{"id":"F1999B00294","name":"Extradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999","slug":"extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":"284 of 1999","makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":30827,"registerId":"commonwealth-F1999B00294-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-01","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Extradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999","content":"![](image.001.png)\n\nExtradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999\n\nStatutory Rules 1999 No. 284 as amended\n\nmade under the\n\nExtradition Act 1988\n\nThis compilation was prepared on 14 October 2009 \ntaking into account amendments up to SLI 2009 No. 257\n\nPrepared by the Office of Legislative Drafting and Publishing, \nAttorney-General’s Department, Canberra\n\nContents\n\n1 Name of Regulations \\[see Note 1\\]\n\n2 Commencement\n\n3 Definitions\n\n4 Extradition countries\n\n5 Application of the Act\n\nSchedule 1 Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions\n\nNotes\n\n1 Name of Regulations \\[see Note 1\\]\n\nThese Regulations are the Extradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999.\n\n2 Commencement\n\nThese Regulations commence on the commencement of the Criminal Code Amendment (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Act 1999.\n\n3 Definitions\n\n> Act means the Extradition Act 1988.\n\n> Convention means the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, done at Paris on 17 December 1997, a copy of the English text of which is set out in Schedule 1.\n\n4 Extradition countries\n\nFor the definition of extradition country in section 5 of the Act, a country, or a colony, territory or protectorate of a country, for which the Convention is in force is an extradition country.\n\n> Note 1 For when the Convention enters into force for a State, see Article 15 of the Convention in Schedule 1.\n\n> Note 2 The countries for which the Convention is currently in force are listed on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development website at http://www.oecd.org.\n\n5 Application of the Act\n\nThe Act applies, subject to the Convention, to an extradition country mentioned in regulation 4.\n\nSchedule 1 Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions\n\n(regulation 3)\n\nCONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS\n\nPreamble\n\nThe Parties,\n\nConsidering that bribery is a widespread phenomenon in international business transactions, including trade and investment, which raises serious moral and political concerns, undermines good governance and economic development, and distorts international competitive conditions;\n\nConsidering that all countries share a responsibility to combat bribery in international business transactions;\n\nHaving regard to the Revised Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, adopted by the Council of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on 23 May 1997, C(97)123/FINAL, which, inter alia, called for effective measures to deter, prevent and combat the bribery of foreign public officials in connection with international business transactions, in particular the prompt criminalisation of such bribery in an effective and coordinated manner and in conformity with the agreed common elements set out in that Recommendation and with the jurisdictional and other basic legal principles of each country;\n\nWelcoming other recent developments which further advance international understanding and co-operation in combating bribery of public officials, including actions of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, the Council of Europe and the European Union;\n\nWelcoming the efforts of companies, business organisations and trade unions as well as other non-governmental organisations to combat bribery;\n\nRecognising the role of governments in the prevention of solicitation of bribes from individuals and enterprises in international business transactions;\n\nRecognising that achieving progress in this field requires not only efforts on a national level but also multilateral cooperation, monitoring and follow-up;\n\nRecognising that achieving equivalence among the measures to be taken by the Parties is an essential object and purpose of the Convention, which requires that the Convention be ratified without derogations affecting this equivalence;\n\nHave agreed as follows:\n\nArticle 1\n\nThe Offence of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials\n\n1. Each Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish that it is a criminal offence under its law for any person intentionally to offer, promise or give any undue pecuniary or other advantage, whether directly or through intermediaries, to a foreign public official, for that official or for a third party, in order that the official act or refrain from acting in relation to the performance of official duties, in order to obtain or retain business or other improper advantage in the conduct of international business.\n\n2. Each Party shall take any measures necessary to establish that complicity in, including incitement, aiding and abetting, or authorisation of an act of bribery of a foreign public official shall be a criminal offence. Attempt and conspiracy to bribe a foreign public official shall be criminal offences to the same extent as attempt and conspiracy to bribe a public official of that Party.\n\n3. The offences set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 above are hereinafter referred to as “bribery of a foreign public official”.\n\n4. For the purpose of this Convention:\n\na. “foreign public official” means any person holding a legislative, administrative or judicial office of a foreign country, whether appointed or elected; any person exercising a public function for a foreign country, including for a public agency or public enterprise; and any official or agent of a public international organisation;\n\nb. “foreign country” includes all levels and subdivisions of government, from national to local;\n\nc. “act or refrain from acting in relation to the performance of official duties” includes any use of the public official’s position, whether or not within the official’s authorised competence.\n\nArticle 2\n\nResponsibility of Legal Persons\n\nEach Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its legal principles, to establish the liability of legal persons for the bribery of a foreign public official.\n\nArticle 3\n\nSanctions\n\n1. The bribery of a foreign public official shall be punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties. The range of penalties shall be comparable to that applicable to the bribery of the Party’s own public officials and shall, in the case of natural persons, include deprivation of liberty sufficient to enable effective mutual legal assistance and extradition.\n\n2. In the event that, under the legal system of a Party, criminal responsibility is not applicable to legal persons, that Party shall ensure that legal persons shall be subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive non-criminal sanctions, including monetary sanctions, for bribery of foreign public officials.\n\n3. Each Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to provide that the bribe and the proceeds of the bribery of a foreign public official, or property the value of which corresponds to that of such proceeds, are subject to seizure and confiscation or that monetary sanctions of comparable effect are applicable.\n\n4. Each Party shall consider the imposition of additional civil or administrative sanctions upon a person subject to sanctions for the bribery of a foreign public official.\n\nArticle 4\n\nJurisdiction\n\n1. Each Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the bribery of a foreign public official when the offence is committed in whole or in part in its territory.\n\n2. Each Party which has jurisdiction to prosecute its nationals for offences committed abroad shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction to do so in respect of the bribery of a foreign public official, according to the same principles.\n\n3. When more than one Party has jurisdiction over an alleged offence described in this Convention, the Parties involved shall, at the request of one of them, consult with a view to determining the most appropriate jurisdiction for prosecution.\n\n4. Each Party shall review whether its current basis for jurisdiction is effective in the fight against the bribery of foreign public officials and, if it is not, shall take remedial steps.\n\nArticle 5\n\nEnforcement\n\nInvestigation and prosecution of the bribery of a foreign public official shall be subject to the applicable rules and principles of each Party. They shall not be influenced by considerations of national economic interest, the potential effect upon relations with another State or the identity of the natural or legal persons involved.\n\nArticle 6\n\nStatute of Limitations\n\nAny statute of limitations applicable to the offence of bribery of a foreign public official shall allow an adequate period of time for the investigation and prosecution of this offence.\n\nArticle 7\n\nMoney Laundering\n\nEach Party which has made bribery of its own public official a predicate offence for the purpose of the application of its money laundering legislation shall do so on the same terms for the bribery of a foreign public official, without regard to the place where the bribery occurred.\n\nArticle 8\n\nAccounting\n\n1. In order to combat bribery of foreign public officials effectively, each Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, within the framework of its laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures, and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the establishment of off-the-books accounts, the making of off-the-books or inadequately identified transactions, the recording of non-existent expenditures, the entry of liabilities with incorrect identification of their object, as well as the use of false documents, by companies subject to those laws and regulations, for the purpose of bribing foreign public officials or of hiding such bribery.\n\n2. Each Party shall provide effective, proportionate and dissuasive civil, administrative or criminal penalties for such omissions and falsifications in respect of the books, records, accounts and financial statements of such companies.\n\nArticle 9\n\nMutual Legal Assistance\n\n1. Each Party shall, to the fullest extent possible under its laws and relevant treaties and arrangements, provide prompt and effective legal assistance to another Party for the purpose of criminal investigations and proceedings brought by a Party concerning offences within the scope of this Convention and for non-criminal proceedings within the scope of this Convention brought by a Party against a legal person. The requested Party shall inform the requesting Party, without delay, of any additional information or documents needed to support the request for assistance and, where requested, of the status and outcome of the request for assistance.\n\n2. Where a Party makes mutual legal assistance conditional upon the existence of dual criminality, dual criminality shall be deemed to exist if the offence for which the assistance is sought is within the scope of this Convention.\n\n3. A Party shall not decline to render mutual legal assistance for criminal matters within the scope of this Convention on the ground of bank secrecy.\n\nArticle 10\n\nExtradition\n\n1. Bribery of a foreign public official shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable offence under the laws of the Parties and the extradition treaties between them.\n\n2. If a Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of an extradition treaty receives a request for extradition from another Party with which it has no extradition treaty, it may consider this Convention to be the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offence of bribery of a foreign public official.\n\n3. Each Party shall take any measures necessary to assure either that it can extradite its nationals or that it can prosecute its nationals for the offence of bribery of a foreign public official. A Party which declines a request to extradite a person for bribery of a foreign public official solely on the ground that the person is its national shall submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution.\n\n4. Extradition for bribery of a foreign public official is subject to the conditions set out in the domestic law and applicable treaties and arrangements of each Party. Where a Party makes extradition conditional upon the existence of dual criminality, that condition shall be deemed to be fulfilled if the offence for which extradition is sought is within the scope of Article 1 of this Convention.\n\nArticle 11\n\nResponsible Authorities\n\nFor the purposes of Article 4, paragraph 3, on consultation, Article 9, on mutual legal assistance and Article 10, on extradition, each Party shall notify to the Secretary-General of the OECD an authority or authorities responsible for making and receiving requests, which shall serve as channel of communication for these matters for that Party, without prejudice to other arrangements between Parties.\n\nArticle 12\n\nMonitoring and Follow-up\n\nThe Parties shall co-operate in carrying out a programme of systematic follow-up to monitor and promote the full implementation of this Convention. Unless otherwise decided by consensus of the Parties, this shall be done in the framework of the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions and according to its terms of reference, or within the framework and terms of reference of any successor to its functions, and Parties shall bear the costs of the programme in accordance with the rules applicable to that body.\n\nArticle 13\n\nSignature and Accession\n\n1. Until its entry into force, this Convention shall be open for signature by OECD members and by non-members which have been invited to become full participants in its Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions.\n\n2. Subsequent to its entry into force, this Convention shall be open to accession by any non-signatory which is a member of the OECD or has become a full participant in the Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions or any successor to its functions. For each such non-signatory, the Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day following the date of deposit of its instrument of accession.\n\nArticle 14\n\nRatification and Depositary\n\n1. This Convention is subject to acceptance, approval or ratification by the Signatories, in accordance with their respective laws.\n\n2. Instruments of acceptance, approval, ratification or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the OECD, who shall serve as Depositary of this Convention.\n\nArticle 15\n\nEntry into Force\n\n1. This Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day following the date upon which five of the ten countries which have the ten largest export shares set out in DAFFE/IME/BR(97)18/FINAL (annexed), and which represent by themselves at least sixty percent of the combined total exports of those ten countries, have deposited their instruments of acceptance, approval, or ratification. For each signatory depositing its instrument after such entry into force, the Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day after deposit of its instrument.\n\n2. If, after 31 December 1998, the Convention has not entered into force under paragraph 1 above, any signatory which has deposited its instrument of acceptance, approval or ratification may declare in writing to the Depositary its readiness to accept entry into force of this Convention under this paragraph 2. The Convention shall enter into force for such a signatory on the sixtieth day following the date upon which such declarations have been deposited by at least two signatories. For each signatory depositing its declaration after such entry into force, the Convention shall enter into force on the sixtieth day following the date of deposit.\n\nArticle 16\n\nAmendment\n\nAny Party may propose the amendment of this Convention. A proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary which shall communicate it to the other Parties at least sixty days before convening a meeting of the Parties to consider the proposed amendment. An amendment adopted by consensus of the Parties, or by such other means as the Parties may determine by consensus, shall enter into force sixty days after the deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval by all of the Parties, or in such other circumstances as may be specified by the Parties at the time of adoption of the amendment.\n\nArticle 17\n\nWithdrawal\n\nA Party may withdraw from this Convention by submitting written notification to the Depositary. Such withdrawal shall be effective one year after the date of the receipt of the notification. After withdrawal, co-operation shall continue between the Parties and the Party which has withdrawn on all requests for assistance and extradition made before the effective date of withdrawal which remain pending.\n\n\\[Signatures not reproduced here.\\]\n\nANNEX\n\nDAFFE/IME/BR(97)18/FINAL\n\nSTATISTICS ON OECD EXPORTS\n\n```html\n

OECD EXPORTS

1990-1996

1990-1996

1990-1996

US$ million

% of total OECD

% of 10 largest

United States

287 118

15,9%

19,7%

Germany

254 746

14,1%

17,5%

Japan

212 665

11,8%

14,6%

France

138 471

7,7%

9,5%

United Kingdom

121 258

6,7%

8,3%

Italy

112 449

6,2%

7,7%

Canada

91 215

5,1%

6,3%

Korea (1)

81 364

4,5%

5,6%

Netherlands

81 264

4,5%

5,6%

Belgium-Luxembourg

78 598

4,4%

5,4%

Total 10 largest

1 459 148

81,0%

100%

Spain

42 469

2,4%

Switzerland

40 395

2,2%

Sweden

36 710

2,0%

Mexico (1)

34 233

1,9%

Australia

27 194

1,5%

Denmark

24 145

1,3%

Austria*

22 432

1,2%

Norway

21 666

1,2%

Ireland

19 217

1,1%

Finland

17 296

1,0%

Poland (1)**

12 652

0,7%

Portugal

10 801

0,6%

Turkey*

8 027

0,4%

Hungary**

6 795

0,4%

New Zealand

6 663

0,4%

Czech Republic***

6 263

0,3%

Greece*

4 606

0,3%

Iceland

949

0,1%

TOTAL OECD

1 801 661

100%

\n```\n\nNotes: \\* 1990-1995; \\*\\* 1991-1996; \\*\\*\\* 1993-1996\n\nSource: OECD, (1) IMF.\n\nConcerning Belgium-Luxembourg: Trade statistics for Belgium and Luxembourg are available only on a combined basis for the two countries. For purposes of Article 15, paragraph 1 of the Convention, if either Belgium or Luxembourg deposits its instrument of acceptance, approval or ratification, or if both Belgium and Luxembourg deposit their instruments of acceptance, approval or ratification, it shall be considered that one of the countries which have the ten largest exports shares has deposited its instrument and the joint exports of both countries will be counted towards the 60 percent of combined total exports of those ten countries, which is required for entry into force under this provision.\n\n> Notes to the Extradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999\n\n> Note 1\n\n> Note: The Extradition (Bribery of Foreign Public Officials) Regulations 1999 (in force under the Extradition Act 1988) as shown in this compilation comprise Statutory Rules 1999 No. 284 amended as indicated in the Tables below.\n\n> Note: > Note: Table of Instruments\n\n| Year andnumber | Date of notificationin Gazette or FRLI registration | Date ofcommencement | Application, saving ortransitional provisions |\n| -------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |\n| 1999 No. 284 | 2 Dec 1999 | 17 Dec 1999 (see r. 2) | |\n| 2001 No. 196 | 19 July 2001 | 19 July 2001 | — |\n| 2009 No. 257 | 13 Oct 2009 (see F2009L03612) | 14 Oct 2009 | — |\n\n> Note: > Note: Table of Amendments\n\n```html\n

ad. = added or inserted am. = amended rep. = repealed rs. = repealed and substituted

Provision affected

How affected

R. 4.................

rs. 2009 No. 257

R. 5.................

rs. 2009 No. 257

Schedule 2............

am. 2001 No. 196

rep. 2009 No. 257

\n```","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":3,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Regulations extend the Extradition Act’s practical reach by designating countries for which the OECD Bribery Convention is in force as \"extradition countries\" and by applying the Act to them subject to the Convention (regs 4–5, Schedule 1). This adds a treaty‑based category of offences (bribery of foreign public officials) and relies on the Convention’s entry‑into‑force rules (Convention art.15) to determine coverage."},"complexity_factors":["Incorporation of a multilateral treaty text (Schedule 1) rather than standalone domestic rules.","Cross‑reference dependence on the Extradition Act 1988 (definition of \"extradition country\" in s.5) which requires reading two instruments together.","Treaty entry‑into‑force mechanics and external status (Convention art.15) determine which countries are covered, creating dynamic scope.","Operational reliance on external sources (OECD website) for the current list of parties (reg.4 note).","The phrase \"subject to the Convention\" injects treaty conditions (e.g. dual criminality, extradition vs. prosecution of nationals) into domestic application, requiring legal interpretation at the interface of domestic and international law."],"plain_english_summary":"These Regulations treat countries that are parties to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials as \"extradition countries\" under the Extradition Act 1988 and state that the Act applies to them subject to the Convention (regs 3–5, Schedule 1). Mechanically, the instrument imports the Convention’s definitions and extradition/assistance rules into Australia’s extradition framework, affecting people accused of bribing foreign public officials, foreign requesting states, and Australian authorities handling extradition and mutual‑assistance requests (Convention art.15)."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":3,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The Regulations remain tightly focused on their original purpose: enabling extradition for foreign bribery offences under the OECD Convention. The 2009 amendments simplified the instrument by removing Schedule 2 (which previously listed specific countries) and replacing it with a dynamic reference to Convention membership, but this was a procedural streamlining rather than scope expansion. The core purpose — implementing Australia's obligations under the 1997 OECD Convention — has not changed."},"complexity_factors":["Only 5 operative regulations (rules 1-5), with 2 defined terms","No nested exceptions or conditional logic in the Regulations themselves","Complexity arises primarily from incorporating the full OECD Convention text (17 articles with detailed provisions on jurisdiction, enforcement, mutual legal assistance, and extradition)","Regulation 4 uses a dynamic definition — 'extradition country' status depends on external website listing (OECD website), creating delegated factual complexity","Schedule 1 Convention contains cross-references between articles (e.g., Article 10 extradition provisions reference Article 1 offences)"],"plain_english_summary":"These Regulations make it possible for Australia to extradite people accused of bribing foreign public officials, and to request their extradition from other countries.\n\n**What this does:**\n- **Treats bribery of foreign officials as an extraditable offence** — meaning Australia can send accused people to face trial overseas, or request other countries send them here.\n- **Automatically applies to all countries** that have signed the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (a 1997 international agreement to stop bribery in international business).\n- **Works through the Extradition Act 1988** — these Regulations simply switch on that Act for this specific crime across all Convention countries, without needing separate treaties with each nation.\n\n**Who it affects:**\n- People accused of bribing foreign government officials, politicians, or public servants to win business deals.\n- Australian prosecutors and law enforcement seeking to extradite suspects.\n- Foreign governments seeking to extradite people from Australia.\n\n**Why it matters:**\nBefore these Regulations, Australia might not have been able to extradite someone for foreign bribery unless there was a specific bilateral treaty. This creates a streamlined system covering dozens of countries, making it harder for corporate bribers to flee to Australia to avoid prosecution, or for Australians to flee overseas after bribing officials abroad.\n\nThe Regulations include the full text of the OECD Convention, which defines the crime broadly: offering any improper advantage to foreign officials to influence their decisions in business deals."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999","history":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999/history","analysis":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/extradition-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-regulations-1999/documents"}}