{"id":"tas:act-2001-079","name":"Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001","slug":"evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001","collection":"act","jurisdiction":"tas","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":"79 of 2001","makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":105788,"registerId":"tas-act-2001-079-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-03","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"Part 1","sectionType":"part","heading":"Preliminary","content":"# Part 1 Preliminary","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Short title","content":"### 1 Short title\n\n> This Act may be cited as the [Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2001-079) .","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"2","sectionType":"section","heading":"Commencement","content":"### 2 Commencement\n\n> This Act commences on a day to be proclaimed.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"3","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpretation","content":"### 3 Interpretation\n\n> In this Act –\n> \n> > ***affected child*** means a child –\n> > \n> > > > (a) in respect of whom an application under [section 42 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028#GS42@EN) [Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028) is made; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ab) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 67 of 2004, Sched. 1, Applied:30 Mar 2005\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2005-03-30/act-2004-067#JS1@Ja4@GC1@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@Hpa@EN) who is giving, or is to give, evidence in respect of family violence, within the meaning of the [Family Violence Act 2004](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067) , or a crime under [section 158](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS158@EN) or [159](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS159@EN) of the *Criminal Code*; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) upon or in respect of whom any of the following crimes is alleged to have been committed:\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 69 of 2003, Sched. 1, Applied:15 Dec 2003\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2003-12-15/act-2003-069#JS1@Ja6@GC1@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 44 of 2004, s. 28, Applied:16 Nov 2004\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2004-11-16/act-2004-044#GS28@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 2 of 2022, Sched. 1, Applied:18 Mar 2022\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2022-03-18/act-2022-002#JS1@Ja10@GC1@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 27, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS27@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 17 of 2024, s. 20, Applied:01 Nov 2024\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2024-11-01/act-2024-017#GS20@Hpa@EN) a crime under [section 122](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS122@EN) , [124](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124@EN) , [124A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124A@EN) , [124B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124B@EN) , [124C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124C@EN) , [125](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125@EN) , [125A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125A@EN) , [125B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125B@EN) , [125C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125C@EN) , [125D](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125D@EN) , [126](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS126@EN) , [127](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS127@EN) , [127A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS127A@EN) , [128](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS128@EN) , [129](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS129@EN) , [130](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS130@EN) , [133](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS133@EN) , [137](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS137@EN) , [170](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS170@EN) , [172](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS172@EN) , [178](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS178@EN) , [178A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS178A@EN) , [183](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS183@EN) , [185](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS185@EN) , [186](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS186@EN) , [191A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS191A@EN) , [240](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS240@EN) or [240A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS240A@EN) of the *Criminal Code* or a crime under [section 9 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS9@EN) [Sex Industry Offences Act 2005](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042) ;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) a crime under [section 298](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS298@EN) , [299](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS299@EN) or [300](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS300@EN) of the *Criminal Code* in relation to a crime specified in a section referred to in [subparagraph (i)](#GS3@Nd36077497708333@Hpb@Hqi@EN) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ba) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@Hpd@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 9, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS9@Hpa@EN)\n> > > \n> > > > (c) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 44 of 2004, s. 28, Applied:16 Nov 2004\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2004-11-16/act-2004-044#GS28@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@Hpc@EN) upon or in respect of whom an offence under [section 8(1A)(a)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044#GS8@Gs1A@Hpa@EN) or [35(3) of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044#GS35@Gs3@EN) [Police Offences Act 1935](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044) is alleged to have been committed; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ca) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 9, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS9@Hpb@EN) who has witnessed the following:\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) a crime referred to in [paragraph (b)(i)](#GS3@Nd36077497708333@Hpb@Hqi@EN) ;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) a crime under [section 158](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS158@EN) or [159](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS159@EN) of the *Criminal Code*; or\n> > > \n> > > > (cb) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 9, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS9@Hpb@EN) who is giving, or is to give, evidence in respect of a child sexual offence;\n> > > \n> > > > (d) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@Hpd@EN) upon or in respect of whom an offence under [section 73](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105#GS73@EN) of the [Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Enforcement Act 1995](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105) is alleged to have been committed;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 9, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS9@Hpc@EN) ***affected person*** means the following:\n> > \n> > > > (a) an affected child;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) a person who has attained the age of 18 years upon, or in respect of whom, a child sexual offence was committed, or is alleged to have been committed, when the person was a child;\n> > > \n> > > > (c) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpa@EN) a prescribed witness;\n> \n> > ***audio visual link*** means facilities (including closed-circuit television) that enable audio and visual communication between persons at different places;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@Hpe@EN) ***child*** means a person who is under the age of 18 years;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 9, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS9@Hpd@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 27, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS27@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 17 of 2024, s. 20, Applied:01 Nov 2024\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2024-11-01/act-2024-017#GS20@Hpb@EN) ***child sexual offence*** means an offence, committed in relation to a child, against [section 124](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124@EN) , [124A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124A@EN) , [124B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124B@EN) , [124C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124C@EN) , [125](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125@EN) , [125A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125A@EN) , [125B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125B@EN) , [125C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125C@EN) , [125D](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125D@EN) , [126](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS126@EN) , [127](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS127@EN) , [129](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS129@EN) , [130](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS130@EN) , [130A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS130A@EN) , [133](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS133@EN) or [185](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS185@EN) of the *Criminal Code*;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@Hpf@EN) ***Crown Law Officer*** means the Attorney-General or Solicitor-General, or any person appointed by the Governor to institute or prosecute criminal proceedings in the Supreme Court;\n> \n> > ***defendant*** means –\n> > \n> > > > (a) in respect of an application under [section 42 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028#GS42@EN) [Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028) , the respondent; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ab) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpa@EN) in respect of an application to a court under [Part 3 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067#HP3@EN) [Family Violence Act 2004](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067) to vary, extend or revoke a police family violence order, the person to whom the relevant police family violence order is issued; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ac) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpa@EN) in respect of an application to a court under [Part 4 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067#HP4@EN) [Family Violence Act 2004](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067) for a family violence order, an interim family violence order or a variation, extension or revocation of a family violence order, the person against whom the family violence order is made or is sought to be made; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ad) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpa@EN) in respect of an order, admitting a person to bail, varying or adding a condition of an order for bail or revoking an order for bail, under the [Bail Act 1994](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1994-009) , [Criminal Code Act 1924](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069) or [Justices Act 1959](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077) , made in relation to a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a family violence offence, the person in respect of whom the order is made; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpb@EN) in respect of any other prescribed proceeding or specified proceeding, a person charged with the crime or offence;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpb@EN) ***family violence offence*** has the same meaning as in the [Family Violence Act 2004](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067) ;\n> \n> > ***judge*** means –\n> > \n> > > > (a) a judge of the Supreme Court; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) a magistrate; and\n> > > \n> > > > (c) any justice sitting in court;\n> \n> > ***prescribed proceeding*** means –\n> > \n> > > > (a) an application under [section 42 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028#GS42@EN) [Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ab) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 67 of 2004, Sched. 1, Applied:30 Mar 2005\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2005-03-30/act-2004-067#JS1@Ja4@GC1@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpc@EN) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a family violence offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ac) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 67 of 2004, Sched. 1, Applied:30 Mar 2005\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2005-03-30/act-2004-067#JS1@Ja4@GC1@Hpb@EN) an application to a court under [Part 3](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067#HP3@EN) or [4 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067#HP4@EN) [Family Violence Act 2004](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2004-067) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ad) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 6, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS6@Hpd@EN) an application in respect of an order, admitting a person to bail, varying or adding a condition of an order for bail or revoking an order for bail, under the [Bail Act 1994](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1994-009) , [Criminal Code Act 1924](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069) or [Justices Act 1959](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077) , in which the person in respect of whom the order is made has been charged with a family violence offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 69 of 2003, Sched. 1, Applied:15 Dec 2003\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2003-12-15/act-2003-069#JS1@Ja6@GC1@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 44 of 2004, s. 28, Applied:16 Nov 2004\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2004-11-16/act-2004-044#GS28@Hpc@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS4@Hpg@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 21 of 2022, s. 26, Applied:22 Dec 2022\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2022-12-22/act-2022-021#GS26@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 27, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS27@Hpc@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 17 of 2024, s. 20, Applied:01 Nov 2024\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2024-11-01/act-2024-017#GS20@Hpc@EN) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a crime under [section 122](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS122@EN) , [124](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124@EN) , [124A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124A@EN) , [124B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124B@EN) , [124C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124C@EN) , [125](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125@EN) , [125A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125A@EN) , [125B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125B@EN) , [125C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125C@EN) , [125D](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS125D@EN) , [126](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS126@EN) , [127](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS127@EN) , [127A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS127A@EN) , [128](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS128@EN) , [129](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS129@EN) , [130](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS130@EN) , [133](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS133@EN) , [137](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS137@EN) , [158](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS158@EN) , [159](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS159@EN) , [170](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS170@EN) , [170A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS170A@EN) , [172](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS172@EN) , [178](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS178@EN) , [178A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS178A@EN) , [183](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS183@EN) , [185](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS185@EN) , [186](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS186@EN) , [191A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS191A@EN) , [192](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS192@EN) or [240](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS240@EN) of the *Criminal Code*; or\n> > > \n> > > > (c) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a crime under [section 298](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS298@EN) , [299](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS299@EN) or [300](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS300@EN) of the *Criminal Code* in relation to a crime specified in a section referred to in [paragraph (b)](#GS3@Nd36077606041667@Hpb@EN) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (d) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 44 of 2004, s. 28, Applied:16 Nov 2004\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2004-11-16/act-2004-044#GS28@Hpd@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 42 of 2005, s. 26, Applied:01 Jan 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-01-01/act-2005-042#GS26@Hpa@EN) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with an offence under [section 8(1A)(a)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044#GS8@Gs1A@Hpa@EN) or [35(3) of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044#GS35@Gs3@EN) [Police Offences Act 1935](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044) ; or;\n> > > \n> > > > (e) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 42 of 2005, s. 26, Applied:01 Jan 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-01-01/act-2005-042#GS26@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@Hpg@EN) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a crime under [section 4](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS4@EN) , [7](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS7@EN) or [9 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS9@EN) [Sex Industry Offences Act 2005](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042) or an offence under [section 8(2)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS8@Gs2@EN) of that Act; or\n> > > \n> > > > (f) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 43 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:18 Dec 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-12-18/act-2006-043#GS19@Hpg@EN) a proceeding in which a person has been charged with an offence under [section 73](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105#GS73@EN) of the [Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Enforcement Act 1995](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105) ;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpc@EN) ***prescribed witness*** means a witness in respect of whom a witness intermediary order has been made under [section 7J](#GS7J@EN) ;\n> \n> > ***prosecutor***, in relation to an application under [section 42 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028#GS42@EN) [Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028) , means the applicant;\n> \n> > ***special witness*** is a person declared to be a special witness under [section 8](#GS8@EN) ;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpd@EN) ***specified offence*** means an offence committed against –\n> > \n> > > > (a) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 27, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS27@Hpd@EN) [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 17 of 2024, s. 20, Applied:01 Nov 2024\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2024-11-01/act-2024-017#GS20@Hpd@EN) [section 105A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS105A@EN) , [122](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS122@EN) , [124](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS124@EN) , [124A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124A@EN) , [124B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124B@EN) , [124C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-069#JS1@GS124C@EN) , [125](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS125@EN) , [125A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS125A@EN) , [125B](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS125B@EN) , [125C](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS125C@EN) , [125D](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS125D@EN) , [126](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS126@EN) , [127](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS127@EN) , [127A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS127A@EN) , [129](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS129@EN) , [130](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS130@EN) , [130A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS130A@EN) , [133](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS133@EN) , [137](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS137@EN) , [178A](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS178A@EN) or [185](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS185@EN) of the *Criminal Code*; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [chapter XVII](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@HPXVII@EN) of the *Criminal Code*; or\n> > > \n> > > > (c) [section 298](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS298@EN) , [299](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS299@EN) or [300](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1924-094#JS1@GS300@EN) of the *Criminal Code* in respect of an offence referred to in [paragraph (a)](#GS3@Nd206068@Hpa@EN) or [(b)](#GS3@Nd206068@Hpb@EN) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (d) [section 73 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105#GS73@EN) [Classification (Publications, Films and Computer Games) Enforcement Act 1995](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1995-105) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (e) [section 8(1A)(a)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-094#GS8@Gs1@Hpa@EN) or [35(3)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-094#GS35@Gs3@@EN) of the [Police Offences Act 1935](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1935-044) ; or\n> > > \n> > > > (f) [section 4](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS4@EN) , [7](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS7@EN) , [8(2)](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS8@Gs2@EN) or [9](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042#GS9@EN) of the [Sex Industry Offences Act 2005](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2005-042) ;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpd@EN) ***specified proceeding*** means a proceeding (including a preliminary proceeding) in which a person has been charged with a specified offence;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpe@EN) ***trial*** includes the hearing of an application under [section 42 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028#GS42@EN) [Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1997-028) ;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpf@EN) ***witness intermediary*** – see [section 7E](#GS7E@EN) ;\n> \n> > [*\\[Section 3 Amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 4, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS4@Hpf@EN) ***witness intermediary order*** means an order under [section 7J](#GS7J@EN) that a witness intermediary be used in respect of a witness.","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"Part 1A","sectionType":"part","heading":"Principles in Relation to Child Witnesses","content":"# Part 1A Principles in Relation to Child Witnesses","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"3A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Principles in relation to child witnesses","content":"### 3A Principles in relation to child witnesses\n\n> [*\\[Section 3A Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 5, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS5@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  It is the intention of Parliament that, as children tend to be vulnerable in dealings with persons in authority, child witnesses be given the benefit of special measures.\n> \n> > (2)  The following principles apply where a child is a witness in any proceeding:\n> > \n> > > > (a) measures are to be taken to limit, to the greatest extent practicable, the distress or trauma suffered (or likely to be suffered) by the child when giving evidence;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the child is to be treated with dignity, respect and compassion;\n> > > \n> > > > (c) the child should not be intimidated when giving evidence;\n> > > \n> > > > (d) [*\\[Section 3A Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 5, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS5@EN) prescribed proceedings or specified proceedings in which a child is a witness are to be resolved as quickly as possible.","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"Part 2","sectionType":"part","heading":"Evidence of affected persons and special witnesses","content":"# Part 2 Evidence of affected persons and special witnesses\n\n[*\\[Part 2 Heading amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 10, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS10@EN)","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"4","sectionType":"section","heading":"Support person for child or affected person","content":"### 4 Support person for child or affected person\n\n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 4 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 6, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS6@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 4 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 6, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS6@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 4 Subsection (1) amended by No. 16 of 2006, s. 19, Applied:01 Nov 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-11-01/act-2006-016#GS19@EN) [*\\[Section 4 Subsection (1) substituted by No. 18 of 2024, s. 4, Applied:31 Jan 2025\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2025-01-31/act-2024-018#GS4@EN) In giving evidence in any proceeding, a child or an affected person is entitled to have a person approved by the judge near the child or affected person for the purpose of providing the child or affected person with support.\n> \n> > (2)  A judge may only approve a person for the purpose if that person is not, or is not likely to be, a witness in or a party to the proceeding.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"5","sectionType":"section","heading":"Admission of prior statement of affected child or prescribed witness","content":"### 5 Admission of prior statement of affected child or prescribed witness\n\n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 5 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS7@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 5 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS7@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 5 Subsection (1) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 6, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS6@EN) In a prescribed proceeding (including a special hearing ordered under [section 6A](#GS6A@EN) ) or a specified proceeding, the judge may admit into evidence a statement made by an affected child or a prescribed witness and recorded by any means if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the statement relates to a matter in issue in the proceeding; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the defendant has been given a copy of the record of the statement; and\n> > > \n> > > > (c) [*\\[Section 5 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS7@Hpc@EN) the defendant is given the opportunity to cross-examine the affected child or the prescribed witness.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 5 Subsection (2) amended by No. 22 of 2007, s. 28, Applied:01 Feb 2008\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2008-02-01/act-2007-022#GS28@EN) [Subsection (1)](#GS5@Gs1@EN) does not affect the operation of [section 61 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077#GS61@EN) [Justices Act 1959](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077) .","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"5A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Audio visual statement of certain witnesses admissible as evidence in chief","content":"### 5A Audio visual statement of certain witnesses admissible as evidence in chief\n\n> [*\\[Section 5A Inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 28, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS28@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  In this section –\n> > \n> > > ***audio visual statement*** means a statement made by a witness and recorded by any means;\n> > \n> > > ***investigating official*** has the same meaning as in the [Evidence Act 2001](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2001-076) ;\n> > \n> > > ***sexual offence*** has the same meaning as in the [Evidence Act 2001](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-2001-076) .\n> \n> > (2)  This section applies in respect of a witness in a criminal proceeding if the witness is –\n> > \n> > > > (a) a child, other than the defendant, who is to give evidence in respect of an offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the alleged victim of a sexual offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (c) the alleged victim of a family violence offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (d) a special witness.\n> \n> > (3)  An audio visual statement taken by an investigating official in respect of an offence may be tendered or treated as all or part of the evidence in chief of the witness that made the statement in a proceeding for that offence.\n> \n> > (4)  [Subsection (3)](#GS5A@Gs3@EN) does not apply if a judge of the court hearing the proceeding considers that the tendering or treating of the audio visual statement as evidence in chief would be contrary to the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (5)  Nothing in this section prevents a defendant from being given the opportunity to cross-examine a witness in a proceeding.\n> \n> > (6)  This section does not affect the operation of [section 61 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077#GS61@EN) [Justices Act 1959](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1959-077) .","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"6","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application for order for special hearing","content":"### 6 Application for order for special hearing\n\n> [*\\[Section 6 Substituted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS7@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 6 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 8, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS8@EN) In a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding, the prosecutor may apply to a judge for an order directing –\n> > \n> > > > (a) [*\\[Section 6 Subsection (1) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 11, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS11@Hpa@EN) that the whole of an affected person's evidence (including cross-examination and re-examination) be –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) taken at a special hearing and audio visually recorded; and\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) presented to the court in the form of that audio visual recording; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 6 Subsection (1) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 11, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS11@Hpb@EN) that the affected person not be present at the trial.\n> \n> > (2)  The defendant is to be served with a copy of, and is entitled to be heard on, an application under [subsection (1)](#GS6@Gs1@EN) .","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"6A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Special hearing to take and record person's evidence in full","content":"### 6A Special hearing to take and record person's evidence in full\n\n> [*\\[Section 6A Amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 12, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS12@EN) [*\\[Section 6A Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS7@EN) [*\\[Section 6A Substituted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 29, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS29@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  A judge who hears an application under [section 6(1)(a)](#GS6@Gs1@Hpa@EN) , or on the judge's own motion, may make such orders in relation to the affected person’s evidence as the judge thinks fit.\n> \n> > (2)  A judge may, in a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding, make an order for the holding of a special hearing to take and record a witness's evidence in full if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the judge is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice to hold a special hearing; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 6A Subsection (2) amended by No. 18 of 2024, s. 5, Applied:31 Jan 2025\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2025-01-31/act-2024-018#GS5@EN) the witness consents to the special hearing.","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"6B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Evidence of affected child or prescribed witness by audio visual link","content":"### 6B Evidence of affected child or prescribed witness by audio visual link\n\n> [*\\[Section 6B Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 7, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS7@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpa@EN) Except where an order under [section 7](#GS7@EN) is in force, the evidence of an affected child or a prescribed witness in a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding, including evidence given at a special hearing, is to be given by audio visual link.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpd@EN) [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpc@EN) While an affected child or a prescribed witness is giving evidence by audio visual link, only the following persons may be present in the room with the child or witness:\n> > \n> > > > (a) a person approved under [section 4](#GS4@EN) ;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpe@EN) one person employed at the court in which the proceedings are being conducted;\n> > > \n> > > > (c) [*\\[Section 6B Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS9@Hpf@EN) in the case of a prescribed witness, a witness intermediary.","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"7","sectionType":"section","heading":"Affected child or prescribed witness may give oral evidence in court","content":"### 7 Affected child or prescribed witness may give oral evidence in court\n\n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 7 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 10, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS10@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 7 Subsection (1) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 8, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS8@Hpa@EN) In a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding, the prosecutor may apply to a judge of the court hearing the proceeding for an order that [section 6B](#GS6B@EN) does not apply to the proceeding.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 7 Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 10, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS10@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 7 Subsection (2) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 8, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS8@Hpb@EN) On receipt of an application, the judge may make an order declaring that [section 6B](#GS6B@EN) does not apply to the proceeding if satisfied that the affected child or prescribed witness is able and wishes to give evidence in the presence of the defendant in the courtroom.\n> \n> > (3)  [*\\[Section 7 Subsection (3) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 10, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS10@Hpc@EN) A judge of the court hearing a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding may, on the application of the prosecutor or on his or her own motion, vary or revoke an order made under [subsection (2)](#GS7@Gs2@EN) .","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"7AA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Use of screens, one-way glass or other devices in courtroom","content":"### 7AA Use of screens, one-way glass or other devices in courtroom\n\n> [*\\[Section 7AA Inserted by No. 18 of 2024, s. 6, Applied:31 Jan 2025\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2025-01-31/act-2024-018#GS6@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  If an affected person is to give evidence in the presence of the defendant in the courtroom, the judge may make an order that a screen, one-way glass or other device be placed so that the affected person's view of the defendant is obscured.\n> \n> > (2)  A judge may only make an order under [subsection (1)](#GS7AA@Gs1@EN) if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the affected person consents to the making of the order; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the judge is satisfied that the making of the order would not be contrary to the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (3)  An order made under [subsection (1)](#GS7AA@Gs1@EN) may be made on the application of the prosecutor or on the judge's own motion.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"7A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Audio visual record of evidence given at trial","content":"### 7A Audio visual record of evidence given at trial\n\n> [*\\[Section 7A Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS9@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 7A Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 11, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS11@EN) [*\\[Section 7A Subsection (1) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 13, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS13@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 7A Subsection (1) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 13, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS13@Hpa@EN) If an affected person or a special witness is to give evidence at trial in any prescribed proceeding or specified proceeding, and facilities are available for making an audio visual record of the evidence, an audio visual record is to be made of the affected person's or special witness's evidence.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 7A Subsection (2) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 13, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS13@Hpc@EN) An audio visual record is to be made under this section whether or not the affected person or special witness is giving evidence by audio visual link.\n> \n> > (3)  An audio visual record made under this section forms part of the records of the court.","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"7B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Audio visual record may be admitted into evidence","content":"### 7B Audio visual record may be admitted into evidence\n\n> [*\\[Section 7B Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS9@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 7B Subsection (1) substituted by No. 29 of 2019, s. 14, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS14@EN) A judge is to admit an audio visual record made under this Part into evidence in a later civil or criminal proceedings if the judge is satisfied that –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the audio visual record is relevant to the later proceeding; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) admission of the evidence would not be contrary to the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (2)  Before the judge admits such an audio visual record into evidence, the judge may have the record edited to exclude irrelevant material or material that is otherwise inadmissible in the later proceeding.\n> \n> > (3)  If a judge admits an audio visual record into evidence under this section, the judge may relieve the witness wholly or in part from an obligation to give evidence in the later proceeding.","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"7C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Unauthorised possession or dealing in video-taped evidence","content":"### 7C Unauthorised possession or dealing in video-taped evidence\n\n> [*\\[Section 7C Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 9, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS9@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  A person must not, without authority –\n> > \n> > > > (a) have an audio visual recording of evidence in his or her possession; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) supply, or offer to supply, an audio visual recording of evidence to any person.\n> > \n> > Penalty:  Fine not exceeding 50 penalty units.\n> \n> > (2)  A person must not, without authority, play, copy or erase, or permit a person to copy or erase, an audio visual recording of evidence.\n> > \n> > Penalty:  Fine not exceeding 50 penalty units.\n> \n> > (3)  A person has authority for the purposes of [subsection (1)](#GS7C@Gs1@EN) or [(2)](#GS7C@Gs2@EN) only if he or she has possession of an audio visual recording of evidence or does anything mentioned in [subsection (1)](#GS7C@Gs1@EN) or  [(2)](#GS7C@Gs2@EN) , as the case may be –\n> > \n> > > > (a) in the case of a public official, for a purpose connected with –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) the proceeding for which the recording was made; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) any proceeding where the audio visual recording has been admitted into evidence pursuant to [section 7B](#GS7B@EN) ; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iii) any resulting proceeding by way of appeal; or\n> > > \n> > > > (ab) [*\\[Section 7C Subsection (3) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 15, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS15@EN) in the case of a police officer, or any other person as authorised by the Commissioner of Police, for a purpose connected with the training and evaluation of a police officer who was involved in the making of the audio visual recording; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 7C Subsection (3) amended by No. 14 of 2025, s. 4, Applied:16 Jun 2025\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2025-06-16/act-2025-014#GS4@EN) in any other case, as authorised by a Crown Law Officer, a judge, the Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, or the Registrar of the Supreme Court, for a purpose connected with –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) the proceeding for which the recording was made; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) any proceeding where the audio visual recording has been admitted into evidence pursuant to [section 7B](#GS7B@EN) ; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iii) any proceeding resulting by way of appeal.","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"7D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Viewing of video-taped evidence by law reform body","content":"### 7D Viewing of video-taped evidence by law reform body\n\n> [*\\[Section 7D Inserted by No. 29 of 2019, s. 16, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS16@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  In this section –\n> > \n> > > ***law reform body*** means a body or organisation prescribed for the purposes of this definition.\n> \n> > (2)  The Attorney General may, on application by a law reform body, approve the viewing of an audio visual recording of evidence by members of that body for the purposes of a review into the laws of evidence by that body.\n> \n> > (3)  An approval under subsection (2) may be subject to such conditions as the Attorney-General considers appropriate.\n> \n> > (4)  If a person has authority to possess and use an audio visual recording of evidence under [section 7C](#GS7C@EN) , that person also has authority to play that recording to a member of a law reform body if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the playing of the audio visual recording of evidence is in accordance with an approval under [subsection (2)](#GS7D@Gs2@EN) ; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) all legal proceedings in relation to the evidence given in the audio visual recording have been concluded; and\n> > > \n> > > > (c) the witness giving evidence in the audio visual recording has –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) been de-identified in the audio visual recording; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) in the case of a witness who has attained the age of 18 years, consented to the use of the recording by the law reform body.","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"Part 2A","sectionType":"part","heading":"Intermediary Scheme","content":"# Part 2A Intermediary Scheme","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"7E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpretation","content":"### 7E Interpretation\n\n> [*\\[Section 7E Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN) In this Part –\n> \n> > ***adult*** means a person who has attained the age of 18 years;\n> \n> > ***assessment report*** means a report prepared by a witness intermediary in relation to a witness’s communication and other related needs;\n> \n> > ***communication need*** – see [section 7F](#GS7F@EN) ;\n> \n> > ***ground rules hearing*** means a hearing in a specified proceeding where a judge –\n> > \n> > > > (a) considers the communication or other related needs of a prescribed witness who is to give evidence in the proceeding that have been identified by a witness intermediary; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) gives directions on how the proceeding must be conducted to meet those needs fairly and effectively;\n> \n> > ***intermediaries panel*** means the panel established and maintained under [section 7G](#GS7G@EN) ;\n> \n> > ***Secretary*** means the Secretary of the Department;\n> \n> > ***witness intermediary*** means a person –\n> > \n> > > > (a) on the intermediaries panel; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) on a panel (however described) in another State or a Territory the powers, functions and duties of which substantially correspond with those of the intermediaries panel.","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"7F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Meaning of communication need","content":"### 7F Meaning of communication need\n\n> [*\\[Section 7F Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  For the purposes of this Part, a witness who is to give evidence in a specified proceeding will be taken to have a communication need if the quality or clarity of evidence given by the witness may be significantly diminished by the witness’s ability to understand, process or express information.\n> \n> > (2)  [Subsection (1)](#GS7F@Gs1@EN) applies regardless of whether –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the witness’s communication need is temporary, permanent or reoccurring; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the degree of severity of the witness’s communication need changes over time or due to circumstances; or\n> > > \n> > > > (c) the witness’s communication need is caused by disability, illness, injury, trauma or some other cause.\n> \n> > (3)  A witness is not to be taken as having a communication need solely because the witness does not have a knowledge of the English language that is sufficient to enable the person to understand questioning.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"7G","sectionType":"section","heading":"Intermediaries panel","content":"### 7G Intermediaries panel\n\n> [*\\[Section 7G Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  The Secretary is to establish and maintain a panel of persons who the Secretary considers are suitable to be witness intermediaries for the purposes of this Act.\n> \n> > (2)  A person may be included in the panel under this section only if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the person has a tertiary qualification in psychology, social work, speech pathology or occupational therapy; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the person has qualifications, training, experience or skills suitable for the performance of the functions mentioned in [section 7H](#GS7H@EN) .\n> \n> > (3)  If a judge makes an order in respect of a witness under [section 7I](#GS7I@EN) or [7J](#GS7J@EN) , the Secretary is to allocate a person from the intermediaries panel to perform the relevant functions of a witness intermediary in respect of that witness.\n> \n> > (4)  The Secretary may only allocate a person from the intermediaries panel under [subsection (3)](#GS7G@Gs3@EN) if satisfied that the witness intermediary has the training, experience or skills suitable for the witness in respect of whom the order has been made.","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"7H","sectionType":"section","heading":"Functions of witness intermediary","content":"### 7H Functions of witness intermediary\n\n> [*\\[Section 7H Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  The functions of a witness intermediary, in respect of a witness, are to –\n> > \n> > > > (a) assess the witness’s communication and other related needs and to prepare and provide an assessment report about those communication and other related needs, as required under [section 7I](#GS7I@EN) ; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) provide recommendations during a specified proceeding to the judge, and any lawyer appearing in the proceeding, as to adjustments to be made in the proceeding to enable the most effective communication with the witness; and\n> > > \n> > > > (c) otherwise provide assistance during a specified proceeding to the judge, and any lawyer appearing in the proceeding, in relation to communication with the witness; and\n> > > \n> > > > (d) perform any other function that a judge in a specified proceeding considers is in the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (2)  A witness intermediary must act impartially in performing the witness intermediary’s functions under this Part.\n> \n> > (3)  [*\\[Section 7H Subsection (3) substituted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 30, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS30@EN) Subject to [subsection (4)](#GS7H@Gs4@EN) , a person must take an oath, or make an affirmation, in accordance with [Schedule 1](#JS1@EN) before acting as a witness intermediary in a proceeding.\n> \n> > (4)  [*\\[Section 7H Subsection (4) inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 30, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS30@EN) A witness intermediary is not required to take an oath, or make an affirmation, before –\n> > \n> > > > (a) preparing and providing an assessment report about a witness’s communication and other related needs; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) attending a ground rules hearing.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"7I","sectionType":"section","heading":"Assessment report","content":"### 7I Assessment report\n\n> [*\\[Section 7I Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  A judge is to make an order that an assessment report be prepared and provided to the judge by a witness intermediary in respect of a witness in a specified proceeding if that witness is –\n> > \n> > > > (a) a child upon or in respect of whom the specified offence is alleged to have been committed; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) a child, other than the defendant, who is to give evidence in respect of the specified offence; or\n> > > \n> > > > (c) an adult –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) upon or in respect of whom the specified offence is alleged to have been committed; and\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) who has been identified by the judge, or any lawyer appearing in the specified proceeding, as a person who may have a communication need; or\n> > > \n> > > > (d) an adult, other than the defendant –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) who is to give evidence in respect of the specified offence; and\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) who has been identified by the judge, or any lawyer appearing in the specified proceeding, as a person who may have a communication need.\n> \n> > (2)  An order under [subsection (1)](#GS7I@Gs1@EN) is to be made by the judge as early as practicable before the witness may be required to give evidence.\n> \n> > (3)  A judge is not to make an order under [subsection (1)](#GS7I@Gs1@EN) if the judge is satisfied that –\n> > \n> > > > (a) it is unnecessary or inappropriate to make the order; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) [*\\[Section 7I Subsection (3) amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 31, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS31@Hpa@EN) .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  \n> > > \n> > > > (c) the making of the order would be contrary to the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (4)  Subject to [subsection (5)](#GS7I@Gs5@EN) , the judge is to provide a copy of an assessment report provided in respect of a prescribed witness in a specified proceeding to the prosecutor and defendant in the proceeding.\n> \n> > (5)  [*\\[Section 7I Subsection (5) substituted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 31, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS31@Hpb@EN) The judge in a specified proceeding may make such orders as the judge considers necessary or appropriate regarding –\n> > \n> > > > (a) the provision of materials relevant to the preparation of an assessment report; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the distribution and security of all or part of an assessment report.\n> \n> > (6)  An order made under [subsection (5)](#GS7I@Gs5@EN) is not subject to review or appeal.\n> \n> > (7)  Despite [subsection (2)](#GS7I@Gs2@EN) , a judge may make an order under [subsection (1)](#GS7I@Gs1@EN) at a later stage of the specified proceeding if the judge is satisfied it is in the interests of justice to do so.","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"7J","sectionType":"section","heading":"Use of witness intermediary","content":"### 7J Use of witness intermediary\n\n> [*\\[Section 7J Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  A judge is to make an order that a witness intermediary be used in respect of a witness in a specified proceeding if, having considered an assessment report provided in respect of that witness, the judge is satisfied that the use of a witness intermediary in respect of the witness will assist the proceeding.\n> \n> > (1A)  [*\\[Section 7J Subsection (1A) inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 32, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS32@Hpa@EN) A judge may, at any time, make an order that a witness intermediary be used in respect of a witness in a specified proceeding if –\n> > \n> > > > (a) that witness is a witness referred to in [section 7I(1)(a)](#GS7I@Gs1@Hpa@EN) , [(b)](#GS7I@Gs1@Hpb@EN) , [(c)](#GS7I@Gs1@Hpc@EN) or [(d)](#GS7I@Gs1@Hpd@EN) ; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the judge is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice.\n> \n> > (1B)  [*\\[Section 7J Subsection (1B) inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 32, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS32@Hpa@EN) Without limiting the matters that may be taken into account in determining the interests of justice under [subsection (1A)](#GS7J@Gs1A@EN) , the judge is to take into account whether the witness does or does not wish the order to be made.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 7J Subsection (2) amended by No. 2 of 2023, s. 32, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS32@Hpb@EN) If a judge makes an order under [subsection (1)](#GS7J@Gs1@EN) or [(1A)](#GS7J@Gs1A@EN) , a witness intermediary is to be present when the witness gives evidence in the specified proceeding.\n> \n> > (3)  [*\\[Section 7J Subsection (3) inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 32, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS32@Hpc@EN) For the avoidance of doubt, a judge may make an order under [subsection (1A)](#GS7J@Gs1A@EN) in respect of a witness regardless of whether or not an assessment report has been provided to the judge in respect of that witness.\n> \n> > (4)  [*\\[Section 7J Subsection (4) inserted by No. 2 of 2023, s. 32, Applied:20 Apr 2023\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2023-04-20/act-2023-002#GS32@Hpc@EN) An order made under this section is not subject to review or appeal.","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"7K","sectionType":"section","heading":"Ground rules hearing","content":"### 7K Ground rules hearing\n\n> [*\\[Section 7K Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  A judge must direct that a ground rules hearing be held for a prescribed witness in a specified proceeding.\n> \n> > (2)  The following persons must attend a ground rules hearing for a specified proceeding:\n> > \n> > > > (a) the prosecutor;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) the legal practitioner representing the defendant or, if the defendant is unrepresented, the defendant;\n> > > \n> > > > (c) the witness intermediary.\n> \n> > (3)  A prescribed witness is not required to attend a ground rules hearing.\n> \n> > (4)  At a ground rules hearing for a prescribed witness, a judge may make any direction that the judge considers appropriate including any of the following:\n> > \n> > > > (a) a direction about how the witness may be questioned;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) a direction about how long the witness may be questioned;\n> > > \n> > > > (c) a direction about the questions that may or may not be asked of the witness;\n> > > \n> > > > (d) a direction as to when the questions that are to be asked of the witness are to be provided to the witness intermediary;\n> > > \n> > > > (e) if there is more than one defendant, a direction about the allocation among the defendants of the topics about which the witness may be asked;\n> > > \n> > > > (f) a direction about the use of models, plans, body maps or other aids to help communicate a question or an answer.\n> \n> > (5)  If an assessment report has been made in respect of the prescribed witness, in making a direction under this section the judge is to consider any matters mentioned in that report.\n> \n> > (6)  Nothing in this section prevents a judge from directing that a subsequent ground rules hearing be held for a prescribed witness.","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"7L","sectionType":"section","heading":"Evidence","content":"### 7L Evidence\n\n> [*\\[Section 7L Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN) In making a decision under this Part, the judge is not bound by the rules of evidence and may inform himself, or herself, on any matter in any manner that the judge thinks fit.","sortOrder":27},{"sectionNumber":"7M","sectionType":"section","heading":"Status of directions and orders if subsequent hearing or trial","content":"### 7M Status of directions and orders if subsequent hearing or trial\n\n> [*\\[Section 7M Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  If a direction is given, or an order made, under this Part, that direction or order has the same status for the purposes of any hearing or trial (including re-trial) of the same specified proceeding, whether before the same or a different judge.\n> \n> > (2)  [Subsection (1)](#GS7M@Gs1@EN) does not prevent a judge in a subsequent hearing from –\n> > \n> > > > (a) varying or revoking a direction or an order made in relation to a prescribed witness under this Part if necessary or appropriate in regards to the use of a witness intermediary in respect of the witness; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) making a further direction or order under this Part in relation to a prescribed witness if necessary or appropriate in regards to the use of a witness intermediary in respect of the witness.","sortOrder":28},{"sectionNumber":"Part 3","sectionType":"part","heading":"[Part 3 Heading inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 10, Applied:01 Mar 2014] Declaration of Special Witness","content":"# Part 3 [Part 3 Heading inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 10, Applied:01 Mar 2014] Declaration of Special Witness","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"8","sectionType":"section","heading":"Special witness","content":"### 8 Special witness\n\n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (1) amended by No. 16 of 2006, s. 20, Applied:01 Nov 2006\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2006-11-01/act-2006-016#GS20@EN) A judge may make an order declaring that a person who is giving, or is to give, evidence in a proceeding is a special witness if satisfied that –\n> > \n> > > > (a) by reason of intellectual, mental or physical disability, the person is, or is likely to be, unable to give evidence satisfactorily in the ordinary manner; or\n> > > \n> > > > (b) by reason of age, cultural background, relationship to any party to the proceeding, the nature of the subject matter of the evidence or any other factor the court considers relevant, the person is likely –\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) to suffer severe emotional trauma; or\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) to be so intimidated or distressed as to be unable to give evidence or to give evidence satisfactorily.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpa@EN) An order made under [subsection (1)](#GS8@Gs1@EN) may –\n> > \n> > > > (a) be made on the application of a party to the proceeding or the prosecutor or on the motion of the judge; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) include any one or more of the following orders:\n> > > > \n> > > > > > (i) an order that the special witness have near him or her a person approved by the judge who may provide him or her with support;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (ii) an order that the evidence of the special witness be given by audio visual link;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iia) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 11, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS11@EN) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 13, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS13@Hpa@EN) an order admitting into evidence a prior statement of the special witness as if the special witness were an affected child or prescribed witness in respect of whom [section 5](#GS5@EN) applies;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iib) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 11, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS11@EN) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 29 of 2019, s. 17, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS17@EN) an order that a special hearing be held to take and record evidence as if the special witness were an affected person in respect of whom [section 6](#GS6@EN) applies;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iic) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 11, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS11@EN) if an order is made under [subparagraph (iib)](#GS8@Gs2@Hpb@Hqiib@EN) , an order that the special witness not be present at the trial;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iid) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2) amended by No. 18 of 2024, s. 7, Applied:31 Jan 2025\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2025-01-31/act-2024-018#GS7@EN) an order that a screen, one-way glass or other device be placed so that the special witness's view of the defendant is obscured as if the special witness were an affected person in respect of whom [section 7AA](#GS7AA@EN) applies;\n> > > > > \n> > > > > > (iii) an order that, while the special witness is giving evidence, all persons other than those specified in the order be excluded from the courtroom.\n> \n> > (2A)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2A) inserted by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpb@EN) If a person, who is an alleged victim of a family violence offence, is giving or is to give evidence in a proceeding in which a person has been charged with a family violence offence, a judge –\n> > \n> > > > (a) must consider whether or not he or she should make an order under [paragraph (b)](#GS8@Gs2A@Hpb@EN) ; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) may make an order declaring that the person, who is the alleged victim of the family violence offence, is a special witness.\n> \n> > (2B)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (2B) inserted by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpb@EN) An order made under [subsection (2A)](#GS8@Gs2A@EN) may include any one or more of the orders referred to in [subsection (2)(b)](#GS8@Gs2@Hpb@EN) .\n> \n> > (3)  The judge may only approve a person for the purpose of [subsection (2)(b)(i)](#GS8@Gs2@Hpb@Hqi@EN) if that person is not, or is not likely to be, a witness in or a party to the proceeding.\n> \n> > (4)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (4) amended by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpc@EN) A judge may revoke or vary an order made under this section.\n> \n> > (5)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (5) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 13, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS13@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (5) amended by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpd@EN) A judge is not to make an order under this section in respect of an affected child or a prescribed witness.\n> \n> > (6)  While a special witness is giving evidence by audio visual link, only the following persons may be present in the room with the special witness:\n> > \n> > > > (a) a person approved by the judge for the purpose of [subsection (2)(b)(i)](#GS8@Gs2@Hpb@Hqi@EN) ;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) one person employed at the court in which the proceedings are being conducted.\n> \n> > (7)  [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (7) inserted by No. 6 of 2017, s. 6, Applied:28 Apr 2017\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2017-04-28/act-2017-006#GS6@Hpe@EN) [*\\[Section 8 Subsection (7) omitted by No. 26 of 2018, s. 7, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS7@EN) .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"Part 4","sectionType":"part","heading":"Cross-examination of certain victims and witnesses","content":"# Part 4 Cross-examination of certain victims and witnesses\n\n[*\\[Part 4 Heading amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 14, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS14@EN) [*\\[Part 4 Heading amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 8, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS8@EN)","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"8A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Cross-examination of certain victims and witnesses","content":"### 8A Cross-examination of certain victims and witnesses\n\n> [*\\[Section 8A Inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 12, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS12@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  In any prescribed proceeding for an offence, a defendant is not to be permitted to cross-examine a witness who is the alleged victim of the offence unless the cross-examination is undertaken by counsel.\n> \n> > (1A)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (1A) inserted by No. 26 of 2018, s. 9, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS9@Hpa@EN) In an application referred to in [paragraph (ac)](#GS3@Nd36077606041667@Hpac@EN) or [(ad)](#GS3@Nd36077606041667@Hpad@EN) of the [definition of ***prescribed proceeding***](#GS3@Nd36077606041667@EN) in [section 3](#GS3@EN) , a defendant referred to in [paragraph (ab)](#GS3@Nd36077601284722@Hpab@EN) , [(ac)](#GS3@Nd36077601284722@Hpac@EN) or [(ad)](#GS3@Nd36077601284722@Hpad@EN) of the [definition of ***defendant***](#GS3@Nd36077601284722@EN) in [section 3](#GS3@EN) is not to be permitted to cross-examine a person who is the alleged victim of any family violence offence to which the application relates unless the cross-examination is undertaken by counsel.\n> \n> > (1B)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (1B) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpa@EN) In any specified proceeding for a specified offence, a defendant is not to be permitted to cross-examine a prescribed witness unless the cross-examination is undertaken by counsel.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpc@EN) [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpb@EN) [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2018, s. 9, Applied:10 Dec 2018\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2018-12-10/act-2018-026#GS9@Hpb@EN) If a defendant is not legally represented in a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding that will involve the taking of evidence from a witness who is referred to in [subsection (1)](#GS8A@Gs1@EN) or [(1B)](#GS8A@Gs1B@EN) , or a person who is referred to in [subsection (1A)](#GS8A@Gs1A@EN) , the judge must ensure that the defendant –\n> > \n> > > > (a) has been warned of the limitation on the right of cross-examination imposed by this section; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) has been informed that he or she may be entitled to legal assistance under the [Legal Aid Commission Act 1990](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042) ; and\n> > > \n> > > > (c) has had a reasonable opportunity to obtain the assistance of counsel before the evidence is taken.\n> \n> > (3)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (3) substituted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpd@EN) A judge may make an order directing that an unrepresented defendant be given assistance under the [Legal Aid Commission Act 1990](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042) if it appears to be in the interests of justice that the defendant should have legal aid for the purposes of cross-examining a witness who is referred to in [subsection (1)](#GS8A@Gs1@EN) or [(1B)](#GS8A@Gs1B@EN) , or a person who is referred to in [subsection (1A)](#GS8A@Gs1A@EN) .\n> \n> > (3A)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (3A) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpd@EN) A judge who has made an order under [subsection (3)](#GS8A@Gs3@EN) is to provide a copy of that order to the Director of the Legal Aid Commission of Tasmania at least 14 days before the day on which the witness is to give evidence or such lesser period as the Director may agree.\n> \n> > (3B)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (3B) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpd@EN) If a judge makes an order under [subsection (3)](#GS8A@Gs3@EN) , the Legal Aid Commission of Tasmania is to provide legal aid for the purpose of cross-examining the witness or person despite any income, assets or other merits test under [section 19](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042#GS19@EN) of the [Legal Aid Commission Act 1990](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042) or any guidelines issued under [section 27](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042#GS27@EN) of that Act.\n> \n> > (3C)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (3C) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpd@EN) The counsel assisting an unrepresented defendant as a consequence of an order under [subsection (3)](#GS8A@Gs3@EN)  –\n> > \n> > > > (a) is to ask the witness only the allowable questions about matters that the defendant requests the counsel assisting to put to the witness; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) must not independently give the defendant legal advice.\n> \n> > (3D)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (3D) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpd@EN) If a judge makes an order under [subsection (3)](#GS8A@Gs3@EN) , the judge may give such directions (if any) as the judge considers necessary or appropriate with respect to the provision of materials and instructions to the counsel assisting the unrepresented defendant.\n> \n> > (4)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (4) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpe@EN) If, in a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding, an unrepresented defendant obtains the assistance of counsel for the purpose of cross-examining such a witness, the judge must –\n> > \n> > > > (a) explain to the jury the limitation imposed by this section on the defendant's right to personally cross-examine the witness; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) warn the jury that no adverse inference may be drawn against the defendant from the requirement for the unrepresented defendant to obtain the assistance of counsel to cross-examine the witness.\n> \n> > (5)  [*\\[Section 8A Subsection (5) inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 15, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS15@Hpf@EN) In this section –\n> > \n> > > ***Legal Aid Commission of Tasmania*** means the commission constituted under [section 4](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042#GS4@EN) of the [Legal Aid Commission Act 1990](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-042) .","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"Part 5","sectionType":"part","heading":"[Part 5 Heading inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 13, Applied:01 Mar 2014] Miscellaneous","content":"# Part 5 [Part 5 Heading inserted by No. 63 of 2013, s. 13, Applied:01 Mar 2014] Miscellaneous","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"9","sectionType":"section","heading":"Preliminary hearing","content":"### 9 Preliminary hearing\n\n> > (1)  [*\\[Section 9 Subsection (1) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 16, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS16@Hpa@EN) [*\\[Section 9 Subsection (1) amended by No. 63 of 2013, s. 14, Applied:01 Mar 2014\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2014-03-01/act-2013-063#GS14@EN) In any prescribed proceeding or any specified proceeding in which a matter affecting a person as a witness is likely to require the giving of an approval under [section 4](#GS4@EN) or the making of an order under [section 6A](#GS6A@EN) or [8](#GS8@EN) , the prosecutor or the party who is to call that person as a witness is to apply for a preliminary hearing to deal with those matters before the hearing of the proceeding is commenced.\n> \n> > (2)  [*\\[Section 9 Subsection (2) amended by No. 26 of 2020, s. 16, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS16@Hpb@EN) A preliminary hearing in relation to a prescribed proceeding or a specified proceeding may be provided for by the rules of the court in which that proceeding is being brought.","sortOrder":34},{"sectionNumber":"9A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Special hearing in proceedings for child sexual offence","content":"### 9A Special hearing in proceedings for child sexual offence\n\n> [*\\[Section 9A Inserted by No. 29 of 2019, s. 18, Applied:02 Oct 2019\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2019-10-02/act-2019-029#GS18@EN)\n> \n> > (1)  In a proceeding for a child sexual offence, a judge may make any one or more of the following orders in relation to a witness if the judge is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice to do so:\n> > \n> > > > (a) an order that a special hearing be held to take and record evidence as if the witness were an affected person in respect of whom [section 6](#GS6@EN) applies;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) if an order is made under [paragraph (a)](#GS9A@Gs1@Hpa@EN) , an order that the witness not be present at the trial.\n> \n> > (2)  Without limiting the matters that may be taken into account in determining the interests of justice under [subsection (1)](#GS8@Gs1@EN) , the following matters are to be taken into account for that purpose:\n> > \n> > > > (a) whether the unavailability of the witness to give evidence in the ordinary manner would cause undue delay in prosecution;\n> > > \n> > > > (b) whether the giving of evidence in the ordinary manner by a witness might, because of the relationship between that witness and another witness, cause that witness or the other witness emotional trauma or distress.\n> \n> > (3)  An order made under [subsection (1)](#GS8@Gs1@EN) may be made on the application of the prosecutor.\n> \n> > (4)  The defendant is to be served with a copy of, and is entitled to be heard on, an application for an order under [subsection (1)](#GS8@Gs1@EN) .","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"10","sectionType":"section","heading":"Regulations","content":"### 10 Regulations\n\n> > (1)  The Governor may make regulations for the purposes of this Act.\n> \n> > (2)  Regulations may be made so as to apply differently according to matters, limitations or restrictions, whether as to time, circumstance or otherwise, specified in the regulations.\n> \n> > (3)  The regulations may –\n> > \n> > > > (a) provide that a contravention of, or a failure to comply with, any of the regulations is an offence; and\n> > > \n> > > > (b) in respect of such an offence, provide for the imposition of a fine not exceeding 50 penalty units and, in the case of a continuing offence, a further fine not exceeding 20 penalty units for each day during which the offence continues.\n> \n> > (4)  The regulations may contain provisions of a savings or transitional nature consequent on the enactment of this Act.","sortOrder":36},{"sectionNumber":"11","sectionType":"section","heading":"Administration of Act","content":"### 11 Administration of Act\n\n> Until provision is made in relation to this Act by order under [section 4 of the](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-004#GS4@EN) [Administrative Arrangements Act 1990](/view/html/inforce/2026-04-12/act-1990-004)  –\n> \n> > > (a) the administration of this Act is assigned to the Minister for Justice and Industrial Relations; and\n> > \n> > > (b) the department responsible to the Minister for Justice and Industrial Relations in relation to the administration of this Act is the Department of Justice and Industrial Relations.","sortOrder":37},{"sectionNumber":"SCHEDULE 1 - Oath or affirmati","sectionType":"part","heading":"SCHEDULE 1 - Oath or affirmation for witness intermediaries","content":"# SCHEDULE 1 - Oath or affirmati SCHEDULE 1 - Oath or affirmation for witness intermediaries\n\n[*\\[Schedule 1 Inserted by No. 26 of 2020, s. 17, Applied:01 Mar 2021\\]*](/view/html/inforce/2021-03-01/act-2020-026#GS17@EN)\n\n[Section 7H(3)](#GS7H@Gs3@EN)\n\n> **1.   **Oath****\n> \n> > Do you swear by Almighty God (*or by a god recognised by your religion*) that you will well and truly carry out the functions of a witness intermediary and do all other matters and things that are required of you by the court in this case to the best of your ability?\n\n> **2.   **Affirmation****\n> \n> > Do you solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm that you will well and truly carry out the functions of a witness intermediary and do all other matters and things that are required of you by the court in this case to the best of your ability?","sortOrder":38}],"analysis":{"summary":{"complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Act originally focused primarily on child witnesses in criminal proceedings. Over time, through amendments, the scope has expanded significantly to include 'special witnesses' — a broader category covering vulnerable adults such as those with intellectual disabilities, mental illness, or physical disabilities, and victims of certain offences including sexual assault. This represents a meaningful expansion beyond the original child-focused intent to a wider vulnerable witness framework."},"complexity_factors":["Interaction between multiple procedural regimes — pre-recording, CCTV, intermediaries — each with their own eligibility criteria and court discretions","Dual applicability to both criminal and civil proceedings, which have different rules and standards","Definition of 'special witness' involves subjective assessments of vulnerability across multiple categories (age, disability, mental health, offence type)","Court must balance competing interests: witness protection vs. accused's right to a fair trial, creating case-by-case judicial discretion","Overlap and interaction with other evidence laws (e.g., the uniform Evidence Act framework) can create ambiguity","Multiple amendment layers since 2001 mean practitioners must track which version applies to specific circumstances","Rules around pre-recorded evidence affect how cross-examination and re-examination rights are exercised, adding procedural complexity","Publication suppression provisions carry criminal penalties, adding a compliance layer for media and participants"],"plain_english_summary":"The Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001 (Tas) lets courts use special procedures so children and other vulnerable people can give evidence without facing the accused in an open courtroom. \n\nIt affects children, vulnerable adult witnesses, legal practitioners and accused persons — balancing witness protection from retraumatization with the need for reliable, fair fact-finding in court."},"issue_detection":{"absurdities":[{"type":"other","section":"Status Information / Currency of version","severity":"low","reasoning":"If this analysis is being conducted prior to 3 April 2026, the stated access date is impossible. If the document is being treated as authoritative current law, a future-dated access timestamp creates a logical impossibility in the document's own provenance claim. The legislation cannot have been 'accessed' on a date that has not yet occurred at the time of analysis.","confidence":0.7,"description":"The document states it was 'accessed 3 April 2026 at 13:44' but the file was last modified 16 June 2025. The access date of 3 April 2026 is in the future relative to the present, suggesting a metadata or timestamp anomaly that undermines the document's own claim of currency."},{"type":"other","section":"Status Information / Currency of version","severity":"low","reasoning":"The 3-working-day update guarantee is presented as a reliability assurance but is qualified by 'usually,' making it unenforceable and potentially misleading about the actual currency of the document. It creates a false impression of precision in legislative currency.","confidence":0.5,"description":"The document states legislation is 'usually updated within 3 working days after a change to the legislation,' yet simultaneously presents itself as a version 'current from 16 June 2025 to date.' These two statements are in tension: if updates occur within 3 working days, the version currency start date of 16 June 2025 implies no amendments have occurred for an extraordinarily long period, raising questions about whether the 3-working-day update guarantee is meaningful or enforceable."}],"contradictions":[{"severity":"low","section_a":"Title block: 'Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001'","section_b":"Title block repeated variant: 'Evidence (Children and Special Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001'","confidence":0.85,"description":"The Act's title is rendered inconsistently across the document. In multiple headings it appears as 'Evidence (Children and Special Evidence (Children and Special Witnesses) Act 2001,' which is a corrupted duplication of the title, suggesting a recursive or malformed title structure. This creates ambiguity about the Act's formal short title."},{"severity":"low","section_a":"Status Information header (first instance)","section_b":"Status Information header (second instance)","confidence":0.9,"description":"The document contains multiple verbatim duplications of entire sections — including 'Status Information,' 'Currency of version,' 'Table of Amending Instruments,' 'Responsible Minister and Department,' and 'Authorisation' — each repeated with identical content. While likely a rendering or publishing error, this creates formal ambiguity about which instance of each section is authoritative, which is a structural contradiction in a legal document where precision is paramount."}]},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Act’s scope has expanded from basic protections for child witnesses to a broader, proceduralized protection regime: it now covers family violence and specified sexual offences (see s.3 definitions), creates recorded special hearings and mandatory audio‑visual evidence where facilities exist (s.6, s.6B, s.7A), establishes a formal witness intermediary scheme (s.7E–7J, s.7G administrative duty), limits direct cross‑examination by unrepresented defendants and enables Legal Aid directions (s.8A(1),(3)–(3B)), and creates offences/penalties for unauthorised handling of recordings (s.7C). Who pays and implements: courts/state provide audio‑visual facilities and records (s.7A), the Secretary must maintain the intermediaries panel (s.7G), and Legal Aid may be directed to fund counsel for cross‑examination (s.8A(3)–(3B)). These additions shift administrative and compliance costs to courts, the Department/Secretary and Legal Aid while increasing judicial discretionary decision‑making (s.6A, s.7J)."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive and technical definitions and cross‑references to many other statutes (see s.3 referencing Criminal Code, Family Violence Act, Sex Industry Offences Act, etc.)","Multiple procedural layers (special hearings s.6–6A; audio‑visual evidence s.6B,7A–7B; admissibility s.5,5A) increasing courtroom process complexity","High judicial discretion to make or vary orders (s.6A, s.7, s.7J, s.7L) requiring case‑by‑case assessment","Introduction of an intermediaries scheme with administrative obligations (establishing/allocating panel, s.7G) and specialised functions (s.7H–7I)","Evidence management, confidentiality and penalty regime for recordings (unauthorised dealing s.7C; editing/admission s.7B)","Procedural protections affecting accused persons (counsel requirement for cross‑examination and Legal Aid directions, s.8A(1),(3)–(3B))","Operational burdens on courts and executive (audio‑visual facilities, assessment reports, ground rules hearings s.7K) and non‑appealable orders (s.7I(6), s.7J(4))"],"plain_english_summary":"This Act creates court procedures so children, victims and other vulnerable witnesses can give evidence by audio‑visual link or in recorded \"special hearings\", have support persons present, and use trained witness intermediaries. It also restricts direct cross‑examination by unrepresented defendants and sets rules for admitting prior or audio‑visual statements. It affects courts, prosecutors, defendants (who may need counsel), the department that must run an intermediaries panel and the Legal Aid Commission, because it reallocates costs, increases judicial discretion and regulates handling of recorded evidence."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"Unauthenticated. Configure AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY or use a provider module. Learn more: https://ai-sdk.dev/unauthenticated-ai-gateway","source":"analysis-cron"},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The legislation has expanded significantly beyond its original 2001 scope. Originally focused on 'affected children' in child protection and sexual offence proceedings, it has grown through amendments to cover: (1) family violence proceedings (2004-2018); (2) adult survivors of child sexual abuse as 'affected persons' (2019); (3) a comprehensive witness intermediary scheme for communication needs (2020); (4) 'specified proceedings' for serious sexual offences creating a parallel but distinct procedural track; and (5) ground rules hearings and detailed restrictions on self-represented defendants cross-examining vulnerable witnesses. The 2020 amendments in particular transformed the Act from a procedural protections statute into a comprehensive scheme with professional accreditation requirements (intermediaries panel), assessment reports, and pre-trial case management (ground rules hearings)."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive defined terms section with 15+ defined terms, many with multiple nested sub-paragraphs spanning multiple pages","Heavy cross-referencing to external legislation including the Criminal Code, Family Violence Act 2004, Children Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997, and Evidence Act 2001","Multiple overlapping categories of protected persons: 'affected child', 'affected person', 'special witness', 'prescribed witness', each with distinct but related definitions","Numerous amendment notes embedded throughout the text (e.g., '[Section 3 Amended by No. 67 of 2004...]') creating visual clutter and version control complexity","Conditional logic with multiple exceptions: e.g., s.7I(3) provides three separate grounds for not making an assessment report order","Nested exceptions in Part 2A: witness intermediary orders have preconditions, but s.7J(1A) allows override 'in the interests of justice' with additional factors in s.7J(1B)","Dual procedural tracks: 'prescribed proceedings' and 'specified proceedings' with slightly different scopes and applicable sections","Interaction between statutory provisions and common law: s.7L explicitly frees judges from rules of evidence for decisions under Part 2A"],"plain_english_summary":"This Tasmanian law sets up special protections for children and vulnerable witnesses giving evidence in court, particularly in cases involving sexual offences, family violence, and serious crimes against children.\n\n**What it does:**\n- **Defines who gets protection**: Creates categories of protected witnesses including \"affected children\" (children involved in child protection applications or victims of sexual/family violence crimes), \"affected persons\" (which includes adult survivors of child sexual abuse), and \"special witnesses\" (people with disabilities or those likely to suffer severe trauma from giving evidence).\n\n- **Special ways to give evidence**: Allows these witnesses to:\n  - Have a support person with them while testifying\n  - Give evidence via audio-visual link (like CCTV) so they don't have to be in the same room as the defendant\n  - Use screens or one-way glass to avoid seeing the defendant\n  - Have their evidence pre-recorded in a \"special hearing\" to be played later at trial\n  - Have prior statements they made to police admitted as evidence\n\n- **Witness intermediary scheme**: Introduces professional intermediaries (qualified psychologists, social workers, speech pathologists, or occupational therapists) who help witnesses with communication difficulties. These intermediaries assess the witness's needs, recommend how questions should be asked, and can be present during testimony.\n\n- **Ground rules hearings**: Requires judges to hold special hearings before vulnerable witnesses testify to set rules about how they will be questioned.\n\n- **Restrictions on cross-examination**: Prevents defendants from personally cross-examining alleged victims of sexual offences, family violence, or prescribed witnesses—this must be done by a lawyer. If the defendant has no lawyer, the court can order Legal Aid to provide one.\n\n- **Protects recordings**: Makes it an offence (with fines up to 50 penalty units) to possess, copy, or distribute unauthorised recordings of witness testimony.\n\n**Who it affects:**\n- Children under 18 giving evidence in criminal proceedings\n- Adult survivors of child sexual abuse\n- People with intellectual, mental, or physical disabilities\n- Victims of family violence and sexual offences\n- Courts, police, prosecutors, and defence lawyers\n\n**Why it matters:**\nGiving evidence in court can be traumatic, especially for children and vulnerable people. This law recognises that forcing someone to testify in traditional ways—face-to-face with the accused, in a formal courtroom—can cause such distress that they cannot give their best evidence, or any evidence at all. By providing alternative methods and support, the law aims to balance the defendant's right to a fair trial with the witness's wellbeing and the need to get reliable evidence before the court."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001","history":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001/history","analysis":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/evidence-children-and-special-witnesses-act-2001/documents"}}