{"id":"F2008B00107","name":"Currency Determination No. 1 of 1995","slug":"currency-determination-no-1-of-1995","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":72435,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2008B00107-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Currency Determination No. 1 of 1995","content":"Commonwealth of Australia\n\nCurrency Act 1965\n\nCurrency Determination No. 1 of 1995\n\nI, PAUL ELLIOTT, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer, acting for the Treasurer, make the following Determination under the Currency Act 1965.\n\nDated 2 March 1995.\n\n![](image.001.png)\n\nParliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer\n\n![](image.002.png)Citation\n\n1\\. This Determination may be cited as Currency Determination No. 1 of 1995.\n\nCommencement\n\n2. This Determination commences on 20 March 1995.\n\nApplication of the Determination\n\n3\\. This Determination does not affect any other determination of the specifications or design of a coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $1 silver coin\n\n4\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $1 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 31.635 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 40.60 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.00 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"1 DOLLAR\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 1 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n5\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n6\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) a representation of the reverse of the 1927 florin commemorating the opening of the Parliament House in Canberra; and\n\n(c) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n7\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra perched on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) a representation of the reverse of the 1951 florin commemorating the 50th jubilee of federation; and\n\n(c) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n8\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled,\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) a representation of the reverse of the 1934-35 florin commemorating the centenary of the foundation of the city of Melbourne; and\n\n(c) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n9\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra perched on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) a representation of the reverse of the 1954 florin commemorating the Royal visit of that year; and\n\n(c) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $2 silver coin\n\n10\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $2 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.770 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.500 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 50.30 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"2 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra perched on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) a representation of the World Vision 40 hour famine logo in a circle, with the inscription \"20th YEAR\"; and\n\n(c) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 2 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $5 gold coin\n\n11\\. (1) This clause sets out the design of a coin of the denomination of $5 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.99% gold.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 1.571 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.015 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 14.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 1.40 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears;\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\" and \"5 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of two kangaroos, superimposed on a sunburst design; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET ![](image.003.png) OZ. 9999 GOLD\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $5 platinum coin\n\n12\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $5 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.95% platinum.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 1.571 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.015 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 14.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 1.40 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH IP, \"AUSTRALIA\"; and \"5 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a baby koala sitting on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOALA ![](image.003.png) OZ. 9995 PLATINUM\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $10 silver coin\n\n13\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $10 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 312.347 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 1.00 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 75.50 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 8.70 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"10 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 10 OZ. 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $15 gold coin\n\n14\\. (1) This clause sets out the design of a coin of the denomination of $15 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.99% gold.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 3.133 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.022 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 16.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 1.50 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\" and \"15 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of two kangaroos, superimposed on a sunburst design; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET ![](image.004.png) OZ. 9999 GOLD\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $15 platinum coin\n\n15\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $15 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.95% platinum.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 3.137 grams.\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOALA ![](image.005.png) OZ. 9995 PLATINUM\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $30 silver coin\n\n18\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $30 the standard composition of which includes not less man 99.9% silver.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 1002.502 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 1.50 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 101.00 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 14.60 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH IT, \"AUSTRALIA\", and \"30 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a kookaburra in flight; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 1 KILO 999 SILVER\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $50 gold coin\n\n19\\. (1) This clause sets out the design of a coin of the denomination of $50 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.99% gold.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 15.594 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.040 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 25.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 2.40 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\" and \"50 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of two kangaroos, superimposed on a sunburst design; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET 1/2 OZ. 9999 GOLD\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $50 platinum coin\n\n20\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $50 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.95% platinum.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 15.605 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.045 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 25.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 2.30 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\"; and \"50 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a baby koala sitting on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOALA 1/2 OZ. 9995 PLATINUM\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin,\n\nSpecifications and design of a $100 gold coin\n\n21\\. (1) This clause sets out the design of a coin of the denomination of $100 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.99% gold.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 31.162 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.055 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 32.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 2.80 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\" and \"100 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of two kangaroos, superimposed on a sunburst design; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET 1 OZ. 9999 GOLD\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $100 platinum coin\n\n22\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $100 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.95% platinum.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 31.185 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.065 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 32.10 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 2.70 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears;\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\"; and \"100 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a baby koala sitting on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOALA 1 OZ. 9995 PLATINUM\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $200 gold coin\n\n23\\. (1) This clause sets out the design of a coin of the denomination of $200 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.99% gold.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.265 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.05 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 40.60 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 4.00 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\" and \"200 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of two kangaroos, superimposed on a sunburst design; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET 2 OZ. 9999 GOLD\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\nSpecifications and design of a $200 platinum coin\n\n24\\. (1) This clause sets out the specifications and design of a coin of the denomination of $200 the standard composition of which includes not less than 99.95% platinum.\n\n(2) The shape of the coin is circular.\n\n(3) The edge of the coin is milled.\n\n(4) The standard weight of the coin is 62.313 grams.\n\n(5) A variation of 0.075 grams from the standard weight is allowed.\n\n(6) The diameter of the coin is 40.60 millimetres.\n\n(7) The thickness of the coin is 3.80 millimetres.\n\n(8) The obverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) an effigy of the Queen; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions \"ELIZABETH II\", \"AUSTRALIA\"; and \"200 DOLLARS\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.\n\n(9) The reverse of the coin bears:\n\n(a) a representation of a baby koala sitting on a branch of a tree; and\n\n(b) the inscriptions:\n\n(i) \"THE AUSTRALIAN KOALA 2 OZ. 9995 PLATINUM\"; and\n\n(ii) \"1995\" or \"1996\";\n\nall encircled by raised beads inside the rim of the coin.","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":2,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The legislation remains tightly focused on its original purpose: specifying the physical characteristics of particular commemorative coins. The multiple clauses (4–24) each address distinct coin variations, but this expansion is inherent to the original intent of creating a comprehensive coin program, not scope creep."},"complexity_factors":["Highly repetitive structure: 21 nearly identical clauses with only minor variations in specifications","No defined terms section or interpretation provisions","No cross-references to other legislation beyond the enabling Currency Act 1965","Simple conditional logic: only one substantive condition (clause 3 preserving other determinations)","Straightforward numerical specifications (weights, diameters, thicknesses) with no complex calculations","Minor drafting errors present (e.g., clause 8(3) uses comma instead of period; clause 12(8) has 'ELIZABETH IP' likely meaning 'ELIZABETH II'; clause 15 incomplete; clause 18(1) 'not less man' instead of 'not less than'; clause 18(8) 'ELIZABETH IT' instead of 'ELIZABETH II')","No exceptions, exemptions, or nested conditions"],"plain_english_summary":"This technical order under the Currency Act 1965 authorises the Royal Australian Mint to strike 1995–96 commemorative and investment coins, specifying exact metal purities, weights, dimensions and designs. It covers three main series (silver Kookaburra, gold Nugget, platinum Koala) plus special $2 silver issues pairing kookaburra art with historic florin motifs. It gives these collector/bullion coins legal status, enforces consistency, and aids anti‑counterfeiting."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":3,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The Determination stays within the Currency Act’s normal function of prescribing the specifications and designs of Commonwealth coins. It authorises a range of bullion and collector coins (various denominations, metals and sizes) but does not expand the statutory purpose: it does not create new powers, change monetary policy, set prices, or alter legal-tender rules. Its content is an exercise of the existing power to fix coin specifications rather than an enlargement beyond the Act’s original purpose."},"complexity_factors":["24 numbered clauses setting specifications for multiple denominations","High repetition: many near-duplicate clauses (notably clauses 5–10 for $2 variants)","Multiple metals and purities (silver 99.9%, gold 99.99%, platinum 99.95%) across many denominations","Many numerical parameters per clause (weight, allowed variation, diameter, thickness) increasing room for small drafting errors","Several allowable year variants per inscription (often “1995” or “1996”) to track","No technical defined-terms section but many repeated technical requirements reduce cross-referencing complexity","Presence of typographical inconsistencies (e.g. misspellings, duplicated clauses) that increase interpretive attention required"],"plain_english_summary":"**What this instrument does (mechanics first)**\n\n- This Determination, made under the Currency Act 1965, prescribes the exact physical specifications and the authorised designs for a set of Australian coins to be produced in 1995 (and in some cases 1996). (See the heading and clauses throughout.)\n- For each denomination listed the Determination sets: metal composition (minimum purity), shape (all circular), edge type (milled), a standard weight and an allowed variation, diameter, thickness, what appears on the obverse (front) and reverse (back) faces, and the exact inscriptions and permitted years (often “1995” or “1996”). Examples:\n  - $1 silver coin: 31.635 g standard weight (±0.500 g), 40.60 mm diameter, obverse bears the Queen’s effigy and inscriptions “ELIZABETH II”, “AUSTRALIA”, “1 DOLLAR”; reverse shows a kookaburra and the inscription “THE AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA 1 OZ. 999 SILVER” and the year (clause 4).\n  - $5 gold coin: 1.571 g (±0.015 g), 14.10 mm diameter; reverse shows two kangaroos and “THE AUSTRALIAN NUGGET … OZ. 9999 GOLD” and the year (clause 11).\n  - Larger bullion/collector pieces (examples: $30 silver at ~1 kilo, $100 and $200 gold/platinum coins) are similarly specified (clauses 18, 21–24 and others).\n- Where a denomination has multiple variants, separate clauses list the differences in reverse design (for example several $2 silver variants showing different historic florin reverses or logos — clauses 5–10).\n- The Determination does not amend or revoke other determinations about coin specifications (clause 3).\n\n**Who is affected**\n\n- The Royal Australian Mint and any authorised contractors: they must follow these exact specifications when producing the coins. (The Determination prescribes physical and design requirements.)\n- Coin purchasers and dealers (collectors, bullion traders): the specified metal purities, weights and inscriptions determine the product sold as official Australian mint issues and affect grading, authentication and market descriptions.\n- Banks, businesses and members of the public: these coins are identified officially by the Commonwealth; whether they circulate or are sold as collector/bullion items depends on Mint policy and commercial distribution (the Determination itself prescribes design/specs, not distribution or pricing).\n\n**Why it matters (stated purpose and practical effects)**\n\n- Stated purpose: to fix the official specifications and designs for a set of coins so they can be lawfully produced and recognised as Australian coinage. That is the legal function of such a determination under the Currency Act.\n- Practical effects and implementation mechanics:\n  - It limits design discretion: the Mint must reproduce the listed effigy, inscriptions and reverse imagery, and meet the stated metal purities and dimensional tolerances (see individual clauses 4–24).\n  - It creates identifiable numismatic/bullion products: minimum purities (e.g. 99.9% silver, 99.99% gold, 99.95% platinum) and declared weights let markets treat these items as bullion or collectible coins with defined metal content.\n  - It does not set production quantity, sale price, or distribution channels — those remain operational/financial decisions outside the Determination.\n\n**Costs, incentives, trade-offs and implementation risk (testing the stated purpose against likely effects)**\n\n- Who decides and who bears cost: the Determination is a legal authorisation. The Mint (or the Commonwealth through the Mint) decides production runs, packaging and sales; the Determination does not fix who bears manufacturing costs or pricing. The instrument itself does not create fees or sales terms (no clause on pricing or cost recovery).\n- Incentives and behaviour: by prescribing bullion-grade purities and large-format weights (for example a 1 kilo silver $30 coin), the Determination encourages the Mint to offer bullion/collector products, which are typically sold to collectors and investors rather than used in everyday retail transactions. That steers production toward commercial sales rather than circulation coins.\n- Competitive and market effects: the Determination enables the Mint to produce products that can compete in the global bullion market (purity and weight are the key attributes). It does not restrict private parties from trading in precious metals or issuing tokens, but it does create an official line of Commonwealth-issued bullion/collectible coins that can carry a premium or official provenance.\n- Compliance burden and administrative discretion: compliance is primarily a technical/minting task — meeting weights, dimensions and inscriptions. The Determination leaves little discretionary room on design, so administration risk is low, but accuracy in minting is necessary to avoid breaches of the specified tolerances.\n- Drafting/implementation risks: the document contains several apparent typographical errors and repeated, near-duplicate clauses (for example different $2 variants listed in successive clauses). These drafting issues could cause confusion about precise wording of inscriptions in individual productions and may need careful quality control by the Mint to ensure the intended designs are used (see clauses 5–10 and clauses 11–24 where small errors in inscriptions are visible).\n\n**Concrete trade-offs/opportunity costs**\n\n- Concentrated benefit: the Mint and collectors/bullion buyers gain a clear, sellable product. The Determination concentrates benefits on parties that profit from minting and selling collector/bullion coins.\n- Diffuse costs: general taxpayers are not directly charged by this Determination itself, but if the Commonwealth subsidised production that would be a separate budgetary decision; the Determination does not address subsidies.\n- Substitution effects: by creating official bullion coins, some private bullion purchases may shift to Commonwealth products; likewise, limited edition designs may encourage collector demand over commodity-only buying.\n\n**Where to look in the instrument**\n\n- Clause 3: confirms this Determination does not alter other determinations.\n- Clauses 4–24: list the denominations, metal purities, dimensions, tolerances and face designs for each coin type and variant.\n\n"},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. 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