers compliance would be likely to cause injustice, unreasonable expense or inconvenience; or extend time for compliance with the rule, order or direction; or give directions; or make another order.\n- (a) waive compliance with the rule, order or direction, or excuse non-compliance with the rule, order or direction, if the court considers compliance would be likely to cause injustice, unreasonable expense or inconvenience; or\n- (b) extend time for compliance with the rule, order or direction; or\n- (c) give directions; or\n- (d) make another order.","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"sec.11","sectionType":"section","heading":"Restriction orders","content":"### sec.11 Restriction orders\n\nA party to a proceeding may apply to the court in writing for an order (a restriction order ) restricting access to a document, or part of a document, in the proceeding.\nAn application made under subrule (1) must state the following information—\nthe document, or the part of a document, that the party wants to be subject to the restriction order;\nthe proposed terms of the order;\nwhy the party is applying for the order;\nwhy it is in the interests of justice for the court to make the order;\nany cultural or customary concerns of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders.\nIf the court makes the restriction order, the court may include any conditions on the order the court considers are in the interests of justice.\n(sec.11-ssec.1) A party to a proceeding may apply to the court in writing for an order (a restriction order ) restricting access to a document, or part of a document, in the proceeding.\n(sec.11-ssec.2) An application made under subrule (1) must state the following information— the document, or the part of a document, that the party wants to be subject to the restriction order; the proposed terms of the order; why the party is applying for the order; why it is in the interests of justice for the court to make the order; any cultural or customary concerns of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders.\n(sec.11-ssec.3) If the court makes the restriction order, the court may include any conditions on the order the court considers are in the interests of justice.\n- (a) the document, or the part of a document, that the party wants to be subject to the restriction order;\n- (b) the proposed terms of the order;\n- (c) why the party is applying for the order;\n- (d) why it is in the interests of justice for the court to make the order;\n- (e) any cultural or customary concerns of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Identifying issues","content":"## Identifying issues","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"sec.12","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement of facts and issues","content":"### sec.12 Statement of facts and issues\n\nEach party to a proceeding must file a statement (a statement of facts and issues ) in the registry.\nThe statement of facts and issues must—\nbe in the approved form; and\nstate—\nall the issues the party considers the court must decide; and\nall the material facts on which the party relies; and\nany conclusion or point of law on which the party relies, but only if the party also states the material facts in support of the conclusion or point; and\nthe decision the party is asking the court to make; and\nif the proceeding is a recommendatory proceeding—\nstate the recommendatory provision that applies to the proceeding; and\ncomply with any requirements of the recommendatory Act applying to the conduct of the proceeding ; and\nbe filed by the date directed by the court.\nIf the court waives compliance with this rule, the court may direct that the parties comply with the uniform rules, with necessary changes, in relation to the proceeding.\nIn this rule—\nrecommendatory Act means the Act conferring on the court the function under the recommendatory provision.\n(sec.12-ssec.1) Each party to a proceeding must file a statement (a statement of facts and issues ) in the registry.\n(sec.12-ssec.2) The statement of facts and issues must— be in the approved form; and state— all the issues the party considers the court must decide; and all the material facts on which the party relies; and any conclusion or point of law on which the party relies, but only if the party also states the material facts in support of the conclusion or point; and the decision the party is asking the court to make; and if the proceeding is a recommendatory proceeding— state the recommendatory provision that applies to the proceeding; and comply with any requirements of the recommendatory Act applying to the conduct of the proceeding ; and be filed by the date directed by the court.\n(sec.12-ssec.3) If the court waives compliance with this rule, the court may direct that the parties comply with the uniform rules, with necessary changes, in relation to the proceeding.\n(sec.12-ssec.4) In this rule— recommendatory Act means the Act conferring on the court the function under the recommendatory provision.\n- (a) be in the approved form; and\n- (b) state— (i) all the issues the party considers the court must decide; and (ii) all the material facts on which the party relies; and (iii) any conclusion or point of law on which the party relies, but only if the party also states the material facts in support of the conclusion or point; and (iv) the decision the party is asking the court to make; and\n- (i) all the issues the party considers the court must decide; and\n- (ii) all the material facts on which the party relies; and\n- (iii) any conclusion or point of law on which the party relies, but only if the party also states the material facts in support of the conclusion or point; and\n- (iv) the decision the party is asking the court to make; and\n- (c) if the proceeding is a recommendatory proceeding— (i) state the recommendatory provision that applies to the proceeding; and (ii) comply with any requirements of the recommendatory Act applying to the conduct of the proceeding ; and\n- (i) state the recommendatory provision that applies to the proceeding; and\n- (ii) comply with any requirements of the recommendatory Act applying to the conduct of the proceeding ; and\n- (d) be filed by the date directed by the court.\n- (i) all the issues the party considers the court must decide; and\n- (ii) all the material facts on which the party relies; and\n- (iii) any conclusion or point of law on which the party relies, but only if the party also states the material facts in support of the conclusion or point; and\n- (iv) the decision the party is asking the court to make; and\n- (i) state the recommendatory provision that applies to the proceeding; and\n- (ii) comply with any requirements of the recommendatory Act applying to the conduct of the proceeding ; and","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3-div.3","sectionType":"division","heading":"Disclosure","content":"## Disclosure","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disclosure must be for main purpose","content":"### sec.13 Disclosure must be for main purpose\n\nA party must not apply for an order for disclosure unless the making of the order is in accordance with the main purposes of these rules.","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"sec.14","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disclosure","content":"### sec.14 Disclosure\n\nA party may apply to the court for an order for disclosure by another party to the proceeding.\nThe application must state the proposed scope of the disclosure.\nIf the court makes an order for disclosure by a party, the party must disclose documents in accordance with the order.\nNothing in this rule prevents the parties to a proceeding agreeing at any time to disclose documents to each other by consent.\n(sec.14-ssec.1) A party may apply to the court for an order for disclosure by another party to the proceeding.\n(sec.14-ssec.2) The application must state the proposed scope of the disclosure.\n(sec.14-ssec.3) If the court makes an order for disclosure by a party, the party must disclose documents in accordance with the order.\n(sec.14-ssec.4) Nothing in this rule prevents the parties to a proceeding agreeing at any time to disclose documents to each other by consent.","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3-div.4","sectionType":"division","heading":"Alternative dispute resolution","content":"## Alternative dispute resolution","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"sec.15","sectionType":"section","heading":"Land Court ADR panel","content":"### sec.15 Land Court ADR panel\n\nThe court may establish a panel (the Land Court ADR panel ) of persons to conduct alternative dispute resolution of matters.\nThe Land Court ADR panel must consist of appropriately qualified persons chosen by the president (each a convenor ).\nThe court may refer either of the following matters to alternative dispute resolution by a convenor—\na matter that is not before the court but may be brought before the court;\na matter that is before the court and was started other than under part 2 of the Act .\nSee section 27C of the Act and the Civil Proceedings Act 2011 , section 43 for the power of the court to refer a proceeding started under part 2 of the Act to mediation.\nThe president may state, by practice direction—\nthe qualifications and other requirements of a convenor; and\nthe procedures a convenor must follow in conducting alternative dispute resolution of a matter.\nIn this rule—\nalternative dispute resolution , of a matter, means—\nfor a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (a) —a facilitative process, including, for example, mediation, conciliation, case appraisal and facilitated negotiation; or\nfor a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (b) —a relevant ADR process.\nrelevant ADR process see section 27C (5) of the Act .\n(sec.15-ssec.1) The court may establish a panel (the Land Court ADR panel ) of persons to conduct alternative dispute resolution of matters.\n(sec.15-ssec.2) The Land Court ADR panel must consist of appropriately qualified persons chosen by the president (each a convenor ).\n(sec.15-ssec.3) The court may refer either of the following matters to alternative dispute resolution by a convenor— a matter that is not before the court but may be brought before the court; a matter that is before the court and was started other than under part 2 of the Act . See section 27C of the Act and the Civil Proceedings Act 2011 , section 43 for the power of the court to refer a proceeding started under part 2 of the Act to mediation.\n(sec.15-ssec.4) The president may state, by practice direction— the qualifications and other requirements of a convenor; and the procedures a convenor must follow in conducting alternative dispute resolution of a matter.\n(sec.15-ssec.5) In this rule— alternative dispute resolution , of a matter, means— for a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (a) —a facilitative process, including, for example, mediation, conciliation, case appraisal and facilitated negotiation; or for a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (b) —a relevant ADR process. relevant ADR process see section 27C (5) of the Act .\n- (a) a matter that is not before the court but may be brought before the court;\n- (b) a matter that is before the court and was started other than under part 2 of the Act .\n- (a) the qualifications and other requirements of a convenor; and\n- (b) the procedures a convenor must follow in conducting alternative dispute resolution of a matter.\n- (a) for a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (a) —a facilitative process, including, for example, mediation, conciliation, case appraisal and facilitated negotiation; or\n- (b) for a matter mentioned in subrule (3) (b) —a relevant ADR process.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3-div.5","sectionType":"division","heading":"Evidence","content":"## Evidence","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions for division","content":"### sec.16 Definitions for division\n\nIn this division—\nexpert , in relation to an issue arising in a proceeding, means a person who would, if called as a witness in the proceeding, be qualified to give opinion evidence as an expert witness in relation to the issue.\nexpert evidence means the evidence given by an expert.\njoint report , for a proceeding, means a report—\nstating the joint opinion of experts in relation to an issue arising in the proceeding; and\nidentifying the matters about which the experts agree or disagree and the reasons for any disagreement.\nmeeting of experts —\nA meeting of experts is a meeting of experts in the absence of the parties—\nto discuss and attempt to reach agreement about the experts’ evidence in relation to an issue arising in a proceeding as it relates to each expert’s area of expertise; and\nto prepare a joint report.\nThe term includes—\na resumed meeting of experts or further meeting of experts; and\na meeting attended by experts in either, or a combination, of the following ways—\npersonally;\na way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (a) stating the joint opinion of experts in relation to an issue arising in the proceeding; and\n- (b) identifying the matters about which the experts agree or disagree and the reasons for any disagreement.\n- 1 A meeting of experts is a meeting of experts in the absence of the parties— (a) to discuss and attempt to reach agreement about the experts’ evidence in relation to an issue arising in a proceeding as it relates to each expert’s area of expertise; and (b) to prepare a joint report.\n- (a) to discuss and attempt to reach agreement about the experts’ evidence in relation to an issue arising in a proceeding as it relates to each expert’s area of expertise; and\n- (b) to prepare a joint report.\n- 2 The term includes— (a) a resumed meeting of experts or further meeting of experts; and (b) a meeting attended by experts in either, or a combination, of the following ways— (i) personally; (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (a) a resumed meeting of experts or further meeting of experts; and\n- (b) a meeting attended by experts in either, or a combination, of the following ways— (i) personally; (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (i) personally;\n- (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (a) to discuss and attempt to reach agreement about the experts’ evidence in relation to an issue arising in a proceeding as it relates to each expert’s area of expertise; and\n- (b) to prepare a joint report.\n- (a) a resumed meeting of experts or further meeting of experts; and\n- (b) a meeting attended by experts in either, or a combination, of the following ways— (i) personally; (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (i) personally;\n- (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.\n- (i) personally;\n- (ii) a way that allows contemporaneous communication between the experts, including by audio link, audio visual link or another form of electronic communication.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statement of evidence of party or lay witness","content":"### sec.17 Statement of evidence of party or lay witness\n\nThis rule applies to a party to a proceeding who intends to do either or both or the following things—\ngive evidence in the proceeding;\ncall a lay witness to give evidence in the proceeding.\nHowever, this rule does not apply if a subpoena is issued requiring the party or lay witness to give evidence in the proceeding.\nBefore the party gives evidence or calls the lay witness to give evidence, the party must file in the registry and serve on each other party a written statement (a statement of evidence ) containing—\nthe name, address and occupation of the party or lay witness; and\nthe evidence intended to be given by the party or lay witness.\nDuring the examination-in-chief of the party or lay witness, the party or lay witness must not, without the court’s leave—\nrepeat, or expand on, matters contained in the party’s, or lay witness’s, statement of evidence; or\nintroduce evidence not contained in the statement.\nIn this rule—\nlay witness means a person, other than an expert, called by a party as a witness in a proceeding.\n(sec.17-ssec.1) This rule applies to a party to a proceeding who intends to do either or both or the following things— give evidence in the proceeding; call a lay witness to give evidence in the proceeding.\n(sec.17-ssec.2) However, this rule does not apply if a subpoena is issued requiring the party or lay witness to give evidence in the proceeding.\n(sec.17-ssec.3) Before the party gives evidence or calls the lay witness to give evidence, the party must file in the registry and serve on each other party a written statement (a statement of evidence ) containing— the name, address and occupation of the party or lay witness; and the evidence intended to be given by the party or lay witness.\n(sec.17-ssec.4) During the examination-in-chief of the party or lay witness, the party or lay witness must not, without the court’s leave— repeat, or expand on, matters contained in the party’s, or lay witness’s, statement of evidence; or introduce evidence not contained in the statement.\n(sec.17-ssec.5) In this rule— lay witness means a person, other than an expert, called by a party as a witness in a proceeding.\n- (a) give evidence in the proceeding;\n- (b) call a lay witness to give evidence in the proceeding.\n- (a) the name, address and occupation of the party or lay witness; and\n- (b) the evidence intended to be given by the party or lay witness.\n- (a) repeat, or expand on, matters contained in the party’s, or lay witness’s, statement of evidence; or\n- (b) introduce evidence not contained in the statement.","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"sec.18","sectionType":"section","heading":"Expert","content":"### sec.18 Expert\n\nAn expert may be—\nengaged to give evidence by 1 or more parties to a proceeding; or\nafter hearing from the parties to a proceeding—nominated by the court to give evidence in the proceeding.\n- (a) engaged to give evidence by 1 or more parties to a proceeding; or\n- (b) after hearing from the parties to a proceeding—nominated by the court to give evidence in the proceeding.","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"sec.19","sectionType":"section","heading":"Directions generally","content":"### sec.19 Directions generally\n\nThe court may, at any time, give the directions it considers appropriate about the use of expert evidence in a proceeding.\nWithout limiting subrule (1) , 1 or more of the following directions may be given under this rule—\na direction that reports be served within a particular period;\na direction that expert evidence on a particular issue may not be adduced, or may be adduced only with the leave of the court;\na direction that expert evidence may be adduced on particular issues only;\na direction limiting the number of experts who may be called to give evidence on a particular issue or for a particular area of expertise;\na direction requiring experts in relation to the same issue to confer before preparing their reports in relation to the issue;\na direction requiring an expert who has prepared more than 1 report for a proceeding to prepare a single report that reflects the expert’s evidence-in-chief in the proceeding;\na direction for an expert engaged jointly by the parties or nominated by the court, including—\nfor an expert not yet engaged or nominated—how the expert will be engaged or nominated; and\nhow the expert will be instructed; and\nwho has the liability for the expert’s fees and expenses; and\nhow the expert may seek information or instructions from the parties or the court;\na direction about how and when expert evidence is to be adduced in the proceeding;\nany other direction that may assist an expert in the performance of the expert’s functions.\nThis rule does not limit any other power of the court to make orders or give directions.\n(sec.19-ssec.1) The court may, at any time, give the directions it considers appropriate about the use of expert evidence in a proceeding.\n(sec.19-ssec.2) Without limiting subrule (1) , 1 or more of the following directions may be given under this rule— a direction that reports be served within a particular period; a direction that expert evidence on a particular issue may not be adduced, or may be adduced only with the leave of the court; a direction that expert evidence may be adduced on particular issues only; a direction limiting the number of experts who may be called to give evidence on a particular issue or for a particular area of expertise; a direction requiring experts in relation to the same issue to confer before preparing their reports in relation to the issue; a direction requiring an expert who has prepared more than 1 report for a proceeding to prepare a single report that reflects the expert’s evidence-in-chief in the proceeding; a direction for an expert engaged jointly by the parties or nominated by the court, including— for an expert not yet engaged or nominated—how the expert will be engaged or nominated; and how the expert will be instructed; and who has the liability for the expert’s fees and expenses; and how the expert may seek information or instructions from the parties or the court; a direction about how and when expert evidence is to be adduced in the proceeding; any other direction that may assist an expert in the performance of the expert’s functions.\n(sec.19-ssec.3) This rule does not limit any other power of the court to make orders or give directions.\n- (a) a direction that reports be served within a particular period;\n- (b) a direction that expert evidence on a particular issue may not be adduced, or may be adduced only with the leave of the court;\n- (c) a direction that expert evidence may be adduced on particular issues only;\n- (d) a direction limiting the number of experts who may be called to give evidence on a particular issue or for a particular area of expertise;\n- (e) a direction requiring experts in relation to the same issue to confer before preparing their reports in relation to the issue;\n- (f) a direction requiring an expert who has prepared more than 1 report for a proceeding to prepare a single report that reflects the expert’s evidence-in-chief in the proceeding;\n- (g) a direction for an expert engaged jointly by the parties or nominated by the court, including— (i) for an expert not yet engaged or nominated—how the expert will be engaged or nominated; and (ii) how the expert will be instructed; and (iii) who has the liability for the expert’s fees and expenses; and (iv) how the expert may seek information or instructions from the parties or the court;\n- (i) for an expert not yet engaged or nominated—how the expert will be engaged or nominated; and\n- (ii) how the expert will be instructed; and\n- (iii) who has the liability for the expert’s fees and expenses; and\n- (iv) how the expert may seek information or instructions from the parties or the court;\n- (h) a direction about how and when expert evidence is to be adduced in the proceeding;\n- (i) any other direction that may assist an expert in the performance of the expert’s functions.\n- (i) for an expert not yet engaged or nominated—how the expert will be engaged or nominated; and\n- (ii) how the expert will be instructed; and\n- (iii) who has the liability for the expert’s fees and expenses; and\n- (iv) how the expert may seek information or instructions from the parties or the court;","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"sec.20","sectionType":"section","heading":"Duty of expert","content":"### sec.20 Duty of expert\n\nAn expert who gives evidence in a proceeding has a duty to assist the court in relation to any matter arising in the proceeding that is within the expertise of the expert.\nThe expert’s duty to assist the court overrides any obligation the expert may have to any party to the proceeding, any person who engaged the expert to give evidence or any person who is liable for the expert’s fees or expenses.\nThe expert must—\nbe independent and impartial; and\nobserve the limits of the expert’s expertise; and\ncomply with these rules and any directions given by the court; and\ncomply, to the extent applicable, with the code of conduct for experts set out in the uniform rules, schedule 1C .\nFor the purpose of subrule (3) (d) , the code of conduct applies with necessary changes.\n(sec.20-ssec.1) An expert who gives evidence in a proceeding has a duty to assist the court in relation to any matter arising in the proceeding that is within the expertise of the expert.\n(sec.20-ssec.2) The expert’s duty to assist the court overrides any obligation the expert may have to any party to the proceeding, any person who engaged the expert to give evidence or any person who is liable for the expert’s fees or expenses.\n(sec.20-ssec.3) The expert must— be independent and impartial; and observe the limits of the expert’s expertise; and comply with these rules and any directions given by the court; and comply, to the extent applicable, with the code of conduct for experts set out in the uniform rules, schedule 1C .\n(sec.20-ssec.4) For the purpose of subrule (3) (d) , the code of conduct applies with necessary changes.\n- (a) be independent and impartial; and\n- (b) observe the limits of the expert’s expertise; and\n- (c) comply with these rules and any directions given by the court; and\n- (d) comply, to the extent applicable, with the code of conduct for experts set out in the uniform rules, schedule 1C .","sortOrder":27},{"sectionNumber":"sec.21","sectionType":"section","heading":"Obligation of party who calls expert","content":"### sec.21 Obligation of party who calls expert\n\nA party who calls an expert to give evidence in a proceeding must, before the expert gives evidence, give the expert—\na copy of these rules and any directions made by the court about the giving of expert evidence; and\nany other information or material necessary to enable the expert to comply with rule 20 .\nAlso, the party must not—\ninstruct or advise the expert to give any particular evidence or opinion about the evidence; and\ndo anything that prevents, or is likely to prevent, the expert from complying with rule 20 .\n(sec.21-ssec.1) A party who calls an expert to give evidence in a proceeding must, before the expert gives evidence, give the expert— a copy of these rules and any directions made by the court about the giving of expert evidence; and any other information or material necessary to enable the expert to comply with rule 20 .\n(sec.21-ssec.2) Also, the party must not— instruct or advise the expert to give any particular evidence or opinion about the evidence; and do anything that prevents, or is likely to prevent, the expert from complying with rule 20 .\n- (a) a copy of these rules and any directions made by the court about the giving of expert evidence; and\n- (b) any other information or material necessary to enable the expert to comply with rule 20 .\n- (a) instruct or advise the expert to give any particular evidence or opinion about the evidence; and\n- (b) do anything that prevents, or is likely to prevent, the expert from complying with rule 20 .","sortOrder":28},{"sectionNumber":"sec.22","sectionType":"section","heading":"Expert reports","content":"### sec.22 Expert reports\n\nIn a proceeding, the court may direct that an expert—\nprepare a report and provide the report to the court; or\nparticipate in a meeting of experts with 1 or more other experts.\n- (a) prepare a report and provide the report to the court; or\n- (b) participate in a meeting of experts with 1 or more other experts.","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"sec.23","sectionType":"section","heading":"Briefing experts","content":"### sec.23 Briefing experts\n\nIf the court directs a meeting of experts, the parties must prepare and deliver to the experts a consolidated brief of instructions that—\nidentifies any issue that any party considers the experts need to address; and\nincludes any information or documents that any party considers relevant to that issue.\nIncluding information or a document in a consolidated brief of instructions is without prejudice to each party’s right to object at the hearing to—\nthe admission into evidence of all or part of any information or document included in the brief of instructions; and\nany evidence relating to the information or document.\n(sec.23-ssec.1) If the court directs a meeting of experts, the parties must prepare and deliver to the experts a consolidated brief of instructions that— identifies any issue that any party considers the experts need to address; and includes any information or documents that any party considers relevant to that issue.\n(sec.23-ssec.2) Including information or a document in a consolidated brief of instructions is without prejudice to each party’s right to object at the hearing to— the admission into evidence of all or part of any information or document included in the brief of instructions; and any evidence relating to the information or document.\n- (a) identifies any issue that any party considers the experts need to address; and\n- (b) includes any information or documents that any party considers relevant to that issue.\n- (a) the admission into evidence of all or part of any information or document included in the brief of instructions; and\n- (b) any evidence relating to the information or document.","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"sec.24","sectionType":"section","heading":"Joint reports","content":"### sec.24 Joint reports\n\nIf the court directs a meeting of experts, the experts must give the joint report prepared by the experts in the meeting of experts to the parties—\nif the court has given a direction about the period within which the report is to be given—as directed by the court; or\notherwise—as soon as practicable after the meeting of experts has concluded.\n- (a) if the court has given a direction about the period within which the report is to be given—as directed by the court; or\n- (b) otherwise—as soon as practicable after the meeting of experts has concluded.","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"sec.25","sectionType":"section","heading":"Evidence or admission from meeting of experts","content":"### sec.25 Evidence or admission from meeting of experts\n\nEvidence of anything done or said, or an admission made, at a meeting of experts in a proceeding is admissible in the following only if all parties to the proceeding agree—\nthe hearing of the proceeding;\nthe hearing of another proceeding in the court;\nanother civil proceeding.\nSubrule (1) does not apply to a joint report for the proceeding.\nIn this rule—\ncivil proceeding does not include a civil proceeding founded on fraud alleged to be connected with, or to have happened during, the meeting of experts.\n(sec.25-ssec.1) Evidence of anything done or said, or an admission made, at a meeting of experts in a proceeding is admissible in the following only if all parties to the proceeding agree— the hearing of the proceeding; the hearing of another proceeding in the court; another civil proceeding.\n(sec.25-ssec.2) Subrule (1) does not apply to a joint report for the proceeding.\n(sec.25-ssec.3) In this rule— civil proceeding does not include a civil proceeding founded on fraud alleged to be connected with, or to have happened during, the meeting of experts.\n- (a) the hearing of the proceeding;\n- (b) the hearing of another proceeding in the court;\n- (c) another civil proceeding.","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"sec.26","sectionType":"section","heading":"Permitted communications between experts and parties","content":"### sec.26 Permitted communications between experts and parties\n\nIf the court directs a meeting of experts, any of the experts may, in writing—\nask the parties for information that may assist the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report; or\ninform the parties of any matter adversely affecting the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report.\nA communication mentioned in subrule (1) must—\nbe made jointly to all of the parties; and\nstate—\nwhether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the communication; and\nif all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the communication—the matters on which the experts disagree.\nAny response by a party to a communication mentioned in subrule (1) must—\nbe in writing; and\nbe addressed to the experts jointly; and\nbe in terms agreed to by the parties or directed by the court.\nIf the meeting of experts has not concluded, or the joint report has not been given to the parties as required under this subdivision, a party may, in writing, request the experts to give a written report (a progress report ) about the progress of the meeting of experts or the joint report.\nThe experts must, within 2 business days after a request is made under subrule (4) , give a progress report to all of the parties.\nThe progress report must state—\nwhether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the report; and\nif all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the report—the matters on which the experts disagree.\nThis rule does not apply to a proceeding the court has directed be subject to a process under rule 27 .\n(sec.26-ssec.1) If the court directs a meeting of experts, any of the experts may, in writing— ask the parties for information that may assist the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report; or inform the parties of any matter adversely affecting the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report.\n(sec.26-ssec.2) A communication mentioned in subrule (1) must— be made jointly to all of the parties; and state— whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the communication; and if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the communication—the matters on which the experts disagree.\n(sec.26-ssec.3) Any response by a party to a communication mentioned in subrule (1) must— be in writing; and be addressed to the experts jointly; and be in terms agreed to by the parties or directed by the court.\n(sec.26-ssec.4) If the meeting of experts has not concluded, or the joint report has not been given to the parties as required under this subdivision, a party may, in writing, request the experts to give a written report (a progress report ) about the progress of the meeting of experts or the joint report.\n(sec.26-ssec.5) The experts must, within 2 business days after a request is made under subrule (4) , give a progress report to all of the parties.\n(sec.26-ssec.6) The progress report must state— whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the report; and if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the report—the matters on which the experts disagree.\n(sec.26-ssec.7) This rule does not apply to a proceeding the court has directed be subject to a process under rule 27 .\n- (a) ask the parties for information that may assist the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report; or\n- (b) inform the parties of any matter adversely affecting the proper and timely conduct or conclusion of the meeting of experts or preparation of the joint report.\n- (a) be made jointly to all of the parties; and\n- (b) state— (i) whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the communication; and (ii) if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the communication—the matters on which the experts disagree.\n- (i) whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the communication; and\n- (ii) if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the communication—the matters on which the experts disagree.\n- (i) whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the communication; and\n- (ii) if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the communication—the matters on which the experts disagree.\n- (a) be in writing; and\n- (b) be addressed to the experts jointly; and\n- (c) be in terms agreed to by the parties or directed by the court.\n- (a) whether or not all of the experts agree on the terms of the report; and\n- (b) if all of the experts do not agree on the terms of the report—the matters on which the experts disagree.","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27","sectionType":"section","heading":"Court-directed process for experts","content":"### sec.27 Court-directed process for experts\n\nThe court may direct that a proceeding be subject to a process under which the court appoints an appropriately qualified person (a convenor ) to—\nfacilitate the preparation of expert evidence to be given in the proceeding; and\nwork with the parties to manage the process for experts, including by—\nbriefing experts; and\nmanaging requests by experts for information or instructions from the parties or the court; and\nassisting communication between the court, experts and lawyers or agents representing the parties; and\nwork with the experts, including by—\nensuring the experts have all the information and instructions they require; and\nassisting the experts during a meeting of experts; and\nfacilitating the preparation of a joint report for the proceeding; and\nassist the parties in case management.\nThe convenor may not—\ndecide any substantive issue or procedural dispute in the proceeding; or\npreside at a hearing, final hearing or appeal from a decision made in the proceeding.\n(sec.27-ssec.1) The court may direct that a proceeding be subject to a process under which the court appoints an appropriately qualified person (a convenor ) to— facilitate the preparation of expert evidence to be given in the proceeding; and work with the parties to manage the process for experts, including by— briefing experts; and managing requests by experts for information or instructions from the parties or the court; and assisting communication between the court, experts and lawyers or agents representing the parties; and work with the experts, including by— ensuring the experts have all the information and instructions they require; and assisting the experts during a meeting of experts; and facilitating the preparation of a joint report for the proceeding; and assist the parties in case management.\n(sec.27-ssec.2) The convenor may not— decide any substantive issue or procedural dispute in the proceeding; or preside at a hearing, final hearing or appeal from a decision made in the proceeding.\n- (a) facilitate the preparation of expert evidence to be given in the proceeding; and\n- (b) work with the parties to manage the process for experts, including by— (i) briefing experts; and (ii) managing requests by experts for information or instructions from the parties or the court; and (iii) assisting communication between the court, experts and lawyers or agents representing the parties; and\n- (i) briefing experts; and\n- (ii) managing requests by experts for information or instructions from the parties or the court; and\n- (iii) assisting communication between the court, experts and lawyers or agents representing the parties; and\n- (c) work with the experts, including by— (i) ensuring the experts have all the information and instructions they require; and (ii) assisting the experts during a meeting of experts; and (iii) facilitating the preparation of a joint report for the proceeding; and\n- (i) ensuring the experts have all the information and instructions they require; and\n- (ii) assisting the experts during a meeting of experts; and\n- (iii) facilitating the preparation of a joint report for the proceeding; and\n- (d) assist the parties in case management.\n- (i) briefing experts; and\n- (ii) managing requests by experts for information or instructions from the parties or the court; and\n- (iii) assisting communication between the court, experts and lawyers or agents representing the parties; and\n- (i) ensuring the experts have all the information and instructions they require; and\n- (ii) assisting the experts during a meeting of experts; and\n- (iii) facilitating the preparation of a joint report for the proceeding; and\n- (a) decide any substantive issue or procedural dispute in the proceeding; or\n- (b) preside at a hearing, final hearing or appeal from a decision made in the proceeding.","sortOrder":34},{"sectionNumber":"sec.28","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disclosure of report","content":"### sec.28 Disclosure of report\n\nA party to a proceeding intending to rely on a report prepared by an expert must, unless the court orders otherwise, disclose the report as soon as practicable and, in any case, within the earlier of the following—\n90 days after filing the party’s statement of facts and issues;\n7 days before the hearing of the proceeding.\n- (a) 90 days after filing the party’s statement of facts and issues;\n- (b) 7 days before the hearing of the proceeding.","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"sec.29","sectionType":"section","heading":"Evidence given by expert","content":"### sec.29 Evidence given by expert\n\nAn expert may give evidence-in-chief in a proceeding only by giving a report to the court.\nThe report may be tendered as evidence in the proceeding only if—\nthe report has been disclosed under this subdivision; or\nthe court gives leave.\nSubject to a direction given under rule 19 , any party to the proceeding may tender the report as evidence in the proceeding, but only if the party produces the expert for cross-examination, if required.\nDespite subrule (1) , oral evidence-in-chief may be given by an expert if the court gives leave.\nIf an expert has prepared and provided a report, the expert must not give expert evidence that is contrary to the opinion expressed in the report unless the court gives leave.\nA court may direct an expert to give expert evidence concurrently with 1 or more other experts in the same or a related area of expertise.\n(sec.29-ssec.1) An expert may give evidence-in-chief in a proceeding only by giving a report to the court.\n(sec.29-ssec.2) The report may be tendered as evidence in the proceeding only if— the report has been disclosed under this subdivision; or the court gives leave.\n(sec.29-ssec.3) Subject to a direction given under rule 19 , any party to the proceeding may tender the report as evidence in the proceeding, but only if the party produces the expert for cross-examination, if required.\n(sec.29-ssec.4) Despite subrule (1) , oral evidence-in-chief may be given by an expert if the court gives leave.\n(sec.29-ssec.5) If an expert has prepared and provided a report, the expert must not give expert evidence that is contrary to the opinion expressed in the report unless the court gives leave.\n(sec.29-ssec.6) A court may direct an expert to give expert evidence concurrently with 1 or more other experts in the same or a related area of expertise.\n- (a) the report has been disclosed under this subdivision; or\n- (b) the court gives leave.","sortOrder":36},{"sectionNumber":"sec.30","sectionType":"section","heading":"Immunity","content":"### sec.30 Immunity\n\nAn expert has the same protection and immunity for the contents of a report disclosed under this subdivision as the expert could claim if the contents of the report were given orally in a proceeding.","sortOrder":37},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4","sectionType":"part","heading":"Ending proceedings early","content":"# Ending proceedings early","sortOrder":38},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31","sectionType":"section","heading":"Failure to prosecute proceedings","content":"### sec.31 Failure to prosecute proceedings\n\nA respondent in a proceeding, other than a recommendatory proceeding, may apply to the court for an order dismissing the proceeding for want of prosecution if—\nthe applicant or appellant is required under these rules to take a step in the proceeding, or is required to comply with an order of the court, within a stated time; and\nthe applicant or appellant does not take the step or do what is required within the stated time.\nIf an application is made under subrule (1) , the court may—\ndismiss the proceeding; or\nmake any order it considers appropriate in the circumstances.\nAn order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution may be set aside only—\non appeal; or\nif the parties to the proceeding agree to the order being set aside.\nHowever, despite subrule (3) , if the order was made in the absence of the applicant or appellant, the court may, on terms the court considers appropriate, vary or set aside an order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution.\n(sec.31-ssec.1) A respondent in a proceeding, other than a recommendatory proceeding, may apply to the court for an order dismissing the proceeding for want of prosecution if— the applicant or appellant is required under these rules to take a step in the proceeding, or is required to comply with an order of the court, within a stated time; and the applicant or appellant does not take the step or do what is required within the stated time.\n(sec.31-ssec.2) If an application is made under subrule (1) , the court may— dismiss the proceeding; or make any order it considers appropriate in the circumstances.\n(sec.31-ssec.3) An order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution may be set aside only— on appeal; or if the parties to the proceeding agree to the order being set aside.\n(sec.31-ssec.4) However, despite subrule (3) , if the order was made in the absence of the applicant or appellant, the court may, on terms the court considers appropriate, vary or set aside an order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution.\n- (a) the applicant or appellant is required under these rules to take a step in the proceeding, or is required to comply with an order of the court, within a stated time; and\n- (b) the applicant or appellant does not take the step or do what is required within the stated time.\n- (a) dismiss the proceeding; or\n- (b) make any order it considers appropriate in the circumstances.\n- (a) on appeal; or\n- (b) if the parties to the proceeding agree to the order being set aside.","sortOrder":39},{"sectionNumber":"sec.32","sectionType":"section","heading":"Discontinuance","content":"### sec.32 Discontinuance\n\nA proceeding or part of a proceeding, other than a recommendatory proceeding, may, at any time, be discontinued—\nby the applicant or the appellant; or\nif all parties to the proceeding agree to the discontinuance.\nAn applicant or appellant may discontinue a proceeding or part of a proceeding against 1 or more respondents without discontinuing against other respondents.\nTo discontinue a proceeding or part of a proceeding the applicant or appellant must—\nfile a notice in the approved form; and\nas soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding; and\nfor a discontinuance to which the parties agree—ensure the respondent signs the notice before it is filed.\n(sec.32-ssec.1) A proceeding or part of a proceeding, other than a recommendatory proceeding, may, at any time, be discontinued— by the applicant or the appellant; or if all parties to the proceeding agree to the discontinuance.\n(sec.32-ssec.2) An applicant or appellant may discontinue a proceeding or part of a proceeding against 1 or more respondents without discontinuing against other respondents.\n(sec.32-ssec.3) To discontinue a proceeding or part of a proceeding the applicant or appellant must— file a notice in the approved form; and as soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding; and for a discontinuance to which the parties agree—ensure the respondent signs the notice before it is filed.\n- (a) by the applicant or the appellant; or\n- (b) if all parties to the proceeding agree to the discontinuance.\n- (a) file a notice in the approved form; and\n- (b) as soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding; and\n- (c) for a discontinuance to which the parties agree—ensure the respondent signs the notice before it is filed.","sortOrder":40},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33","sectionType":"section","heading":"Withdrawal","content":"### sec.33 Withdrawal\n\nA party may withdraw from a recommendatory proceeding.\nTo withdraw from a recommendatory proceeding a party must—\nfile a notice in the approved form; and\nas soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding.\n(sec.33-ssec.1) A party may withdraw from a recommendatory proceeding.\n(sec.33-ssec.2) To withdraw from a recommendatory proceeding a party must— file a notice in the approved form; and as soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding.\n- (a) file a notice in the approved form; and\n- (b) as soon as practicable after filing the notice, serve the notice on the other parties to the proceeding.","sortOrder":41},{"sectionNumber":"sec.34","sectionType":"section","heading":"Costs","content":"### sec.34 Costs\n\nThis rule applies if the parties do not agree about the costs each party must pay if—\na proceeding or part of a proceeding is discontinued under rule 32 ; or\na party withdraws from a recommendatory proceeding under rule 33 .\nThe court may order the relevant party to pay—\nthe costs of the party to whom the discontinuance or withdrawal relates up to the date of the discontinuance or withdrawal; and\nthe costs of another party or parties caused by the discontinuance or withdrawal.\nIn this rule—\nrelevant party means—\nin relation to a discontinuance—the applicant or appellant; or\nin relation to a withdrawal—the party who withdraws from the recommendatory proceeding.\n(sec.34-ssec.1) This rule applies if the parties do not agree about the costs each party must pay if— a proceeding or part of a proceeding is discontinued under rule 32 ; or a party withdraws from a recommendatory proceeding under rule 33 .\n(sec.34-ssec.2) The court may order the relevant party to pay— the costs of the party to whom the discontinuance or withdrawal relates up to the date of the discontinuance or withdrawal; and the costs of another party or parties caused by the discontinuance or withdrawal.\n(sec.34-ssec.3) In this rule— relevant party means— in relation to a discontinuance—the applicant or appellant; or in relation to a withdrawal—the party who withdraws from the recommendatory proceeding.\n- (a) a proceeding or part of a proceeding is discontinued under rule 32 ; or\n- (b) a party withdraws from a recommendatory proceeding under rule 33 .\n- (a) the costs of the party to whom the discontinuance or withdrawal relates up to the date of the discontinuance or withdrawal; and\n- (b) the costs of another party or parties caused by the discontinuance or withdrawal.\n- (a) in relation to a discontinuance—the applicant or appellant; or\n- (b) in relation to a withdrawal—the party who withdraws from the recommendatory proceeding.","sortOrder":42},{"sectionNumber":"pt.5","sectionType":"part","heading":"Hearings","content":"# Hearings","sortOrder":43},{"sectionNumber":"sec.35","sectionType":"section","heading":"Oral hearing","content":"### sec.35 Oral hearing\n\nUnless otherwise ordered by the court, a proceeding must be conducted as an oral hearing.\nThe court may conduct all or part of the proceeding by audio visual link, audio link or another form of electronic communication approved by the court.\n(sec.35-ssec.1) Unless otherwise ordered by the court, a proceeding must be conducted as an oral hearing.\n(sec.35-ssec.2) The court may conduct all or part of the proceeding by audio visual link, audio link or another form of electronic communication approved by the court.","sortOrder":44},{"sectionNumber":"sec.36","sectionType":"section","heading":"When court may dispense with oral hearing","content":"### sec.36 When court may dispense with oral hearing\n\nThe court may, at the request of a party to a proceeding or on its own initiative, dispense with the oral hearing of the proceeding, or an application in the proceeding, if—\nthe court is satisfied that it is appropriate to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and\nthe parties are given notice of the court’s proposal to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and\nthere is no objection raised by any party to the proceeding.\nHowever, if at any time the court decides it is inappropriate to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing, the court—\nmust, as soon as practicable, notify the parties of the decision; and\nmay set a date for hearing the proceeding or application.\nA proceeding, or an application in a proceeding, is decided without an oral hearing if it is decided on written material and submissions without the parties to the proceeding attending.\n(sec.36-ssec.1) The court may, at the request of a party to a proceeding or on its own initiative, dispense with the oral hearing of the proceeding, or an application in the proceeding, if— the court is satisfied that it is appropriate to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and the parties are given notice of the court’s proposal to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and there is no objection raised by any party to the proceeding.\n(sec.36-ssec.2) However, if at any time the court decides it is inappropriate to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing, the court— must, as soon as practicable, notify the parties of the decision; and may set a date for hearing the proceeding or application.\n(sec.36-ssec.3) A proceeding, or an application in a proceeding, is decided without an oral hearing if it is decided on written material and submissions without the parties to the proceeding attending.\n- (a) the court is satisfied that it is appropriate to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and\n- (b) the parties are given notice of the court’s proposal to decide the proceeding or application without an oral hearing; and\n- (c) there is no objection raised by any party to the proceeding.\n- (a) must, as soon as practicable, notify the parties of the decision; and\n- (b) may set a date for hearing the proceeding or application.","sortOrder":45},{"sectionNumber":"sec.37","sectionType":"section","heading":"If proceeding not conducted by oral hearing—further information","content":"### sec.37 If proceeding not conducted by oral hearing—further information\n\nIf the court is hearing a proceeding, or an application in a proceeding, without an oral hearing, the court may get further information, including evidence, about the proceeding or application electronically or in another way.\nIf the court decides to get further information, the court must—\ninform all parties why the court is getting the information; and\ngive all parties an opportunity to be heard.\n(sec.37-ssec.1) If the court is hearing a proceeding, or an application in a proceeding, without an oral hearing, the court may get further information, including evidence, about the proceeding or application electronically or in another way.\n(sec.37-ssec.2) If the court decides to get further information, the court must— inform all parties why the court is getting the information; and give all parties an opportunity to be heard.\n- (a) inform all parties why the court is getting the information; and\n- (b) give all parties an opportunity to be heard.","sortOrder":46},{"sectionNumber":"sec.38","sectionType":"section","heading":"Site inspections","content":"### sec.38 Site inspections\n\nThe court may inspect a place, process or thing, or witness a demonstration, about which a question arises in a proceeding before the court.","sortOrder":47},{"sectionNumber":"sec.39","sectionType":"section","heading":"List of issues in dispute","content":"### sec.39 List of issues in dispute\n\nThe court may direct the parties to a proceeding to jointly prepare a list of issues in dispute relating to the proceeding.\nIf the court gives a direction under subrule (1) , the court may also direct that the list of issues in dispute address particular matters.\nIf the parties do not agree on the list of issues in dispute, the court may settle the list itself.\n(sec.39-ssec.1) The court may direct the parties to a proceeding to jointly prepare a list of issues in dispute relating to the proceeding.\n(sec.39-ssec.2) If the court gives a direction under subrule (1) , the court may also direct that the list of issues in dispute address particular matters.\n(sec.39-ssec.3) If the parties do not agree on the list of issues in dispute, the court may settle the list itself.","sortOrder":48},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6","sectionType":"part","heading":"Judgment and orders","content":"# Judgment and orders","sortOrder":49},{"sectionNumber":"sec.40","sectionType":"section","heading":"Judgment","content":"### sec.40 Judgment\n\nFinal relief in a proceeding is granted by giving a judgment setting out the entitlement of a party to payment of money or another form of relief.","sortOrder":50},{"sectionNumber":"sec.41","sectionType":"section","heading":"Order","content":"### sec.41 Order\n\nAn order of the court is made by—\nthe order being pronounced in court by the member or judicial registrar making the order; or\nthe order being set out in a document, with or without reasons, and signed by the person making the order.\nAn order takes effect on—\nthe day on which it is made; or\nif the court orders another day—that day.\n(sec.41-ssec.1) An order of the court is made by— the order being pronounced in court by the member or judicial registrar making the order; or the order being set out in a document, with or without reasons, and signed by the person making the order.\n(sec.41-ssec.2) An order takes effect on— the day on which it is made; or if the court orders another day—that day.\n- (a) the order being pronounced in court by the member or judicial registrar making the order; or\n- (b) the order being set out in a document, with or without reasons, and signed by the person making the order.\n- (a) the day on which it is made; or\n- (b) if the court orders another day—that day.","sortOrder":51},{"sectionNumber":"sec.42","sectionType":"section","heading":"Registrar to give copy of court’s order and reasons","content":"### sec.42 Registrar to give copy of court’s order and reasons\n\nIf the court makes an order in a proceeding, the registrar must give each party to the proceeding a copy of the order.\nThe court’s reasons for making the order may, if in written form, be published by the reasons being delivered in court to the registrar to give a copy to each party to the proceeding.\nThe court’s reasons for an order may be given to the parties before the order is made.\n(sec.42-ssec.1) If the court makes an order in a proceeding, the registrar must give each party to the proceeding a copy of the order.\n(sec.42-ssec.2) The court’s reasons for making the order may, if in written form, be published by the reasons being delivered in court to the registrar to give a copy to each party to the proceeding.\n(sec.42-ssec.3) The court’s reasons for an order may be given to the parties before the order is made.","sortOrder":52},{"sectionNumber":"sec.43","sectionType":"section","heading":"Delivery of reserved judgment or order by a different member or judicial registrar","content":"### sec.43 Delivery of reserved judgment or order by a different member or judicial registrar\n\nIf a member reserves a judgment or order in a proceeding, the member may—\narrange for written reasons for the judgment or order to be prepared setting out the proposed order; and\nsign the written reasons for the judgment or order and send them to another member for delivery.\nThe other member must, at a convenient time, publish in court the written reasons for the judgment or order.\nThe publication by the other member has the same effect as if, at the time of publication, the member who reserved the judgment or order had been present in court and made the judgment or order proposed in the written reasons for the judgment or order, and published the reasons, in person.\nIn this rule—\nmember includes judicial registrar.\n(sec.43-ssec.1) If a member reserves a judgment or order in a proceeding, the member may— arrange for written reasons for the judgment or order to be prepared setting out the proposed order; and sign the written reasons for the judgment or order and send them to another member for delivery.\n(sec.43-ssec.2) The other member must, at a convenient time, publish in court the written reasons for the judgment or order.\n(sec.43-ssec.3) The publication by the other member has the same effect as if, at the time of publication, the member who reserved the judgment or order had been present in court and made the judgment or order proposed in the written reasons for the judgment or order, and published the reasons, in person.\n(sec.43-ssec.4) In this rule— member includes judicial registrar.\n- (a) arrange for written reasons for the judgment or order to be prepared setting out the proposed order; and\n- (b) sign the written reasons for the judgment or order and send them to another member for delivery.","sortOrder":53},{"sectionNumber":"sec.44","sectionType":"section","heading":"Consent judgments and orders","content":"### sec.44 Consent judgments and orders\n\nThe court may give judgment, or make another order, by consent if—\nthe parties consent in writing; and\nthe court considers it appropriate to give the judgment or make the order.\nThe parties’ written consent must be filed in the registry.\nThe judgment or order must—\nstate that it is given or made by consent; and\nbe filed in the registry.\n(sec.44-ssec.1) The court may give judgment, or make another order, by consent if— the parties consent in writing; and the court considers it appropriate to give the judgment or make the order.\n(sec.44-ssec.2) The parties’ written consent must be filed in the registry.\n(sec.44-ssec.3) The judgment or order must— state that it is given or made by consent; and be filed in the registry.\n- (a) the parties consent in writing; and\n- (b) the court considers it appropriate to give the judgment or make the order.\n- (a) state that it is given or made by consent; and\n- (b) be filed in the registry.","sortOrder":54},{"sectionNumber":"sec.45","sectionType":"section","heading":"Power to correct errors","content":"### sec.45 Power to correct errors\n\nThis rule applies if in an order or a certificate of the court, or in a record of an order or a certificate of the court—\nthere is a clerical error; and\nthe error resulted from an accidental slip or omission.\nAt any time, the court may, on application by a party or on its own initiative, correct the clerical error.\n(sec.45-ssec.1) This rule applies if in an order or a certificate of the court, or in a record of an order or a certificate of the court— there is a clerical error; and the error resulted from an accidental slip or omission.\n(sec.45-ssec.2) At any time, the court may, on application by a party or on its own initiative, correct the clerical error.\n- (a) there is a clerical error; and\n- (b) the error resulted from an accidental slip or omission.","sortOrder":55},{"sectionNumber":"sec.46","sectionType":"section","heading":"Lawyer’s or agent’s delay or neglect","content":"### sec.46 Lawyer’s or agent’s delay or neglect\n\nThe court may order a lawyer or agent to repay to the lawyer’s or agent’s client all or part of any costs ordered to be paid by the client to another party if the party incurred the costs because of the lawyer’s or agent’s delay, misconduct or negligence.","sortOrder":56},{"sectionNumber":"pt.7","sectionType":"part","heading":"Judicial registrars","content":"# Judicial registrars","sortOrder":57},{"sectionNumber":"sec.47","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definition for part","content":"### sec.47 Definition for part\n\nIn this part—\nrelevant matter means a matter a judicial registrar may hear and decide under rule 48 (1) .","sortOrder":58},{"sectionNumber":"sec.48","sectionType":"section","heading":"Matters judicial registrars may hear and decide— Act , s 29","content":"### sec.48 Matters judicial registrars may hear and decide— Act , s 29\n\nFor section 29 (1) of the Act , each of the following matters is prescribed—\na procedural application before the hearing of a proceeding;\nwhether the court can accept a valuation appeal notice under the Land Valuation Act 2010 , section 158 ;\nthe type of ADR or ADR facilitator under the Mineral and Energy Resources (Common Provisions) Act 2014 proposed in a notice given under section 88(4) of that Act;\nany other matter the president considers a judicial registrar is appropriately qualified to hear and decide.\nIn deciding if the judicial registrar is appropriately qualified under subrule (1) (d) , the president may have regard to any of the following matters—\nthe nature, importance and complexity of the issues relevant to the matter;\nthe need for the registrar to have special knowledge, expertise or experience relating to the matter;\nany other matter the president considers relevant.\ns 48 amd 2025 SL No. 48 s 14 sch 1\n(sec.48-ssec.1) For section 29 (1) of the Act , each of the following matters is prescribed— a procedural application before the hearing of a proceeding; whether the court can accept a valuation appeal notice under the Land Valuation Act 2010 , section 158 ; the type of ADR or ADR facilitator under the Mineral and Energy Resources (Common Provisions) Act 2014 proposed in a notice given under section 88(4) of that Act; any other matter the president considers a judicial registrar is appropriately qualified to hear and decide.\n(sec.48-ssec.2) In deciding if the judicial registrar is appropriately qualified under subrule (1) (d) , the president may have regard to any of the following matters— the nature, importance and complexity of the issues relevant to the matter; the need for the registrar to have special knowledge, expertise or experience relating to the matter; any other matter the president considers relevant.\n- (a) a procedural application before the hearing of a proceeding;\n- (b) whether the court can accept a valuation appeal notice under the Land Valuation Act 2010 , section 158 ;\n- (c) the type of ADR or ADR facilitator under the Mineral and Energy Resources (Common Provisions) Act 2014 proposed in a notice given under section 88(4) of that Act;\n- (d) any other matter the president considers a judicial registrar is appropriately qualified to hear and decide.\n- (a) the nature, importance and complexity of the issues relevant to the matter;\n- (b) the need for the registrar to have special knowledge, expertise or experience relating to the matter;\n- (c) any other matter the president considers relevant.","sortOrder":59},{"sectionNumber":"sec.49","sectionType":"section","heading":"Removal of application about relevant matter","content":"### sec.49 Removal of application about relevant matter\n\nThis rule applies to a hearing of an application about a relevant matter before the court as constituted by a judicial registrar.\nThe president may, before the end of the hearing, order that the application or a part of it be removed to the court as constituted by a member.\n(sec.49-ssec.1) This rule applies to a hearing of an application about a relevant matter before the court as constituted by a judicial registrar.\n(sec.49-ssec.2) The president may, before the end of the hearing, order that the application or a part of it be removed to the court as constituted by a member.","sortOrder":60},{"sectionNumber":"sec.50","sectionType":"section","heading":"Referral of application about relevant matter","content":"### sec.50 Referral of application about relevant matter\n\nA judicial registrar must refer an application about a relevant matter to the president if—\na party asks the judicial registrar to refer the application; and\nthe judicial registrar considers it is in the interests of justice to refer the application.\nIf the judicial registrar refers an application under subrule (1) , the president may refer the application to be decided by the court as constituted by a member.\nIf a member is referred an application under subrule (2) , the member may give any direction necessary about the conduct of the hearing.\n(sec.50-ssec.1) A judicial registrar must refer an application about a relevant matter to the president if— a party asks the judicial registrar to refer the application; and the judicial registrar considers it is in the interests of justice to refer the application.\n(sec.50-ssec.2) If the judicial registrar refers an application under subrule (1) , the president may refer the application to be decided by the court as constituted by a member.\n(sec.50-ssec.3) If a member is referred an application under subrule (2) , the member may give any direction necessary about the conduct of the hearing.\n- (a) a party asks the judicial registrar to refer the application; and\n- (b) the judicial registrar considers it is in the interests of justice to refer the application.","sortOrder":61},{"sectionNumber":"sec.51","sectionType":"section","heading":"Involvement of court as constituted by a member","content":"### sec.51 Involvement of court as constituted by a member\n\nThe court as constituted by a member may, in relation to an application removed under rule 49 or referred under rule 50 —\nhear and decide the application or remit the application to the court as constituted by a judicial registrar with the directions the court considers appropriate; or\ndecide a matter arising under the application or remit the matter to the court as constituted by a judicial registrar with the directions the court considers appropriate.\n- (a) hear and decide the application or remit the application to the court as constituted by a judicial registrar with the directions the court considers appropriate; or\n- (b) decide a matter arising under the application or remit the matter to the court as constituted by a judicial registrar with the directions the court considers appropriate.","sortOrder":62},{"sectionNumber":"pt.8","sectionType":"part","heading":"Land Appeal Court","content":"# Land Appeal Court","sortOrder":63},{"sectionNumber":"sec.52","sectionType":"section","heading":"Parties to an appeal","content":"### sec.52 Parties to an appeal\n\nA party to a proceeding must be made a respondent to an appeal if—\nthe party is directly affected by the relief sought in the notice of appeal; or\nthe party is interested in maintaining the decision under appeal.\nThe appellant must serve a notice of appeal on each respondent to the appeal.\n(sec.52-ssec.1) A party to a proceeding must be made a respondent to an appeal if— the party is directly affected by the relief sought in the notice of appeal; or the party is interested in maintaining the decision under appeal.\n(sec.52-ssec.2) The appellant must serve a notice of appeal on each respondent to the appeal.\n- (a) the party is directly affected by the relief sought in the notice of appeal; or\n- (b) the party is interested in maintaining the decision under appeal.","sortOrder":64},{"sectionNumber":"sec.53","sectionType":"section","heading":"Inclusion, removal or substitution of party","content":"### sec.53 Inclusion, removal or substitution of party\n\nA court may order—\nthe inclusion or removal of a person, whether or not the person was a party to the original proceeding, as a party to an appeal from the decision in the original proceeding; or\nthe inclusion or substitution of a person directly affected by the appeal as a party to the appeal.\nHowever, a person who has not consented in writing may not be made an appellant.\nIf the court orders the inclusion of a person as a party to an appeal, it may adjourn the hearing of the appeal and make an order or give a direction it considers appropriate about the conduct of the appeal.\n(sec.53-ssec.1) A court may order— the inclusion or removal of a person, whether or not the person was a party to the original proceeding, as a party to an appeal from the decision in the original proceeding; or the inclusion or substitution of a person directly affected by the appeal as a party to the appeal.\n(sec.53-ssec.2) However, a person who has not consented in writing may not be made an appellant.\n(sec.53-ssec.3) If the court orders the inclusion of a person as a party to an appeal, it may adjourn the hearing of the appeal and make an order or give a direction it considers appropriate about the conduct of the appeal.\n- (a) the inclusion or removal of a person, whether or not the person was a party to the original proceeding, as a party to an appeal from the decision in the original proceeding; or\n- (b) the inclusion or substitution of a person directly affected by the appeal as a party to the appeal.","sortOrder":65},{"sectionNumber":"pt.9","sectionType":"part","heading":"Land court registry","content":"# Land court registry","sortOrder":66},{"sectionNumber":"sec.54","sectionType":"section","heading":"Electronic filing, giving, making or issuing of documents","content":"### sec.54 Electronic filing, giving, making or issuing of documents\n\nA document required to be filed or given under these rules may be filed or given electronically in a way set out in a direction.\nFor a document filed electronically under these rules, the day on which the document is taken to have been filed is—\nif the whole of the document is received by the registry before 4.30p.m. on a day the registry is open for business—that day; or\notherwise—the next day the registry is open for business.\nA document that may be made or issued under these rules may be made or issued electronically.\nA document made or issued electronically under these rules—\nmust include an image of the seal of the court; and\nis valid even if the document does not include a signature.\nA hard copy of an electronically issued document is taken for all purposes, including, for example, service, to be—\na copy of the electronically issued document; and\nstamped with the court’s seal.\nA document required by subpoena to be produced to the court under these rules may be produced to the court electronically.\n(sec.54-ssec.1) A document required to be filed or given under these rules may be filed or given electronically in a way set out in a direction.\n(sec.54-ssec.2) For a document filed electronically under these rules, the day on which the document is taken to have been filed is— if the whole of the document is received by the registry before 4.30p.m. on a day the registry is open for business—that day; or otherwise—the next day the registry is open for business.\n(sec.54-ssec.3) A document that may be made or issued under these rules may be made or issued electronically.\n(sec.54-ssec.4) A document made or issued electronically under these rules— must include an image of the seal of the court; and is valid even if the document does not include a signature.\n(sec.54-ssec.5) A hard copy of an electronically issued document is taken for all purposes, including, for example, service, to be— a copy of the electronically issued document; and stamped with the court’s seal.\n(sec.54-ssec.6) A document required by subpoena to be produced to the court under these rules may be produced to the court electronically.\n- (a) if the whole of the document is received by the registry before 4.30p.m. on a day the registry is open for business—that day; or\n- (b) otherwise—the next day the registry is open for business.\n- (a) must include an image of the seal of the court; and\n- (b) is valid even if the document does not include a signature.\n- (a) a copy of the electronically issued document; and\n- (b) stamped with the court’s seal.","sortOrder":67},{"sectionNumber":"sec.55","sectionType":"section","heading":"Registrar may issue notice","content":"### sec.55 Registrar may issue notice\n\nIf a function is expressly conferred on the registrar under the Act or another Act, the registrar may issue a notice about—\nthe procedure that will apply to how the registrar will perform the function; and\nany other matter the registrar considers necessary in relation to the performance of the function.\n- (a) the procedure that will apply to how the registrar will perform the function; and\n- (b) any other matter the registrar considers necessary in relation to the performance of the function.","sortOrder":68},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10","sectionType":"part","heading":"Repeal and transitional provision","content":"# Repeal and transitional provision","sortOrder":69},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Repeal","content":"## Repeal","sortOrder":70},{"sectionNumber":"sec.56","sectionType":"section","heading":"Repeal","content":"### sec.56 Repeal\n\nThe Land Court Rules 2000 , SL No. 166 are repealed.","sortOrder":71},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Transitional provision","content":"## Transitional provision","sortOrder":72},{"sectionNumber":"sec.57","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of rules","content":"### sec.57 Application of rules\n\nUnless the court directs otherwise, these rules apply to the next step in a proceeding started in the court, but not completed, before the commencement.\nAnything done in relation to a proceeding started in the court, but not completed, before the commencement under the repealed Land Court Rules 2000 is taken to have been done in relation to the proceeding under these rules.\n(sec.57-ssec.1) Unless the court directs otherwise, these rules apply to the next step in a proceeding started in the court, but not completed, before the commencement.\n(sec.57-ssec.2) Anything done in relation to a proceeding started in the court, but not completed, before the commencement under the repealed Land Court Rules 2000 is taken to have been done in relation to the proceeding under these rules.","sortOrder":73}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The instrument expressly repeals the 2000 Rules but preserves continuity through transitional provisions: pending matters proceed to their next step under the new rules unless the court directs otherwise (rules 56–57). The application clause (rule 2) limits which Parts apply to the Land Court or Land Appeal Court, so the text is framed as a procedural replacement rather than an explicit expansion or contraction of the court’s statutory jurisdiction."},"complexity_factors":["Cross‑reference and partial incorporation of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules (rule 3) creates conditional dependencies and carved‑out exceptions.","Detailed, multi‑step expert evidence regime (definitions, duties, briefs, meetings, joint reports, convenors, disclosure timelines and immunities; rules 16–30).","Multiple discretionary powers vested in different decision‑makers (court, president, members, judicial registrars) with referral/removal mechanisms (rules 9, 19, 27, 48–51).","Procedure‑specific requirements for starting proceedings and approved forms (rules 6–8, 12) increase formality and compliance burden.","Alternative dispute resolution framework that delegates qualifications and procedures to practice directions (rule 15) adds administrative layering.","Electronic filing and timing rules, plus document‑validity provisions (rule 54), impose technical rules and operational deadlines.","Transitional and repeal provisions (rules 56–57) preserve continuity but require parties and registry to map prior steps to the new rules."],"plain_english_summary":"These Rules replace the Land Court Rules 2000 and set out how proceedings are started, managed and decided in the Land Court and, with necessary changes, in the Land Appeal Court. They cover filing and service, disclosure, expert evidence (including meetings, joint reports and convenors), ADR, electronic documents and the powers of the president, members and judicial registrars. Parties, lawyers and experts must follow approved forms, disclosure and expert‑report deadlines and may bear fees or cost orders; the court and its officers have broad discretionary case‑management powers."},"issue_detection":{"absurdities":[{"type":"other","section":"sec.2","severity":"low","reasoning":"While likely a formatting error in how the document was rendered, the duplication of substantive rules text is a structural defect that appears throughout the document. If treated as legislation, having two identical sets of operative provisions could create interpretive confusion, though in practice courts would treat them as identical.","confidence":0.7,"description":"The section is duplicated in its entirety within the legislation text. Each subrule appears once in the body of the section and then again as labelled subrules (sec.2-ssec.1 through sec.2-ssec.4), creating verbatim repetition throughout the document. This appears to be a drafting/formatting artefact but creates formal ambiguity about which text is authoritative."},{"type":"other","section":"sec.4","severity":"low","reasoning":"The 'main purpose' of ensuring a party 'undertakes' to do something is logically incoherent as a regulatory mechanism. A rule either imposes a duty or it does not. Framing it as an 'undertaking' by the party suggests a consensual commitment, which cannot be 'ensured' merely by stating it as a purpose.","confidence":0.6,"description":"Section 4(b) purports to 'ensure that a party to a proceeding undertakes to the court' to comply with rules and orders. Rules cannot logically 'ensure' that a party undertakes anything — they can impose obligations or create undertakings by operation of law, but framing a rule as ensuring a party makes an undertaking conflates an aspiration with a legal mechanism. If the undertaking is created by operation of the rule itself, the word 'undertakes' is superfluous; if it requires the party's voluntary act, the rule cannot 'ensure' it."},{"type":"impossible_compliance","section":"sec.15","severity":"medium","reasoning":"If a matter is not before the court, the court has no seized jurisdiction over it. The mechanism by which the court identifies such matters, invites or compels participation in ADR, and enforces any outcomes is entirely unspecified. This creates a practically unworkable provision — the court cannot compel persons who are not parties to any proceeding to participate in ADR it initiates.","confidence":0.72,"description":"Section 15(3) allows the court to refer matters to alternative dispute resolution by a convenor, including matters 'not before the court but may be brought before the court.' However, the court's jurisdiction to act is typically triggered by a matter being before it. Referring a matter that is not before the court raises the question of how the court has jurisdiction to make such a referral, and who the 'parties' are to such a referral given no proceeding has commenced."},{"type":"impossible_compliance","section":"sec.17","severity":"medium","reasoning":"If a witness cannot repeat matters from their statement of evidence, the oral examination-in-chief serves no substantive evidentiary purpose. The witness would be unable to affirm the contents of their own statement without technically 'repeating' it. This either makes oral examination-in-chief entirely redundant (the statement stands alone) or creates a practical impossibility where witnesses must give testimony but cannot address anything already in writing.","confidence":0.65,"description":"Section 17(4) prohibits a party or lay witness from repeating or expanding on matters in their statement of evidence during examination-in-chief without the court's leave. This effectively renders examination-in-chief meaningless or purely performative, as the entire content of evidence-in-chief would already be in the written statement. The restriction on 'repeating' matters means oral testimony cannot even confirm the written statement without leave."},{"type":"self_contradicting","section":"sec.29","severity":"low","reasoning":"Using 'only' to establish an exclusive method and then providing a broad exception in the same section undermines the clarity and force of the restriction. While internally consistent as a default-plus-exception structure, the use of 'only' is misleading and creates a self-negating statement within the same rule.","confidence":0.75,"description":"Section 29(1) states an expert 'may give evidence-in-chief in a proceeding only by giving a report to the court,' but section 29(4) states 'Despite subrule (1), oral evidence-in-chief may be given by an expert if the court gives leave.' The word 'only' in subrule (1) is immediately negated by subrule (4), making the 'only' restriction meaningless — it simply becomes 'the default method, unless otherwise permitted.'"},{"type":"self_contradicting","section":"sec.31","severity":"medium","reasoning":"The word 'only' in sec.31(3) is definitionally exhaustive, yet sec.31(4) immediately creates an additional pathway. While 'despite' is used as a drafting tool to signal override, the result is that 'only' does not mean 'only,' which is a logical contradiction. This could cause confusion about whether the list in (3) is truly exhaustive or merely illustrative.","confidence":0.85,"description":"Section 31(3) states an order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution 'may be set aside only on appeal or if the parties agree.' Section 31(4) then provides 'despite subrule (3)' the court itself may set aside such an order if made in the absence of the applicant. This creates a third pathway that the word 'only' in subrule (3) expressly excludes, creating an internal contradiction within the same section."},{"type":"self_contradicting","section":"sec.32","severity":"low","reasoning":"The plural 'all parties' in the triggering condition versus the singular 'the respondent' in the procedural requirement creates ambiguity. In a multi-respondent proceeding, compliance may be impossible to achieve clearly — must every respondent sign, or just one? This is a drafting inconsistency with practical implications.","confidence":0.7,"description":"Section 32(3)(c) requires that for a discontinuance to which all parties agree, the applicant or appellant must 'ensure the respondent signs the notice before it is filed.' However, section 32(1)(b) already allows discontinuance 'if all parties to the proceeding agree.' Where there are multiple respondents, it is unclear whether all respondents must sign or only one 'the respondent' (singular). The use of the singular 'the respondent' in 32(3)(c) conflicts with the plural 'all parties' in 32(1)(b)."},{"type":"other","section":"sec.42","severity":"low","reasoning":"While there is a practical justification for releasing written reasons before formally pronouncing orders (common in reserved judgments), the framing that 'reasons for an order' can precede 'the order' is logically inverted. Reasons are posterior to decisions by definition. This is a minor conceptual absurdity with low practical impact.","confidence":0.55,"description":"Section 42(3) provides that 'the court's reasons for an order may be given to the parties before the order is made.' This creates a logical oddity: reasons for an order can precede the order itself. Reasons are, by definition, the explanation for a decision already made. Providing reasons before an order is made suggests either the order is already effectively determined (raising natural justice concerns) or the 'reasons' are prospective and hypothetical rather than actual reasons."},{"type":"other","section":"sec.48","severity":"medium","reasoning":"The combination of an open-ended catch-all in (d) with a broad, multi-factor discretion test in subrule (2) creates a provision with no effective boundaries. The specificity of (a)-(c) implies a limited scope, but (d) renders those limits illusory. This is a structural absurdity where the exception consumes the rule.","confidence":0.68,"description":"Section 48(1)(d) allows the president to prescribe 'any other matter the president considers a judicial registrar is appropriately qualified to hear and decide' as a matter a judicial registrar may hear. This is an effectively unlimited delegation that could swallow the entire rule — the president could prescribe any matter whatsoever, rendering the specificity of (a)-(c) redundant. Combined with sec.48(2), which gives the president broad discretion in making this assessment, the provision provides no meaningful constraint."},{"type":"other","section":"sec.50","severity":"medium","reasoning":"Framing this as the registrar 'must refer' the application when both conditions are met creates only an illusory right for parties, as condition (b) is entirely within the discretion of the very person the party may wish to bypass. A party seeking referral because they doubt the registrar's impartiality or competence must convince that same registrar it is in the interests of justice to refer the matter. This is a structural conflict of interest embedded in the rule.","confidence":0.78,"description":"Section 50(1) requires a judicial registrar to refer an application if (a) a party asks AND (b) the judicial registrar considers it in the interests of justice. This means a party's right to seek referral is entirely contingent on the judicial registrar's subjective assessment of justice — the same officer whose decision the party may be trying to escalate. The party has no effective right to referral; they merely have a right to make a request."}],"contradictions":[{"severity":"low","section_a":"sec.2(1)","section_b":"sec.2(2)","confidence":0.5,"description":"Section 2(1) states the rules (other than pt.3 div.2 and pts.7 and 8) apply to both the Land Court and Land Appeal Court. Section 2(2) states pt.3 div.2 and pt.7 apply only to the Land Court. However, part 8 is excluded from sec.2(1) and addressed in sec.2(3) as applying only to the Land Appeal Court. The exclusion in sec.2(1) groups 'part 3 division 2 and parts 7 and 8' together but secs.2(2) and 2(3) then treat them differently. This is not a substantive contradiction but creates unnecessary structural confusion about which exclusions are grouped for what purpose."},{"severity":"medium","section_a":"sec.13","section_b":"sec.14","confidence":0.72,"description":"Section 13 states a party must not apply for disclosure unless doing so is 'in accordance with the main purposes of these rules.' Section 14(1) then simply states 'a party may apply to the court for an order for disclosure.' Section 14 contains no reference to the constraint imposed by sec.13. Read together, sec.13 creates a precondition for the right in sec.14, but sec.14 is drafted as an unqualified right. This creates ambiguity about whether sec.13 is a substantive gatekeeping rule or merely a hortatory statement, and whether a court could refuse to hear a disclosure application on sec.13 grounds alone."},{"severity":"medium","section_a":"sec.20(3)(a)","section_b":"sec.21(2)(a)","confidence":0.65,"description":"Section 20(3)(a) requires an expert to 'be independent and impartial.' Section 21(2)(a) prohibits a party from instructing or advising the expert to give any particular evidence or opinion. However, sec.18(a) expressly contemplates an expert being 'engaged to give evidence by 1 or more parties.' An expert engaged and paid by a party is inherently in a position of financial dependency that tensions with full independence and impartiality. While sec.20(2) attempts to resolve this by making the duty to the court override obligations to the engaging party, the structural arrangement of party-engaged experts giving 'independent' evidence creates an inherent tension that the rules do not fully resolve."},{"severity":"medium","section_a":"sec.25(1)","section_b":"sec.25(2)","confidence":0.7,"description":"Section 25(1) provides that evidence of anything done or said at a meeting of experts is admissible only if all parties agree. Section 25(2) states this does not apply to a joint report. However, a joint report is itself a product of what was 'done' at the meeting of experts — it records what was agreed or disagreed at the meeting. Admitting the joint report (sec.25(2)) while excluding other evidence of what occurred at the meeting (sec.25(1)) creates an inconsistency: the output of the meeting is freely admissible but the process that produced it is protected. This could allow selective use of outcomes while shielding the process from scrutiny."},{"severity":"medium","section_a":"sec.31(3)","section_b":"sec.31(4)","confidence":0.88,"description":"Section 31(3) states an order dismissing a proceeding for want of prosecution 'may be set aside only' on appeal or by parties' agreement. Section 31(4) creates a third mechanism — the court itself setting aside the order — using 'despite subrule (3).' The use of 'only' in subrule (3) and the direct override in subrule (4) are contradictory: subrule (3) purports to exhaustively define the only pathways, while subrule (4) adds a further pathway that subrule (3) excludes by its terms."},{"severity":"medium","section_a":"sec.35(1)","section_b":"sec.36(1)","confidence":0.68,"description":"Section 35(1) provides that 'unless otherwise ordered by the court, a proceeding must be conducted as an oral hearing.' Section 36(1) allows the court to dispense with an oral hearing if, among other things, 'there is no objection raised by any party.' This means a single objecting party can effectively veto a non-oral hearing under sec.36, but the court retains power to 'otherwise order' under sec.35, which could override that veto. The relationship between the court's general power in sec.35 and the procedural protections in sec.36 (particularly the no-objection requirement) is ambiguous — it is unclear whether the court can use sec.35 to bypass the requirements of sec.36."},{"severity":"low","section_a":"sec.44(1)","section_b":"sec.44(3)","confidence":0.55,"description":"Section 44(1) allows the court to give a consent judgment if 'the court considers it appropriate.' Section 44(3) requires the consent judgment or order to 'be filed in the registry.' However, sec.41(1) provides that an order is made by being pronounced in court or set out in a signed document. There is no express provision reconciling the consent judgment process in sec.44 with the order-making mechanisms in sec.41, creating ambiguity about whether a consent judgment is made at the time of parties' agreement, court approval, pronouncement, or filing."}]},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"Unauthenticated. Configure AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY or use a provider module. Learn more: https://ai-sdk.dev/unauthenticated-ai-gateway","source":"analysis-cron"},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The legislation appears to maintain its original scope as procedural rules for the Land Court. While it incorporates modern elements like electronic filing and detailed expert evidence management, these represent contemporary procedural updates rather than scope creep. The rules remain focused on court procedure rather than expanding into substantive land law."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-referencing to the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (UCPR), requiring readers to consult external legislation","Multiple defined terms including 'relevant entity', 'recommendatory proceeding', 'convenor', and 'alternative dispute resolution' with context-specific meanings","Nested conditional logic in Part 3, Division 2 regarding expert evidence (rules 16-30) with multiple exceptions and procedural requirements","Bifurcated application—different parts apply to Land Court vs Land Appeal Court (Part 3 Div 2 and Part 7 apply only to Land Court; Part 8 only to Land Appeal Court)","Complex expert evidence regime including joint reports, meetings of experts, consolidated briefs, and restricted communications (rules 22-27)","Transitional provisions (rule 57) creating parallel applicability to old and new proceedings","Multiple mechanisms for ending proceedings (discontinuance vs withdrawal vs dismissal for want of prosecution) with different cost implications","Delegated powers to judicial registrars with referral mechanisms to members (Part 7)"],"plain_english_summary":"This legislation sets out the procedural rules for how cases are run in Queensland's Land Court and Land Appeal Court. It covers everything from starting a case, managing evidence (especially expert witnesses), holding hearings, and ending cases early through settlement or dismissal.\n\n**Key things it does:**\n- **Starts proceedings:** Explains how to file documents to begin a case, including what information must be included and who must be served.\n- **Case management:** Gives the court power to hold directions hearings, make orders to keep cases moving efficiently, and restrict access to sensitive documents (including considering Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural concerns).\n- **Evidence rules:** Sets out detailed procedures for expert witnesses, including requirements for joint reports, meetings between experts without lawyers present, and duties to assist the court rather than the party paying them.\n- **Alternative dispute resolution:** Establishes a panel of convenors to help parties resolve disputes through mediation or conciliation before going to trial.\n- **Ending cases early:** Allows parties to discontinue cases or withdraw, and lets respondents apply to dismiss cases that aren't being prosecuted.\n- **Hearings:** Defaults to oral hearings but allows written submissions if all parties agree, and permits remote hearings by video or audio link.\n- **Judgments and orders:** Explains how decisions are made, delivered, and corrected if there are clerical errors.\n- **Judicial registrars:** Defines what procedural matters judicial registrars can hear (such as valuation appeals and ADR facilitation) and when matters must be referred to a judge.\n- **Electronic processes:** Allows documents to be filed and served electronically.\n\n**Who it affects:** Anyone involved in land-related disputes in Queensland, including landowners, miners, farmers, government bodies, and Indigenous groups seeking to protect cultural heritage. It also affects lawyers, expert witnesses, and court staff.\n\n**Why it matters:** These rules determine how land disputes are resolved—how quickly, how fairly, and at what cost. The emphasis on expert evidence management and cultural sensitivity reflects the complex nature of land cases, which often involve technical surveying, environmental science, and Indigenous land rights."},"summary":{"complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The rules appear to achieve their stated purpose — replacing and updating the Land Court Rules 2000 with modernised procedural rules for the Land Court and Land Appeal Court. The scope is consistent with what procedural court rules of this kind would be expected to cover: commencing proceedings, case management, evidence, hearings, judgments, appeals, and registry administration. The inclusion of ADR provisions and detailed expert evidence rules reflects contemporary best practice in court procedure rather than scope expansion. No evidence of scope drift from original intent."},"complexity_factors":["Multiple interlocking procedural stages (filing, disclosure, evidence, hearing, judgment, appeal) each with their own requirements","Dual court structure (Land Court and Land Appeal Court) with different rules applying to each, requiring careful reading of scope provisions","Detailed expert evidence regime with specific obligations on experts, parties who call experts, meetings of experts, joint reports, and progress reports","Cross-references to multiple external instruments (Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999, Land Court Act, Civil Proceedings Act 2011, Land Valuation Act 2010, Mineral and Energy Resources (Common Provisions) Act 2014) that readers must also consult","Distinction between 'recommendatory proceedings' and standard proceedings, with different rules applying to each — a specialist concept not immediately intuitive","Selective exclusion of specific Uniform Civil Procedure Rules by number, requiring readers to cross-reference those rules to understand what is excluded","Judicial registrar provisions introduce a tiered decision-making structure with referral and removal mechanisms","ADR provisions reference an additional court-directed 'convenor' process distinct from standard mediation","Electronic filing rules include specific cut-off times and validity conditions that have practical legal consequences"],"plain_english_summary":"These rules set the procedure for running cases in Queensland’s Land Court and Land Appeal Court, governing how disputes about land valuation, mining/resources, and certain Indigenous land matters are started, managed, resolved and appealed. \n\nThey affect property owners, resource companies, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parties, lawyers, experts and anyone bringing or defending Land Court proceedings — shaping evidence, expert duties, alternative dispute resolution, electronic filing and how hearings and appeals are handled."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022","history":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022/history","analysis":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/land-court-rules-2022/documents"}}