{"id":"qld:act-2013-008","name":"Commercial Arbitration Act 2013","slug":"commercial-arbitration-act-2013","collection":"act","jurisdiction":"qld","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":"8 of 2013","makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":29701,"registerId":"qld-act-2013-008-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-01","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"pt.1A","sectionType":"part","heading":"Preliminary","content":"# Preliminary","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1AA","sectionType":"section","heading":"Short title","content":"### sec.1AA Short title\n\nThis Act may be cited as the Commercial Arbitration Act 2013 .","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1AB","sectionType":"section","heading":"Commencement","content":"### sec.1AB Commencement\n\nThis Act commences on a day to be fixed by proclamation.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1AC","sectionType":"section","heading":"Paramount object of Act","content":"### sec.1AC Paramount object of Act\n\nThe paramount object of this Act is to facilitate the fair and final resolution of commercial disputes by impartial arbitral tribunals without unnecessary delay or expense.\nThis Act aims to achieve its paramount object by—\nenabling parties to agree about how their commercial disputes are to be resolved (subject to subsection (3) and such safeguards as are necessary in the public interest); and\nproviding arbitration procedures that enable commercial disputes to be resolved in a cost-effective manner, informally and quickly.\nThis Act must be interpreted, and the functions of an arbitral tribunal must be exercised, so that (as far as practicable) the paramount object of this Act is achieved.\nSubsection (3) does not affect the application of the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 14A for the purposes of interpreting this Act.\n(sec.1AC-ssec.1) The paramount object of this Act is to facilitate the fair and final resolution of commercial disputes by impartial arbitral tribunals without unnecessary delay or expense.\n(sec.1AC-ssec.2) This Act aims to achieve its paramount object by— enabling parties to agree about how their commercial disputes are to be resolved (subject to subsection (3) and such safeguards as are necessary in the public interest); and providing arbitration procedures that enable commercial disputes to be resolved in a cost-effective manner, informally and quickly.\n(sec.1AC-ssec.3) This Act must be interpreted, and the functions of an arbitral tribunal must be exercised, so that (as far as practicable) the paramount object of this Act is achieved.\n(sec.1AC-ssec.4) Subsection (3) does not affect the application of the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 14A for the purposes of interpreting this Act.\n- (a) enabling parties to agree about how their commercial disputes are to be resolved (subject to subsection (3) and such safeguards as are necessary in the public interest); and\n- (b) providing arbitration procedures that enable commercial disputes to be resolved in a cost-effective manner, informally and quickly.","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1AD","sectionType":"section","heading":"Act binds all persons","content":"### sec.1AD Act binds all persons\n\nThis Act binds all persons, including the State and, as far as the legislative power of the State permits, the Commonwealth and the other States.","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"pt.1","sectionType":"part","heading":"General provisions","content":"# General provisions","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"sec.1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Scope of application (cf Model Law Art 1)","content":"### sec.1 Scope of application (cf Model Law Art 1)\n\nThis Act applies to domestic commercial arbitrations.\nThe International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) covers international commercial arbitrations and the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.\nThe provisions of this Act, except sections 8 , 9 , 17H , 17I , 17J , 35 and 36 , apply only if the place of arbitration is in Queensland.\nAn arbitration is domestic if—\nthe parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in Australia; and\nthe parties have (whether in the arbitration agreement or in any other document in writing) agreed that any dispute that has arisen or may arise between them is to be settled by arbitration; and\nit is not an arbitration to which the Model Law (as given effect by the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) ) applies.\nFor the purposes of subsection (3) —\nif a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement; and\nif a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to the party’s habitual residence.\nThis Act does not affect any other Act by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or may be submitted to arbitration only according to provisions other than those of this Act.\nSubject to subsection (5) , this Act applies to arbitrations provided for in any other Act as if—\nthe other Act were an arbitration agreement; and\nthe arbitration were pursuant to an arbitration agreement; and\nthe parties to the dispute which, by virtue of the other Act, is referred to arbitration were the parties to the arbitration agreement;\nexcept in so far as the other Act otherwise indicates or requires.\nThe term ‘commercial’ should be given a wide interpretation so as to cover matters arising from all relationships of a commercial nature, whether contractual or not.\nRelationships of a commercial nature include, but are not limited to, the following transactions—any trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; distribution agreement; commercial representation or agency; factoring; leasing; construction of works; consulting; engineering; licensing; investment; financing; banking; insurance; exploitation agreement or concession; joint venture and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road.\nThis section differs from the Model Law to the extent necessary to apply Art 1 as incorporated in this Act to domestic commercial arbitrations. Section 40 contains provisions that also relate to the application of this Act.\n(sec.1-ssec.1) This Act applies to domestic commercial arbitrations. The International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) covers international commercial arbitrations and the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.\n(sec.1-ssec.2) The provisions of this Act, except sections 8 , 9 , 17H , 17I , 17J , 35 and 36 , apply only if the place of arbitration is in Queensland.\n(sec.1-ssec.3) An arbitration is domestic if— the parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in Australia; and the parties have (whether in the arbitration agreement or in any other document in writing) agreed that any dispute that has arisen or may arise between them is to be settled by arbitration; and it is not an arbitration to which the Model Law (as given effect by the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) ) applies.\n(sec.1-ssec.4) For the purposes of subsection (3) — if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement; and if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to the party’s habitual residence.\n(sec.1-ssec.5) This Act does not affect any other Act by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or may be submitted to arbitration only according to provisions other than those of this Act.\n(sec.1-ssec.6) Subject to subsection (5) , this Act applies to arbitrations provided for in any other Act as if— the other Act were an arbitration agreement; and the arbitration were pursuant to an arbitration agreement; and the parties to the dispute which, by virtue of the other Act, is referred to arbitration were the parties to the arbitration agreement; except in so far as the other Act otherwise indicates or requires. The term ‘commercial’ should be given a wide interpretation so as to cover matters arising from all relationships of a commercial nature, whether contractual or not. Relationships of a commercial nature include, but are not limited to, the following transactions—any trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; distribution agreement; commercial representation or agency; factoring; leasing; construction of works; consulting; engineering; licensing; investment; financing; banking; insurance; exploitation agreement or concession; joint venture and other forms of industrial or business cooperation; carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road. This section differs from the Model Law to the extent necessary to apply Art 1 as incorporated in this Act to domestic commercial arbitrations. Section 40 contains provisions that also relate to the application of this Act.\n- (a) the parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in Australia; and\n- (b) the parties have (whether in the arbitration agreement or in any other document in writing) agreed that any dispute that has arisen or may arise between them is to be settled by arbitration; and\n- (c) it is not an arbitration to which the Model Law (as given effect by the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) ) applies.\n- (a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement; and\n- (b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to the party’s habitual residence.\n- (a) the other Act were an arbitration agreement; and\n- (b) the arbitration were pursuant to an arbitration agreement; and\n- (c) the parties to the dispute which, by virtue of the other Act, is referred to arbitration were the parties to the arbitration agreement;","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"sec.2","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions and rules of interpretation (cf Model Law Art 2)","content":"### sec.2 Definitions and rules of interpretation (cf Model Law Art 2)\n\nIn this Act—\narbitral tribunal means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators.\narbitration means any domestic commercial arbitration whether or not administered by a permanent arbitral institution.\narbitration agreement see section 7 .\nconfidential information , in relation to arbitral proceedings, means information that relates to the arbitral proceedings or to an award made in those proceedings and includes the following—\nthe statement of claim, statement of defence and all other pleadings, submissions, statements or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by a party;\nany information supplied by a party to another party in compliance with a direction of the arbitral tribunal;\nany evidence (whether documentary or otherwise) supplied to the arbitral tribunal;\nany notes made by the arbitral tribunal of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal;\nany transcript of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal;\nany rulings of the arbitral tribunal;\nany award of the arbitral tribunal.\ndisclose , in relation to confidential information, includes publishing or communicating or otherwise supplying the confidential information.\ndomestic commercial arbitration see section 1 .\nexercise a function includes perform a duty.\nfunction includes a power, authority or duty.\ninterim measure see section 17 .\nModel Law means the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985, and as amended by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 7 July 2006).\nparty means a party to an arbitration agreement and includes—\nany person claiming through or under a party to the arbitration agreement; and\nin any case where an arbitration does not involve all of the parties to the arbitration agreement, those parties to the arbitration agreement who are parties to the arbitration.\nthe Court means, subject to section 6 (2) , the Supreme Court.\nThe definitions arbitration agreement , confidential information , disclose , domestic commercial arbitration , exercise , function , interim measure , Model Law , party and the Court are not included in the Model Law.\nWhere a provision of this Act, except section 28 , leaves the parties free to determine a certain issue, such freedom includes the right of the parties to authorise a third party, including an institution, to make that determination.\nWhere a provision of this Act refers to the fact that the parties have agreed or that they may agree or in any other way refers to an agreement of the parties, such agreement includes any arbitration rules referred to in that agreement.\nWhere a provision of this Act, other than sections 25 (1) (a) and 32 (2) (a) , refers to a claim, it also applies to a counter-claim, and where it refers to a defence, it also applies to a defence to such counter-claim.\nNotes (other than the Model Law note to section 1 ) included in this Act do not form part of this Act.\nThis provision is not included in the Model Law.\nA heading to a section of this Act (other than sections 1AA to 1AD ), does not form part of this Act.\nSubsection (6) is included to give effect to the first note to Art 1 of the Model Law.\n(sec.2-ssec.1) In this Act— arbitral tribunal means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators. arbitration means any domestic commercial arbitration whether or not administered by a permanent arbitral institution. arbitration agreement see section 7 . confidential information , in relation to arbitral proceedings, means information that relates to the arbitral proceedings or to an award made in those proceedings and includes the following— the statement of claim, statement of defence and all other pleadings, submissions, statements or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by a party; any information supplied by a party to another party in compliance with a direction of the arbitral tribunal; any evidence (whether documentary or otherwise) supplied to the arbitral tribunal; any notes made by the arbitral tribunal of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal; any transcript of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal; any rulings of the arbitral tribunal; any award of the arbitral tribunal. disclose , in relation to confidential information, includes publishing or communicating or otherwise supplying the confidential information. domestic commercial arbitration see section 1 . exercise a function includes perform a duty. function includes a power, authority or duty. interim measure see section 17 . Model Law means the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (as adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985, and as amended by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 7 July 2006). party means a party to an arbitration agreement and includes— any person claiming through or under a party to the arbitration agreement; and in any case where an arbitration does not involve all of the parties to the arbitration agreement, those parties to the arbitration agreement who are parties to the arbitration. the Court means, subject to section 6 (2) , the Supreme Court. The definitions arbitration agreement , confidential information , disclose , domestic commercial arbitration , exercise , function , interim measure , Model Law , party and the Court are not included in the Model Law.\n(sec.2-ssec.2) Where a provision of this Act, except section 28 , leaves the parties free to determine a certain issue, such freedom includes the right of the parties to authorise a third party, including an institution, to make that determination.\n(sec.2-ssec.3) Where a provision of this Act refers to the fact that the parties have agreed or that they may agree or in any other way refers to an agreement of the parties, such agreement includes any arbitration rules referred to in that agreement.\n(sec.2-ssec.4) Where a provision of this Act, other than sections 25 (1) (a) and 32 (2) (a) , refers to a claim, it also applies to a counter-claim, and where it refers to a defence, it also applies to a defence to such counter-claim.\n(sec.2-ssec.5) Notes (other than the Model Law note to section 1 ) included in this Act do not form part of this Act. This provision is not included in the Model Law.\n(sec.2-ssec.6) A heading to a section of this Act (other than sections 1AA to 1AD ), does not form part of this Act. Subsection (6) is included to give effect to the first note to Art 1 of the Model Law.\n- (a) the statement of claim, statement of defence and all other pleadings, submissions, statements or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by a party;\n- (b) any information supplied by a party to another party in compliance with a direction of the arbitral tribunal;\n- (c) any evidence (whether documentary or otherwise) supplied to the arbitral tribunal;\n- (d) any notes made by the arbitral tribunal of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal;\n- (e) any transcript of oral evidence or submissions given before the arbitral tribunal;\n- (f) any rulings of the arbitral tribunal;\n- (g) any award of the arbitral tribunal.\n- (a) any person claiming through or under a party to the arbitration agreement; and\n- (b) in any case where an arbitration does not involve all of the parties to the arbitration agreement, those parties to the arbitration agreement who are parties to the arbitration.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"sec.2A","sectionType":"section","heading":"International origin and general principles (cf Model Law Art 2A)","content":"### sec.2A International origin and general principles (cf Model Law Art 2A)\n\nSubject to section 1AC , in the interpretation of this Act, regard is to be had to the need to promote, so far as practicable, uniformity between the application of this Act to domestic commercial arbitrations and the application of the provisions of the Model Law (as given effect by the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) ) to international commercial arbitrations and the observance of good faith.\n[ omitted ]\nThis section differs from the Model Law. Art 2A(1) has been changed as a consequence of the application of the Act to domestic (instead of international) commercial arbitrations.\nArt 2A(2) is omitted because it is covered by the provision referred to in section 1AC (4) .\nSubsections (3) and (4) reflect the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) , section 17 .\nWithout limiting subsection (1) , in interpreting this Act, reference may be made to the documents relating to the Model Law of—\nthe United Nations Commission on International Trade Law; and\nits working groups for the preparation of the Model Law.\nSubsection (3) does not affect the application of the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 14B for the purposes of interpreting this Act.\n(sec.2A-ssec.1) Subject to section 1AC , in the interpretation of this Act, regard is to be had to the need to promote, so far as practicable, uniformity between the application of this Act to domestic commercial arbitrations and the application of the provisions of the Model Law (as given effect by the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) ) to international commercial arbitrations and the observance of good faith.\n(sec.2A-ssec.2) [ omitted ] This section differs from the Model Law. Art 2A(1) has been changed as a consequence of the application of the Act to domestic (instead of international) commercial arbitrations. Art 2A(2) is omitted because it is covered by the provision referred to in section 1AC (4) . Subsections (3) and (4) reflect the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cwlth) , section 17 .\n(sec.2A-ssec.3) Without limiting subsection (1) , in interpreting this Act, reference may be made to the documents relating to the Model Law of— the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law; and its working groups for the preparation of the Model Law.\n(sec.2A-ssec.4) Subsection (3) does not affect the application of the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 14B for the purposes of interpreting this Act.\n- (a) the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law; and\n- (b) its working groups for the preparation of the Model Law.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"sec.3","sectionType":"section","heading":"Receipt of written communications (cf Model Law Art 3)","content":"### sec.3 Receipt of written communications (cf Model Law Art 3)\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties—\nany written communication is taken to be received if—\nit is delivered to the addressee personally; or\nit is delivered at the addressee’s place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; or\nif none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, it is delivered to the addressee’s last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it; and\nthe communication is taken to have been received on the day it is so delivered.\nThe provisions of this section do not apply to communications in court proceedings.\n(sec.3-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties— any written communication is taken to be received if— it is delivered to the addressee personally; or it is delivered at the addressee’s place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; or if none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, it is delivered to the addressee’s last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it; and the communication is taken to have been received on the day it is so delivered.\n(sec.3-ssec.2) The provisions of this section do not apply to communications in court proceedings.\n- (a) any written communication is taken to be received if— (i) it is delivered to the addressee personally; or (ii) it is delivered at the addressee’s place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; or (iii) if none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, it is delivered to the addressee’s last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it; and\n- (i) it is delivered to the addressee personally; or\n- (ii) it is delivered at the addressee’s place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; or\n- (iii) if none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, it is delivered to the addressee’s last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it; and\n- (b) the communication is taken to have been received on the day it is so delivered.\n- (i) it is delivered to the addressee personally; or\n- (ii) it is delivered at the addressee’s place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; or\n- (iii) if none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, it is delivered to the addressee’s last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered letter or any other means which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it; and","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"sec.4","sectionType":"section","heading":"Waiver of right to object (cf Model Law Art 4)","content":"### sec.4 Waiver of right to object (cf Model Law Art 4)\n\nA party who knows that any provision of this Act from which the parties may derogate or any requirement under the arbitration agreement has not been complied with and yet proceeds with the arbitration without stating the party’s objection to such noncompliance without undue delay or, if a time-limit is provided for stating the party’s objection, within such period of time, is taken to have waived the party’s right to object.","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"sec.5","sectionType":"section","heading":"Extent of court intervention (cf Model Law Art 5)","content":"### sec.5 Extent of court intervention (cf Model Law Art 5)\n\nIn matters governed by this Act, no court must intervene except where so provided by this Act.","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"sec.6","sectionType":"section","heading":"Court for certain functions of arbitration assistance and supervision (cf Model Law Art 6)","content":"### sec.6 Court for certain functions of arbitration assistance and supervision (cf Model Law Art 6)\n\nThe functions referred to in sections 11 (3) and (4) , 13 (4) , 14 (2) , 16 (9) , 17H to 17J , 19 (6) , 27 to 27B , 27H to 27J , 33D , 34 and 34A are, subject to subsection (2) , to be performed by the Supreme Court.\nIf—\nan arbitration agreement provides that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act; or\nthe parties to an arbitration agreement have agreed in writing that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act and that agreement is in force;\nthe functions are to be performed, in relation to that agreement, by the District Court.\nThis section differs from the Model Law to the extent that it relates to functions conferred on the Court with respect to domestic commercial arbitrations that are not referred to in the Model Law.\n(sec.6-ssec.1) The functions referred to in sections 11 (3) and (4) , 13 (4) , 14 (2) , 16 (9) , 17H to 17J , 19 (6) , 27 to 27B , 27H to 27J , 33D , 34 and 34A are, subject to subsection (2) , to be performed by the Supreme Court.\n(sec.6-ssec.2) If— an arbitration agreement provides that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act; or the parties to an arbitration agreement have agreed in writing that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act and that agreement is in force; the functions are to be performed, in relation to that agreement, by the District Court. This section differs from the Model Law to the extent that it relates to functions conferred on the Court with respect to domestic commercial arbitrations that are not referred to in the Model Law.\n- (a) an arbitration agreement provides that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act; or\n- (b) the parties to an arbitration agreement have agreed in writing that the District Court is to have jurisdiction under this Act and that agreement is in force;","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"pt.2","sectionType":"part","heading":"Arbitration agreement","content":"# Arbitration agreement","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"sec.7","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definition and form of arbitration agreement (cf Model Law Art 7)","content":"### sec.7 Definition and form of arbitration agreement (cf Model Law Art 7)\n\nAn arbitration agreement is an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not.\nAn arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement.\nThe arbitration agreement must be in writing.\nAn arbitration agreement is in writing if its content is recorded in any form, whether or not the arbitration agreement or contract was concluded orally, by conduct or by other means.\nThe requirement that an arbitration agreement be in writing is met by an electronic communication if the information contained in it is accessible so as to be useable for subsequent reference.\nIn this section—\ndata message means information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, magnetic, optical or similar means, including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex or telecopy.\nelectronic communication means any communication that the parties make by means of data messages.\nFurthermore, an arbitration agreement is in writing if it is contained in an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by the other.\nThe reference in a contract to any document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement in writing, provided that the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract.\nThis section is substantially the same as Option 1 set out in Art 7 of the Model Law.\n(sec.7-ssec.1) An arbitration agreement is an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not.\n(sec.7-ssec.2) An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement.\n(sec.7-ssec.3) The arbitration agreement must be in writing.\n(sec.7-ssec.4) An arbitration agreement is in writing if its content is recorded in any form, whether or not the arbitration agreement or contract was concluded orally, by conduct or by other means.\n(sec.7-ssec.5) The requirement that an arbitration agreement be in writing is met by an electronic communication if the information contained in it is accessible so as to be useable for subsequent reference.\n(sec.7-ssec.6) In this section— data message means information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, magnetic, optical or similar means, including, but not limited to, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex or telecopy. electronic communication means any communication that the parties make by means of data messages.\n(sec.7-ssec.7) Furthermore, an arbitration agreement is in writing if it is contained in an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by the other.\n(sec.7-ssec.8) The reference in a contract to any document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement in writing, provided that the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract. This section is substantially the same as Option 1 set out in Art 7 of the Model Law.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"sec.8","sectionType":"section","heading":"Arbitration agreement and substantive claim before court (cf Model Law Art 8)","content":"### sec.8 Arbitration agreement and substantive claim before court (cf Model Law Art 8)\n\nA court before which an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement must, if a party so requests not later than when submitting the party’s first statement on the substance of the dispute, refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that the agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.\nWhere an action referred to in subsection (1) has been brought, arbitral proceedings may nevertheless be commenced or continued, and an award may be made, while the issue is pending before the court.\n(sec.8-ssec.1) A court before which an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement must, if a party so requests not later than when submitting the party’s first statement on the substance of the dispute, refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that the agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.\n(sec.8-ssec.2) Where an action referred to in subsection (1) has been brought, arbitral proceedings may nevertheless be commenced or continued, and an award may be made, while the issue is pending before the court.","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"sec.9","sectionType":"section","heading":"Arbitration agreement and interim measures by court (cf Model Law Art 9)","content":"### sec.9 Arbitration agreement and interim measures by court (cf Model Law Art 9)\n\nIt is not incompatible with an arbitration agreement for a party to request, before or during arbitral proceedings, from a court an interim measure of protection and for a court to grant the measure.","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"pt.3","sectionType":"part","heading":"Composition of arbitral tribunal","content":"# Composition of arbitral tribunal","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"sec.10","sectionType":"section","heading":"Number of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 10)","content":"### sec.10 Number of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 10)\n\nThe parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators.\nFailing such determination, the number of arbitrators is to be one.\nSubsection (2) differs from Art 10 (2) of the Model Law which provides for 3 arbitrators if the parties do not determine the number of arbitrators.\n(sec.10-ssec.1) The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators.\n(sec.10-ssec.2) Failing such determination, the number of arbitrators is to be one. Subsection (2) differs from Art 10 (2) of the Model Law which provides for 3 arbitrators if the parties do not determine the number of arbitrators.","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"sec.11","sectionType":"section","heading":"Appointment of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 11)","content":"### sec.11 Appointment of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 11)\n\n[ omitted ]\nArt 11(1) of the Model Law (which provides that no person is precluded by nationality from acting as an arbitrator unless otherwise agreed by the parties) has been omitted.\nThe parties are free to agree on a procedure of appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators, subject to the provisions of subsections (4) and (5) .\nFailing such agreement—\nin an arbitration with 3 arbitrators and 2 parties, each party is to appoint one arbitrator, and the 2 arbitrators so appointed are to appoint the third arbitrator and if a party fails to appoint the arbitrator within 30 days of receipt of a request to do so from the other party, or if the 2 arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator within 30 days of their appointment, the appointment is to be made, on the request of a party, by the Court; and\nin an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, an arbitrator is to be appointed, on the request of a party, by the Court; and\nin an arbitration with 2, 4 or more arbitrators or with 3 arbitrators and more than 2 parties the appointment is to be made, at the request of a party, by the Court.\nWhere, under an appointment procedure agreed on by the parties—\na party fails to act as required under the procedure; or\nthe parties, or 2 or more arbitrators, are unable to reach an agreement expected of them under the procedure; or\na third party, including an institution, fails to perform any function entrusted to it under the procedure;\nany party may request the Court to take the necessary measure, unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.\nA decision within the limits of the Court’s authority on a matter entrusted by subsection (3) or (4) to the Court is final.\nThe Court, in appointing an arbitrator, is to have due regard to any qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator.\nThis section (other than subsections (3) (c) , (5) and (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 11 of the Model Law.\nSubsection (3) (c) is added to cover the contingency of the parties failing to agree on the procedure to appoint arbitrators in certain circumstances not covered by the Model Law as incorporated in this Act. It is based on clause 11(6) of Schedule 1 to the Arbitration Act 1996 (NZ) .\nSubsection (5) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.\nSubsection (6) does not include the requirement in Art 11(5) of the Model Law that the Court take into account the advisability of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties in appointing a sole or third arbitrator as this is not relevant in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n(sec.11-ssec.1) [ omitted ] Art 11(1) of the Model Law (which provides that no person is precluded by nationality from acting as an arbitrator unless otherwise agreed by the parties) has been omitted.\n(sec.11-ssec.2) The parties are free to agree on a procedure of appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators, subject to the provisions of subsections (4) and (5) .\n(sec.11-ssec.3) Failing such agreement— in an arbitration with 3 arbitrators and 2 parties, each party is to appoint one arbitrator, and the 2 arbitrators so appointed are to appoint the third arbitrator and if a party fails to appoint the arbitrator within 30 days of receipt of a request to do so from the other party, or if the 2 arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator within 30 days of their appointment, the appointment is to be made, on the request of a party, by the Court; and in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, an arbitrator is to be appointed, on the request of a party, by the Court; and in an arbitration with 2, 4 or more arbitrators or with 3 arbitrators and more than 2 parties the appointment is to be made, at the request of a party, by the Court.\n(sec.11-ssec.4) Where, under an appointment procedure agreed on by the parties— a party fails to act as required under the procedure; or the parties, or 2 or more arbitrators, are unable to reach an agreement expected of them under the procedure; or a third party, including an institution, fails to perform any function entrusted to it under the procedure; any party may request the Court to take the necessary measure, unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.\n(sec.11-ssec.5) A decision within the limits of the Court’s authority on a matter entrusted by subsection (3) or (4) to the Court is final.\n(sec.11-ssec.6) The Court, in appointing an arbitrator, is to have due regard to any qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. This section (other than subsections (3) (c) , (5) and (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 11 of the Model Law. Subsection (3) (c) is added to cover the contingency of the parties failing to agree on the procedure to appoint arbitrators in certain circumstances not covered by the Model Law as incorporated in this Act. It is based on clause 11(6) of Schedule 1 to the Arbitration Act 1996 (NZ) . Subsection (5) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded. Subsection (6) does not include the requirement in Art 11(5) of the Model Law that the Court take into account the advisability of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties in appointing a sole or third arbitrator as this is not relevant in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n- (a) in an arbitration with 3 arbitrators and 2 parties, each party is to appoint one arbitrator, and the 2 arbitrators so appointed are to appoint the third arbitrator and if a party fails to appoint the arbitrator within 30 days of receipt of a request to do so from the other party, or if the 2 arbitrators fail to agree on the third arbitrator within 30 days of their appointment, the appointment is to be made, on the request of a party, by the Court; and\n- (b) in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, an arbitrator is to be appointed, on the request of a party, by the Court; and\n- (c) in an arbitration with 2, 4 or more arbitrators or with 3 arbitrators and more than 2 parties the appointment is to be made, at the request of a party, by the Court.\n- (a) a party fails to act as required under the procedure; or\n- (b) the parties, or 2 or more arbitrators, are unable to reach an agreement expected of them under the procedure; or\n- (c) a third party, including an institution, fails to perform any function entrusted to it under the procedure;","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"sec.12","sectionType":"section","heading":"Grounds for challenge (cf Model Law Art 12)","content":"### sec.12 Grounds for challenge (cf Model Law Art 12)\n\nWhen a person is approached in connection with the person’s possible appointment as an arbitrator, the person must disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to the person’s impartiality or independence.\nAn arbitrator, from the time of the arbitrator’s appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings, must without delay disclose any circumstances of the kind referred to in subsection (1) to the parties unless they have already been informed of them by the arbitrator.\nAn arbitrator may be challenged only if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence, or if the arbitrator does not possess qualifications agreed to by the parties.\nA party may challenge an arbitrator appointed by the party, or in whose appointment the party has participated, only for reasons of which the party becomes aware after the appointment has been made.\nFor the purposes of subsection (1) , there are justifiable doubts as to the impartiality or independence of a person approached in connection with a possible appointment as arbitrator only if there is a real danger of bias on the part of the person in conducting the arbitration.\nFor the purposes of subsection (3) , there are justifiable doubts as to the impartiality or independence of an arbitrator only if there is a real danger of bias on the part of the arbitrator in conducting the arbitration.\nThis section (other than subsections (5) and (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 12 of the Model Law.\n(sec.12-ssec.1) When a person is approached in connection with the person’s possible appointment as an arbitrator, the person must disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to the person’s impartiality or independence.\n(sec.12-ssec.2) An arbitrator, from the time of the arbitrator’s appointment and throughout the arbitral proceedings, must without delay disclose any circumstances of the kind referred to in subsection (1) to the parties unless they have already been informed of them by the arbitrator.\n(sec.12-ssec.3) An arbitrator may be challenged only if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence, or if the arbitrator does not possess qualifications agreed to by the parties.\n(sec.12-ssec.4) A party may challenge an arbitrator appointed by the party, or in whose appointment the party has participated, only for reasons of which the party becomes aware after the appointment has been made.\n(sec.12-ssec.5) For the purposes of subsection (1) , there are justifiable doubts as to the impartiality or independence of a person approached in connection with a possible appointment as arbitrator only if there is a real danger of bias on the part of the person in conducting the arbitration.\n(sec.12-ssec.6) For the purposes of subsection (3) , there are justifiable doubts as to the impartiality or independence of an arbitrator only if there is a real danger of bias on the part of the arbitrator in conducting the arbitration. This section (other than subsections (5) and (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 12 of the Model Law.","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"sec.13","sectionType":"section","heading":"Challenge procedure (cf Model Law Art 13)","content":"### sec.13 Challenge procedure (cf Model Law Art 13)\n\nThe parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator, subject to subsection (4) .\nFailing such agreement, a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator must, within 15 days after becoming aware of the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or after becoming aware of any circumstance referred to in section 12 (3) , send a written statement of the reasons for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal.\nUnless the challenged arbitrator withdraws from office or the other party agrees to the challenge, the arbitral tribunal must decide on the challenge.\nIf a challenge under any procedure agreed on by the parties or under the procedure of subsections (2) and (3) is not successful, the challenging party may request, within 30 days after having received notice of the decision rejecting the challenge, the Court to decide on the challenge.\nA decision of the Court under subsection (4) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\nWhile a request under subsection (4) is pending, the arbitral tribunal, including the challenged arbitrator, may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award.\nThis section (other than subsection (5) ), is substantially the same as Art 13 of the Model Law.\nSubsection (5) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.\n(sec.13-ssec.1) The parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator, subject to subsection (4) .\n(sec.13-ssec.2) Failing such agreement, a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator must, within 15 days after becoming aware of the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or after becoming aware of any circumstance referred to in section 12 (3) , send a written statement of the reasons for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.13-ssec.3) Unless the challenged arbitrator withdraws from office or the other party agrees to the challenge, the arbitral tribunal must decide on the challenge.\n(sec.13-ssec.4) If a challenge under any procedure agreed on by the parties or under the procedure of subsections (2) and (3) is not successful, the challenging party may request, within 30 days after having received notice of the decision rejecting the challenge, the Court to decide on the challenge.\n(sec.13-ssec.5) A decision of the Court under subsection (4) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\n(sec.13-ssec.6) While a request under subsection (4) is pending, the arbitral tribunal, including the challenged arbitrator, may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award. This section (other than subsection (5) ), is substantially the same as Art 13 of the Model Law. Subsection (5) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"sec.14","sectionType":"section","heading":"Failure or impossibility to act (cf Model Law Art 14)","content":"### sec.14 Failure or impossibility to act (cf Model Law Art 14)\n\nIf an arbitrator becomes in law or in fact unable to perform the arbitrator’s functions or for other reasons fails to act without undue delay, the arbitrator’s mandate terminates if the arbitrator withdraws from office or if the parties agree on the termination.\nOtherwise, if a controversy remains concerning any of these grounds, any party may request the Court to decide on the termination of the mandate.\nA decision of the Court under subsection (2) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\nIf, under this section or section 13 (3) , an arbitrator withdraws from office or a party agrees to the termination of the mandate of an arbitrator, this does not imply acceptance of the validity of any ground referred to in this section or section 12 (3) .\nThis section (other than subsection (3) ), is substantially the same as Art 14 of the Model Law.\nSubsection (3) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.\n(sec.14-ssec.1) If an arbitrator becomes in law or in fact unable to perform the arbitrator’s functions or for other reasons fails to act without undue delay, the arbitrator’s mandate terminates if the arbitrator withdraws from office or if the parties agree on the termination.\n(sec.14-ssec.2) Otherwise, if a controversy remains concerning any of these grounds, any party may request the Court to decide on the termination of the mandate.\n(sec.14-ssec.3) A decision of the Court under subsection (2) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\n(sec.14-ssec.4) If, under this section or section 13 (3) , an arbitrator withdraws from office or a party agrees to the termination of the mandate of an arbitrator, this does not imply acceptance of the validity of any ground referred to in this section or section 12 (3) . This section (other than subsection (3) ), is substantially the same as Art 14 of the Model Law. Subsection (3) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"sec.15","sectionType":"section","heading":"Appointment of substitute arbitrator (cf Model Law Art 15)","content":"### sec.15 Appointment of substitute arbitrator (cf Model Law Art 15)\n\nWhere the mandate of an arbitrator terminates under section 13 or 14 or because of the arbitrator’s withdrawal from office for any other reason or because of the revocation of the arbitrator’s mandate by agreement of the parties or in any other case of termination of the arbitrator’s mandate, a substitute arbitrator must be appointed according to the rules that were applicable to the appointment of the arbitrator being replaced.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4","sectionType":"part","heading":"Jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal","content":"# Jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"sec.16","sectionType":"section","heading":"Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction (cf Model Law Art 16)","content":"### sec.16 Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction (cf Model Law Art 16)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement.\nFor that purpose, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract is to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract.\nA decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void does not of itself entail the invalidity of the arbitration clause.\nThe Model Law provides that such a decision does not ‘ipso jure’ entail the invalidity of the arbitration clause.\nA plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction must be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence.\nA party is not precluded from raising such a plea by the fact that the party has appointed, or participated in the appointment of, an arbitrator.\nA plea that the arbitral tribunal is exceeding the scope of its authority must be raised as soon as the matter alleged to be beyond the scope of its authority is raised during the arbitral proceedings.\nThe arbitral tribunal may, in the case of a plea referred to in subsection (4) or (6) , admit a later plea if it considers the delay justified.\nThe arbitral tribunal may rule on a plea referred to in subsection (4) or (6) either as a preliminary question or in an award on the merits.\nIf the arbitral tribunal rules as a preliminary question that it has jurisdiction, any party may request, within 30 days after having received notice of that ruling, the Court to decide the matter.\nA decision of the Court under subsection (9) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\nWhile a request under subsection (9) is pending, the arbitral tribunal may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award.\nThis section (other than subsection (10) ), is substantially the same as Art 16 of the Model Law.\nSubsection (10) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.\n(sec.16-ssec.1) The arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement.\n(sec.16-ssec.2) For that purpose, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract is to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract.\n(sec.16-ssec.3) A decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void does not of itself entail the invalidity of the arbitration clause. The Model Law provides that such a decision does not ‘ipso jure’ entail the invalidity of the arbitration clause.\n(sec.16-ssec.4) A plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction must be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence.\n(sec.16-ssec.5) A party is not precluded from raising such a plea by the fact that the party has appointed, or participated in the appointment of, an arbitrator.\n(sec.16-ssec.6) A plea that the arbitral tribunal is exceeding the scope of its authority must be raised as soon as the matter alleged to be beyond the scope of its authority is raised during the arbitral proceedings.\n(sec.16-ssec.7) The arbitral tribunal may, in the case of a plea referred to in subsection (4) or (6) , admit a later plea if it considers the delay justified.\n(sec.16-ssec.8) The arbitral tribunal may rule on a plea referred to in subsection (4) or (6) either as a preliminary question or in an award on the merits.\n(sec.16-ssec.9) If the arbitral tribunal rules as a preliminary question that it has jurisdiction, any party may request, within 30 days after having received notice of that ruling, the Court to decide the matter.\n(sec.16-ssec.10) A decision of the Court under subsection (9) that is within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\n(sec.16-ssec.11) While a request under subsection (9) is pending, the arbitral tribunal may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award. This section (other than subsection (10) ), is substantially the same as Art 16 of the Model Law. Subsection (10) makes it clear that, although a decision of the Court is generally final, review of a decision of the Court that is not made within the limits of its powers and functions is not precluded.","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A","sectionType":"part","heading":"Interim measures","content":"# Interim measures","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Interim measures","content":"## Interim measures","sortOrder":27},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17","sectionType":"section","heading":"Power of arbitral tribunal to order interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17)","content":"### sec.17 Power of arbitral tribunal to order interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17)\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, grant interim measures.\nAn interim measure is any temporary measure, whether in the form of an award or in another form, by which, at any time prior to the issuance of the award by which the dispute is finally decided, the arbitral tribunal orders a party to—\nmaintain or restore the status quo pending determination of the dispute; or\ntake action that would prevent, or refrain from taking action that is likely to cause, current or imminent harm or prejudice to the arbitral process itself; or\nprovide a means of preserving assets out of which a subsequent award may be satisfied; or\npreserve evidence that may be relevant and material to the resolution of the dispute.\nWithout limiting subsection (2) , the arbitral tribunal may make orders with respect to any of the following—\nsecurity for costs;\ndiscovery of documents and interrogatories;\ngiving of evidence by affidavit;\nthe inspection of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\nthe taking of photographs of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\nsamples to be taken from, or any observation to be made of or experiment conducted on, any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\ndividing, recording and strictly enforcing the time allocated for a hearing between the parties (a stop clock arbitration).\nSubsections (1) and (2) are substantially the same as Art 17 of the Model Law. There is no equivalent subsection (3) in the Model Law.\n(sec.17-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, grant interim measures.\n(sec.17-ssec.2) An interim measure is any temporary measure, whether in the form of an award or in another form, by which, at any time prior to the issuance of the award by which the dispute is finally decided, the arbitral tribunal orders a party to— maintain or restore the status quo pending determination of the dispute; or take action that would prevent, or refrain from taking action that is likely to cause, current or imminent harm or prejudice to the arbitral process itself; or provide a means of preserving assets out of which a subsequent award may be satisfied; or preserve evidence that may be relevant and material to the resolution of the dispute.\n(sec.17-ssec.3) Without limiting subsection (2) , the arbitral tribunal may make orders with respect to any of the following— security for costs; discovery of documents and interrogatories; giving of evidence by affidavit; the inspection of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute; the taking of photographs of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute; samples to be taken from, or any observation to be made of or experiment conducted on, any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute; dividing, recording and strictly enforcing the time allocated for a hearing between the parties (a stop clock arbitration). Subsections (1) and (2) are substantially the same as Art 17 of the Model Law. There is no equivalent subsection (3) in the Model Law.\n- (a) maintain or restore the status quo pending determination of the dispute; or\n- (b) take action that would prevent, or refrain from taking action that is likely to cause, current or imminent harm or prejudice to the arbitral process itself; or\n- (c) provide a means of preserving assets out of which a subsequent award may be satisfied; or\n- (d) preserve evidence that may be relevant and material to the resolution of the dispute.\n- (a) security for costs;\n- (b) discovery of documents and interrogatories;\n- (c) giving of evidence by affidavit;\n- (d) the inspection of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\n- (e) the taking of photographs of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\n- (f) samples to be taken from, or any observation to be made of or experiment conducted on, any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute;\n- (g) dividing, recording and strictly enforcing the time allocated for a hearing between the parties (a stop clock arbitration).","sortOrder":28},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Conditions for granting interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17A)","content":"### sec.17A Conditions for granting interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17A)\n\nThe party requesting an interim measure under section 17 (2) (a) , (b) or (c) must satisfy the arbitral tribunal that—\nharm not adequately reparable by an award of damages is likely to result if the measure is not ordered, and that harm substantially outweighs the harm that is likely to result to the party against whom the measure is directed if the measure is granted; and\nthere is a reasonable possibility that the requesting party will succeed on the merits of the claim.\nThe determination on the possibility referred to in subsection (1) (b) does not affect the discretion of the arbitral tribunal in making any subsequent determination.\nWith regard to a request for an interim measure under section 17 (2) (d) , the requirements in subsection (1) (a) and (b) and subsection (2) apply only to the extent the arbitral tribunal considers appropriate.\n(sec.17A-ssec.1) The party requesting an interim measure under section 17 (2) (a) , (b) or (c) must satisfy the arbitral tribunal that— harm not adequately reparable by an award of damages is likely to result if the measure is not ordered, and that harm substantially outweighs the harm that is likely to result to the party against whom the measure is directed if the measure is granted; and there is a reasonable possibility that the requesting party will succeed on the merits of the claim.\n(sec.17A-ssec.2) The determination on the possibility referred to in subsection (1) (b) does not affect the discretion of the arbitral tribunal in making any subsequent determination.\n(sec.17A-ssec.3) With regard to a request for an interim measure under section 17 (2) (d) , the requirements in subsection (1) (a) and (b) and subsection (2) apply only to the extent the arbitral tribunal considers appropriate.\n- (a) harm not adequately reparable by an award of damages is likely to result if the measure is not ordered, and that harm substantially outweighs the harm that is likely to result to the party against whom the measure is directed if the measure is granted; and\n- (b) there is a reasonable possibility that the requesting party will succeed on the merits of the claim.","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Preliminary orders","content":"## Preliminary orders","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Applications for preliminary orders and conditions for granting preliminary orders (cf Model Law Art 17B)","content":"### sec.17B Applications for preliminary orders and conditions for granting preliminary orders (cf Model Law Art 17B)\n\n[ omitted ]\nArt 17B of the Model Law, which provides for ex parte requests for interim measures together with applications for preliminary orders directing parties not to frustrate the interim measures, has been omitted.","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Specific regime for preliminary orders (cf Model Law Art 17)","content":"### sec.17C Specific regime for preliminary orders (cf Model Law Art 17)\n\n[ omitted ]\nArt 17C of the Model Law, which contains safeguards for the party against whom a preliminary order is directed under Art 17B, is omitted as a consequence of the omission of Art 17B.","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A-div.3","sectionType":"division","heading":"Provisions applicable to interim measures","content":"## Provisions applicable to interim measures","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Modification, suspension, termination (cf Model Law Art 17D)","content":"### sec.17D Modification, suspension, termination (cf Model Law Art 17D)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal may modify, suspend or terminate an interim measure it has granted, on application of any party or, in exceptional circumstances and on prior notice to the parties, on the arbitral tribunal’s own initiative.\nThis section is substantially the same as Art 17D of the Model Law but contains no reference to preliminary orders as a consequence of this Act not including an equivalent of Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.","sortOrder":34},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Provision of security (cf Model Law Art 17E)","content":"### sec.17E Provision of security (cf Model Law Art 17E)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal may require the party requesting an interim measure to provide appropriate security in connection with the measure.\n[ omitted ]\nSubsection (1) is the same as Art 17E(1) of the Model Law. Art 17E(2) is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.\n(sec.17E-ssec.1) The arbitral tribunal may require the party requesting an interim measure to provide appropriate security in connection with the measure.\n(sec.17E-ssec.2) [ omitted ] Subsection (1) is the same as Art 17E(1) of the Model Law. Art 17E(2) is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disclosure (cf Model Law Art 17F)","content":"### sec.17F Disclosure (cf Model Law Art 17F)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal may require any party promptly to disclose any material change in the circumstances on the basis of which the measure was requested or granted.\n[ omitted ]\nSubsection (1) is the same as Art 17F(1) of the Model Law. Art 17F(2) is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.\n(sec.17F-ssec.1) The arbitral tribunal may require any party promptly to disclose any material change in the circumstances on the basis of which the measure was requested or granted.\n(sec.17F-ssec.2) [ omitted ] Subsection (1) is the same as Art 17F(1) of the Model Law. Art 17F(2) is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.","sortOrder":36},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17G","sectionType":"section","heading":"Costs and damages (cf Model Law Art 17G)","content":"### sec.17G Costs and damages (cf Model Law Art 17G)\n\nThe party requesting an interim measure is liable for any costs and damages caused by the measure to any party if the arbitral tribunal later determines that, in the circumstances, the measure should not have been granted.\nThe arbitral tribunal may award such costs and damages at any point during the proceedings.\nThis section is substantially the same as Art 17G of the Model Law but the reference to applications for preliminary orders is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.\n(sec.17G-ssec.1) The party requesting an interim measure is liable for any costs and damages caused by the measure to any party if the arbitral tribunal later determines that, in the circumstances, the measure should not have been granted.\n(sec.17G-ssec.2) The arbitral tribunal may award such costs and damages at any point during the proceedings. This section is substantially the same as Art 17G of the Model Law but the reference to applications for preliminary orders is omitted as a consequence of this Act not including equivalents to Arts 17B and 17C of the Model Law.","sortOrder":37},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A-div.4","sectionType":"division","heading":"Recognition and enforcement of interim measures","content":"## Recognition and enforcement of interim measures","sortOrder":38},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17H","sectionType":"section","heading":"Recognition and enforcement (cf Model Law Art 17H)","content":"### sec.17H Recognition and enforcement (cf Model Law Art 17H)\n\nAn interim measure issued by an arbitral tribunal under the law of this State is to be recognised as binding and, unless otherwise provided by the arbitral tribunal, enforced on application to the Court, subject to the provisions of section 17I .\nAn interim measure issued by an arbitral tribunal under the law of another State or Territory is to be recognised as binding in this State and, unless otherwise provided by the arbitral tribunal, enforced on application to the Court, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was issued, subject to the provisions of section 17I .\nThe party who is seeking or has obtained recognition or enforcement of an interim measure must promptly inform the Court of any termination, suspension or modification of that interim measure.\nThe Court may, if it considers it proper, order the requesting party to provide appropriate security if the arbitral tribunal has not already made a determination with respect to security or where such a decision is necessary to protect the rights of third parties.\nThis section differs from Art 17H of the Model Law to the extent necessary to apply Art 17H as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n(sec.17H-ssec.1) An interim measure issued by an arbitral tribunal under the law of this State is to be recognised as binding and, unless otherwise provided by the arbitral tribunal, enforced on application to the Court, subject to the provisions of section 17I .\n(sec.17H-ssec.2) An interim measure issued by an arbitral tribunal under the law of another State or Territory is to be recognised as binding in this State and, unless otherwise provided by the arbitral tribunal, enforced on application to the Court, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was issued, subject to the provisions of section 17I .\n(sec.17H-ssec.3) The party who is seeking or has obtained recognition or enforcement of an interim measure must promptly inform the Court of any termination, suspension or modification of that interim measure.\n(sec.17H-ssec.4) The Court may, if it considers it proper, order the requesting party to provide appropriate security if the arbitral tribunal has not already made a determination with respect to security or where such a decision is necessary to protect the rights of third parties. This section differs from Art 17H of the Model Law to the extent necessary to apply Art 17H as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.","sortOrder":39},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17I","sectionType":"section","heading":"Grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement (cf Model Law Art 17I)","content":"### sec.17I Grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement (cf Model Law Art 17I)\n\nRecognition or enforcement of an interim measure may be refused only—\nat the request of the party against whom it is invoked if the Court is satisfied that—\nsuch a refusal is warranted on the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) or (iv) ; or\nthe arbitral tribunal’s decision with respect to the provision of security in connection with the interim measure issued by the arbitral tribunal has not been complied with; or\nthe interim measure has been terminated or suspended by the arbitral tribunal or, where so empowered, by the court of the State or Territory in which the arbitration takes place or under the law of which that interim measure was granted; or\nif the Court finds that—\nthe interim measure is incompatible with the powers conferred on the Court unless the Court decides to reformulate the interim measure to the extent necessary to adapt it to its own powers and procedures for the purposes of enforcing that interim measure and without modifying its substance; or\nany of the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (b) (i) or (ii) apply to the recognition and enforcement of the interim measure.\nAny determination made by the Court on any ground in subsection (1) is effective only for the purposes of the application to recognise and enforce the interim measure.\nThe Court must not, in making a determination with respect to the recognition or enforcement sought, undertake a review of the substance of the interim measure.\nThis section is substantially the same as Art 17I of the Model Law but has been modified to the extent necessary to apply Art 17I as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n(sec.17I-ssec.1) Recognition or enforcement of an interim measure may be refused only— at the request of the party against whom it is invoked if the Court is satisfied that— such a refusal is warranted on the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) or (iv) ; or the arbitral tribunal’s decision with respect to the provision of security in connection with the interim measure issued by the arbitral tribunal has not been complied with; or the interim measure has been terminated or suspended by the arbitral tribunal or, where so empowered, by the court of the State or Territory in which the arbitration takes place or under the law of which that interim measure was granted; or if the Court finds that— the interim measure is incompatible with the powers conferred on the Court unless the Court decides to reformulate the interim measure to the extent necessary to adapt it to its own powers and procedures for the purposes of enforcing that interim measure and without modifying its substance; or any of the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (b) (i) or (ii) apply to the recognition and enforcement of the interim measure.\n(sec.17I-ssec.2) Any determination made by the Court on any ground in subsection (1) is effective only for the purposes of the application to recognise and enforce the interim measure.\n(sec.17I-ssec.3) The Court must not, in making a determination with respect to the recognition or enforcement sought, undertake a review of the substance of the interim measure. This section is substantially the same as Art 17I of the Model Law but has been modified to the extent necessary to apply Art 17I as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n- (a) at the request of the party against whom it is invoked if the Court is satisfied that— (i) such a refusal is warranted on the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) or (iv) ; or (ii) the arbitral tribunal’s decision with respect to the provision of security in connection with the interim measure issued by the arbitral tribunal has not been complied with; or (iii) the interim measure has been terminated or suspended by the arbitral tribunal or, where so empowered, by the court of the State or Territory in which the arbitration takes place or under the law of which that interim measure was granted; or\n- (i) such a refusal is warranted on the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) or (iv) ; or\n- (ii) the arbitral tribunal’s decision with respect to the provision of security in connection with the interim measure issued by the arbitral tribunal has not been complied with; or\n- (iii) the interim measure has been terminated or suspended by the arbitral tribunal or, where so empowered, by the court of the State or Territory in which the arbitration takes place or under the law of which that interim measure was granted; or\n- (b) if the Court finds that— (i) the interim measure is incompatible with the powers conferred on the Court unless the Court decides to reformulate the interim measure to the extent necessary to adapt it to its own powers and procedures for the purposes of enforcing that interim measure and without modifying its substance; or (ii) any of the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (b) (i) or (ii) apply to the recognition and enforcement of the interim measure.\n- (i) the interim measure is incompatible with the powers conferred on the Court unless the Court decides to reformulate the interim measure to the extent necessary to adapt it to its own powers and procedures for the purposes of enforcing that interim measure and without modifying its substance; or\n- (ii) any of the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (b) (i) or (ii) apply to the recognition and enforcement of the interim measure.\n- (i) such a refusal is warranted on the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) or (iv) ; or\n- (ii) the arbitral tribunal’s decision with respect to the provision of security in connection with the interim measure issued by the arbitral tribunal has not been complied with; or\n- (iii) the interim measure has been terminated or suspended by the arbitral tribunal or, where so empowered, by the court of the State or Territory in which the arbitration takes place or under the law of which that interim measure was granted; or\n- (i) the interim measure is incompatible with the powers conferred on the Court unless the Court decides to reformulate the interim measure to the extent necessary to adapt it to its own powers and procedures for the purposes of enforcing that interim measure and without modifying its substance; or\n- (ii) any of the grounds set out in section 36 (1) (b) (i) or (ii) apply to the recognition and enforcement of the interim measure.","sortOrder":40},{"sectionNumber":"pt.4A-div.5","sectionType":"division","heading":"Court-ordered interim measures","content":"## Court-ordered interim measures","sortOrder":41},{"sectionNumber":"sec.17J","sectionType":"section","heading":"Court-ordered interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17J)","content":"### sec.17J Court-ordered interim measures (cf Model Law Art 17J)\n\nThe Court has the same power of issuing an interim measure in relation to arbitration proceedings as it has in relation to proceedings in courts.\nThe Court is to exercise the power in accordance with its own procedures taking into account the specific features of a domestic commercial arbitration.\nThis section is substantially the same as Art 17J of the Model Law but has been modified to the extent necessary to apply Art 17J as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.\n(sec.17J-ssec.1) The Court has the same power of issuing an interim measure in relation to arbitration proceedings as it has in relation to proceedings in courts.\n(sec.17J-ssec.2) The Court is to exercise the power in accordance with its own procedures taking into account the specific features of a domestic commercial arbitration. This section is substantially the same as Art 17J of the Model Law but has been modified to the extent necessary to apply Art 17J as incorporated in this Act in the context of domestic commercial arbitrations.","sortOrder":42},{"sectionNumber":"pt.5","sectionType":"part","heading":"Conduct of arbitral proceedings","content":"# Conduct of arbitral proceedings","sortOrder":43},{"sectionNumber":"sec.18","sectionType":"section","heading":"Equal treatment of parties (cf Model Law Art 18)","content":"### sec.18 Equal treatment of parties (cf Model Law Art 18)\n\nThe parties must be treated with equality and each party must be given a reasonable opportunity of presenting the party’s case.\nThis section differs from the Model Law to the extent that it requires a party to be given a ‘reasonable’, instead of ‘full’, opportunity of presenting the party’s case.","sortOrder":44},{"sectionNumber":"sec.19","sectionType":"section","heading":"Determination of rules of procedure (cf Model Law Art 19)","content":"### sec.19 Determination of rules of procedure (cf Model Law Art 19)\n\nSubject to the provisions of this Act, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings.\nFailing such agreement, the arbitral tribunal may, subject to the provisions of this Act, conduct the arbitration in such manner as it considers appropriate.\nThe power conferred on the arbitral tribunal includes the power to determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence.\nThe power conferred on the tribunal also includes the power to make orders or give directions for the examination of a party or witness on oath or affirmation.\nFor the purposes of the exercise of the power referred to in subsection (4) , the arbitral tribunal may administer any necessary oath or take any necessary affirmation.\nAn order made or direction given by an arbitral tribunal in the course of arbitral proceedings is, by leave of the Court, enforceable in the same manner as if it were an order of the Court and, where leave is so given, judgment may be entered in terms of the order or direction.\nThis section (other than subsections (4) to (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 19 of the Model Law. Subsections (4) to (6) elaborate on the powers conferred on arbitral tribunals.\n(sec.19-ssec.1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings.\n(sec.19-ssec.2) Failing such agreement, the arbitral tribunal may, subject to the provisions of this Act, conduct the arbitration in such manner as it considers appropriate.\n(sec.19-ssec.3) The power conferred on the arbitral tribunal includes the power to determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence.\n(sec.19-ssec.4) The power conferred on the tribunal also includes the power to make orders or give directions for the examination of a party or witness on oath or affirmation.\n(sec.19-ssec.5) For the purposes of the exercise of the power referred to in subsection (4) , the arbitral tribunal may administer any necessary oath or take any necessary affirmation.\n(sec.19-ssec.6) An order made or direction given by an arbitral tribunal in the course of arbitral proceedings is, by leave of the Court, enforceable in the same manner as if it were an order of the Court and, where leave is so given, judgment may be entered in terms of the order or direction. This section (other than subsections (4) to (6) ), is substantially the same as Art 19 of the Model Law. Subsections (4) to (6) elaborate on the powers conferred on arbitral tribunals.","sortOrder":45},{"sectionNumber":"sec.20","sectionType":"section","heading":"Place of arbitration (cf Model Law Art 20)","content":"### sec.20 Place of arbitration (cf Model Law Art 20)\n\nThe parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration (whether in Queensland or elsewhere).\nSubsection (1) is substantially the same as Art 20(1) of the Model Law but is modified to make it clear that the reference to the place of arbitration is not limited by the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 35 to a place in this State.\nFailing such agreement, the place of arbitration is to be determined by the arbitral tribunal having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties.\nDespite subsection (1) , the arbitral tribunal may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, meet at any place (whether or not in Queensland) it considers appropriate for consultation among its members, for hearing witnesses, experts or the parties, or for inspection of goods, other property or documents.\n(sec.20-ssec.1) The parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration (whether in Queensland or elsewhere). Subsection (1) is substantially the same as Art 20(1) of the Model Law but is modified to make it clear that the reference to the place of arbitration is not limited by the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 , section 35 to a place in this State.\n(sec.20-ssec.2) Failing such agreement, the place of arbitration is to be determined by the arbitral tribunal having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties.\n(sec.20-ssec.3) Despite subsection (1) , the arbitral tribunal may, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, meet at any place (whether or not in Queensland) it considers appropriate for consultation among its members, for hearing witnesses, experts or the parties, or for inspection of goods, other property or documents.","sortOrder":46},{"sectionNumber":"sec.21","sectionType":"section","heading":"Commencement of arbitral proceedings (cf Model Law Art 21)","content":"### sec.21 Commencement of arbitral proceedings (cf Model Law Art 21)\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral proceedings in respect of a particular dispute commence on the date on which a request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent.","sortOrder":47},{"sectionNumber":"sec.22","sectionType":"section","heading":"Language (cf Model Law Art 22)","content":"### sec.22 Language (cf Model Law Art 22)\n\nThe parties are free to agree on the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings.\nFailing agreement as referred to in subsection (1) , the arbitral tribunal is to determine the language or languages to be used in the proceedings.\nThis agreement or determination, unless otherwise specified in the agreement or determination, is to apply to any written statement by a party, any hearing and any award, decision or other communication by the arbitral tribunal.\nThe arbitral tribunal may order that any documentary evidence is to be accompanied by a translation into the language or languages agreed on by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.22-ssec.1) The parties are free to agree on the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings.\n(sec.22-ssec.2) Failing agreement as referred to in subsection (1) , the arbitral tribunal is to determine the language or languages to be used in the proceedings.\n(sec.22-ssec.3) This agreement or determination, unless otherwise specified in the agreement or determination, is to apply to any written statement by a party, any hearing and any award, decision or other communication by the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.22-ssec.4) The arbitral tribunal may order that any documentary evidence is to be accompanied by a translation into the language or languages agreed on by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal.","sortOrder":48},{"sectionNumber":"sec.23","sectionType":"section","heading":"Statements of claim and defence (cf Model Law Art 23)","content":"### sec.23 Statements of claim and defence (cf Model Law Art 23)\n\nSubject to any contrary agreement of the parties or a direction of the arbitral tribunal, within the period of time agreed by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal, the claimant must state the facts supporting his or her claim, the points at issue and the relief or remedy sought, and the respondent must state the respondent’s defence in respect of these particulars, unless the parties have otherwise agreed as to the required elements of such statements.\nThe parties may submit with their statements all documents they consider to be relevant or may add a reference to the documents or other evidence they will submit.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement the party’s claim or defence during the course of the arbitral proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow such amendment having regard to the delay in making it.\nSubsection (1) does not require a statement by a claimant or respondent to be in a particular form.\nThis section (other than subsections (1) and (4) ), is substantially the same as Art 23 of the Model Law.\nSubsection (1) has effect subject to any contrary agreement of the parties or direction of the arbitral tribunal.\nSubsection (4) makes it clear that it is not necessary to use a particular form of statement of claim or defence.\n(sec.23-ssec.1) Subject to any contrary agreement of the parties or a direction of the arbitral tribunal, within the period of time agreed by the parties or determined by the arbitral tribunal, the claimant must state the facts supporting his or her claim, the points at issue and the relief or remedy sought, and the respondent must state the respondent’s defence in respect of these particulars, unless the parties have otherwise agreed as to the required elements of such statements.\n(sec.23-ssec.2) The parties may submit with their statements all documents they consider to be relevant or may add a reference to the documents or other evidence they will submit.\n(sec.23-ssec.3) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement the party’s claim or defence during the course of the arbitral proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow such amendment having regard to the delay in making it.\n(sec.23-ssec.4) Subsection (1) does not require a statement by a claimant or respondent to be in a particular form. This section (other than subsections (1) and (4) ), is substantially the same as Art 23 of the Model Law. Subsection (1) has effect subject to any contrary agreement of the parties or direction of the arbitral tribunal. Subsection (4) makes it clear that it is not necessary to use a particular form of statement of claim or defence.","sortOrder":49},{"sectionNumber":"sec.24","sectionType":"section","heading":"Hearings and written proceedings (cf Model Law Art 24)","content":"### sec.24 Hearings and written proceedings (cf Model Law Art 24)\n\nSubject to any contrary agreement by the parties, the arbitral tribunal is to decide whether to hold oral hearings for the presentation of evidence or for oral argument, or whether the proceedings are to be conducted on the basis of documents and other materials.\nHowever, unless the parties have agreed that no hearings are to be held, the arbitral tribunal must hold such hearings at an appropriate stage of the proceedings, if so requested by a party.\nThe parties must be given sufficient advance notice of any hearing and of any meeting of the arbitral tribunal for the purposes of inspection of goods, other property or documents.\nAll statements, documents or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by one party must be communicated to the other party.\nAlso, any expert report or evidentiary document on which the arbitral tribunal may rely in making its decision must be communicated to the parties.\n(sec.24-ssec.1) Subject to any contrary agreement by the parties, the arbitral tribunal is to decide whether to hold oral hearings for the presentation of evidence or for oral argument, or whether the proceedings are to be conducted on the basis of documents and other materials.\n(sec.24-ssec.2) However, unless the parties have agreed that no hearings are to be held, the arbitral tribunal must hold such hearings at an appropriate stage of the proceedings, if so requested by a party.\n(sec.24-ssec.3) The parties must be given sufficient advance notice of any hearing and of any meeting of the arbitral tribunal for the purposes of inspection of goods, other property or documents.\n(sec.24-ssec.4) All statements, documents or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by one party must be communicated to the other party.\n(sec.24-ssec.5) Also, any expert report or evidentiary document on which the arbitral tribunal may rely in making its decision must be communicated to the parties.","sortOrder":50},{"sectionNumber":"sec.24A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Representation","content":"### sec.24A Representation\n\nThe parties may appear or act in person, or may be represented by another person of their choice, in any oral hearings under section 24 .\nA person who is not admitted to practise as a legal practitioner in Queensland does not commit an offence under or breach the provisions of the Legal Profession Act 2007 or any other Act merely by representing a party in arbitral proceedings in this State.\nThere is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.24A-ssec.1) The parties may appear or act in person, or may be represented by another person of their choice, in any oral hearings under section 24 .\n(sec.24A-ssec.2) A person who is not admitted to practise as a legal practitioner in Queensland does not commit an offence under or breach the provisions of the Legal Profession Act 2007 or any other Act merely by representing a party in arbitral proceedings in this State. There is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":51},{"sectionNumber":"sec.24B","sectionType":"section","heading":"General duties of parties","content":"### sec.24B General duties of parties\n\nThe parties must do all things necessary for the proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitral proceedings.\nWithout limitation, the parties must—\ncomply without undue delay with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal with respect to any procedural, evidentiary or other matter; and\ntake without undue delay any necessary steps to obtain a decision (if required) of the Court with respect to any function conferred on the Court under section 6 .\nA party must not wilfully do or cause to be done any act to delay or prevent an award being made.\nThere is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.24B-ssec.1) The parties must do all things necessary for the proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitral proceedings.\n(sec.24B-ssec.2) Without limitation, the parties must— comply without undue delay with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal with respect to any procedural, evidentiary or other matter; and take without undue delay any necessary steps to obtain a decision (if required) of the Court with respect to any function conferred on the Court under section 6 .\n(sec.24B-ssec.3) A party must not wilfully do or cause to be done any act to delay or prevent an award being made. There is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) comply without undue delay with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal with respect to any procedural, evidentiary or other matter; and\n- (b) take without undue delay any necessary steps to obtain a decision (if required) of the Court with respect to any function conferred on the Court under section 6 .","sortOrder":52},{"sectionNumber":"sec.25","sectionType":"section","heading":"Default of a party (cf Model Law Art 25)","content":"### sec.25 Default of a party (cf Model Law Art 25)\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, if, without showing sufficient cause—\nthe claimant fails to communicate the claimant’s statement of claim in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may terminate the proceedings; or\nthe respondent fails to communicate the respondent’s statement of defence in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings without treating such failure in itself as an admission of the claimant’s allegations; or\nany party fails to appear at a hearing or to produce documentary evidence—the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings and make the award on the evidence before it.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party fails to do any other thing necessary for the proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitration the arbitral tribunal—\nif satisfied that there has been inordinate and inexcusable delay on the part of the claimant in pursuing the claim—may make an award dismissing the claim or may give directions (with or without conditions) for the speedy determination of the claim; or\nif without sufficient cause a party fails to comply with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal—may make an order requiring the party to comply with the terms of the earlier order or direction within the period specified by the arbitral tribunal (a peremptory order ).\nIf a party fails to comply with a peremptory order, the arbitral tribunal may do any of the following—\ndirect that the party in default is not to be entitled to rely on any allegation or material which was the subject matter of the peremptory order;\ndraw such adverse inferences from the failure to comply as the circumstances justify;\nproceed to an award on the basis of any materials that have been properly provided to the arbitral tribunal;\nwithout limiting section 33B (4) , in making an award give any direction or order that it thinks fit as to the payment of the costs of the arbitration incurred in consequence of the noncompliance.\nSubsection (1) is substantially the same as Art 25 of the Model Law. There are no equivalents to the other provisions of this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.25-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if, without showing sufficient cause— the claimant fails to communicate the claimant’s statement of claim in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may terminate the proceedings; or the respondent fails to communicate the respondent’s statement of defence in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings without treating such failure in itself as an admission of the claimant’s allegations; or any party fails to appear at a hearing or to produce documentary evidence—the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings and make the award on the evidence before it.\n(sec.25-ssec.2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party fails to do any other thing necessary for the proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitration the arbitral tribunal— if satisfied that there has been inordinate and inexcusable delay on the part of the claimant in pursuing the claim—may make an award dismissing the claim or may give directions (with or without conditions) for the speedy determination of the claim; or if without sufficient cause a party fails to comply with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal—may make an order requiring the party to comply with the terms of the earlier order or direction within the period specified by the arbitral tribunal (a peremptory order ).\n(sec.25-ssec.3) If a party fails to comply with a peremptory order, the arbitral tribunal may do any of the following— direct that the party in default is not to be entitled to rely on any allegation or material which was the subject matter of the peremptory order; draw such adverse inferences from the failure to comply as the circumstances justify; proceed to an award on the basis of any materials that have been properly provided to the arbitral tribunal; without limiting section 33B (4) , in making an award give any direction or order that it thinks fit as to the payment of the costs of the arbitration incurred in consequence of the noncompliance. Subsection (1) is substantially the same as Art 25 of the Model Law. There are no equivalents to the other provisions of this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the claimant fails to communicate the claimant’s statement of claim in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may terminate the proceedings; or\n- (b) the respondent fails to communicate the respondent’s statement of defence in accordance with section 23 (1) —the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings without treating such failure in itself as an admission of the claimant’s allegations; or\n- (c) any party fails to appear at a hearing or to produce documentary evidence—the arbitral tribunal may continue the proceedings and make the award on the evidence before it.\n- (a) if satisfied that there has been inordinate and inexcusable delay on the part of the claimant in pursuing the claim—may make an award dismissing the claim or may give directions (with or without conditions) for the speedy determination of the claim; or\n- (b) if without sufficient cause a party fails to comply with any order or direction of the arbitral tribunal—may make an order requiring the party to comply with the terms of the earlier order or direction within the period specified by the arbitral tribunal (a peremptory order ).\n- (a) direct that the party in default is not to be entitled to rely on any allegation or material which was the subject matter of the peremptory order;\n- (b) draw such adverse inferences from the failure to comply as the circumstances justify;\n- (c) proceed to an award on the basis of any materials that have been properly provided to the arbitral tribunal;\n- (d) without limiting section 33B (4) , in making an award give any direction or order that it thinks fit as to the payment of the costs of the arbitration incurred in consequence of the noncompliance.","sortOrder":53},{"sectionNumber":"sec.26","sectionType":"section","heading":"Expert appointed by arbitral tribunal (cf Model Law Art 26)","content":"### sec.26 Expert appointed by arbitral tribunal (cf Model Law Art 26)\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal—\nmay appoint one or more experts to report to it on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal; and\nmay require a party to give the expert any relevant information or to produce, or to provide access to, any relevant documents, goods or other property for the expert’s inspection.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so requests or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary, the expert must, after delivery of the expert’s written or oral report, participate in a hearing where the parties have the opportunity to put questions to the expert and present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue.\n(sec.26-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal— may appoint one or more experts to report to it on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal; and may require a party to give the expert any relevant information or to produce, or to provide access to, any relevant documents, goods or other property for the expert’s inspection.\n(sec.26-ssec.2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so requests or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary, the expert must, after delivery of the expert’s written or oral report, participate in a hearing where the parties have the opportunity to put questions to the expert and present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue.\n- (a) may appoint one or more experts to report to it on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal; and\n- (b) may require a party to give the expert any relevant information or to produce, or to provide access to, any relevant documents, goods or other property for the expert’s inspection.","sortOrder":54},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27","sectionType":"section","heading":"Court assistance in taking evidence (cf Model Law Art 27)","content":"### sec.27 Court assistance in taking evidence (cf Model Law Art 27)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal or a party with the approval of the arbitral tribunal may request from the Court assistance in taking evidence.\nThe Court may execute the request within its competence and subject to and in accordance with rules of court.\nThis section is substantially the same as Art 27 of the Model Law but the reference to rules of court has been amended for consistency with sections 27A and 27B and a request for assistance may only be made to the Court, not any competent court.\n(sec.27-ssec.1) The arbitral tribunal or a party with the approval of the arbitral tribunal may request from the Court assistance in taking evidence.\n(sec.27-ssec.2) The Court may execute the request within its competence and subject to and in accordance with rules of court. This section is substantially the same as Art 27 of the Model Law but the reference to rules of court has been amended for consistency with sections 27A and 27B and a request for assistance may only be made to the Court, not any competent court.","sortOrder":55},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Parties may obtain subpoenas","content":"### sec.27A Parties may obtain subpoenas\n\nThe Court may, on the application of any party, and subject to and in accordance with rules of court, issue a subpoena requiring a person—\nto attend for examination before the arbitral tribunal; or\nto produce to the arbitral tribunal the documents specified in the subpoena; or\nto do both of those things.\nA party may only make an application to the Court under subsection (1) with the permission of the arbitral tribunal.\nA person must not be compelled under any subpoena issued in accordance with subsection (1) to answer any question or produce any document that the person could not be compelled to answer or produce in a proceeding before the Court.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27A-ssec.1) The Court may, on the application of any party, and subject to and in accordance with rules of court, issue a subpoena requiring a person— to attend for examination before the arbitral tribunal; or to produce to the arbitral tribunal the documents specified in the subpoena; or to do both of those things.\n(sec.27A-ssec.2) A party may only make an application to the Court under subsection (1) with the permission of the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.27A-ssec.3) A person must not be compelled under any subpoena issued in accordance with subsection (1) to answer any question or produce any document that the person could not be compelled to answer or produce in a proceeding before the Court. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) to attend for examination before the arbitral tribunal; or\n- (b) to produce to the arbitral tribunal the documents specified in the subpoena; or\n- (c) to do both of those things.","sortOrder":56},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Refusal or failure to attend before arbitral tribunal or to produce document","content":"### sec.27B Refusal or failure to attend before arbitral tribunal or to produce document\n\nFor the purposes of this section, a person is a person in default in relation to proceedings before an arbitral tribunal under an arbitration agreement if the person—\nrefuses or fails to attend before the arbitral tribunal for examination when required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or\nrefuses or fails to produce a document that the person is required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to produce; or\nwhen appearing as a witness before the arbitral tribunal—\nrefuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or affidavit when required by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or\nrefuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required by the arbitral tribunal to answer; or\nrefuses or fails to do any other thing which the arbitral tribunal may require.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the Court may, on the application of a party or the arbitral tribunal, order a person in default to do any or all of the following—\nattend the Court to be examined as a witness;\nproduce the relevant document to the Court;\ndo the relevant thing.\nA party may only make an application to the Court under subsection (2) with the permission of the arbitral tribunal.\nThe Court must not make an order under subsection (2) in relation to a person who is not a party to the arbitral proceedings unless—\nbefore the order is made, the person is given an opportunity to make representations to the Court; and\nthe Court is satisfied that it is reasonable in all the circumstances to make the order.\nA person must not be compelled under an order made under subsection (2) to answer any question or produce any document which the person could not be compelled to answer or produce in a proceeding before the Court.\nIf the Court makes an order under subsection (2) , it may in addition make orders for the transmission to the arbitral tribunal of any of the following—\na record of any evidence given under the order;\nany document produced under the order or a copy of any such document;\nparticulars of any thing done under the order.\nAny evidence, document or thing transmitted under subsection (6) is taken to have been given, produced or done (as the case requires) in the course of the arbitral proceedings.\nThere is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27B-ssec.1) For the purposes of this section, a person is a person in default in relation to proceedings before an arbitral tribunal under an arbitration agreement if the person— refuses or fails to attend before the arbitral tribunal for examination when required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or refuses or fails to produce a document that the person is required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to produce; or when appearing as a witness before the arbitral tribunal— refuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or affidavit when required by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or refuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required by the arbitral tribunal to answer; or refuses or fails to do any other thing which the arbitral tribunal may require.\n(sec.27B-ssec.2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the Court may, on the application of a party or the arbitral tribunal, order a person in default to do any or all of the following— attend the Court to be examined as a witness; produce the relevant document to the Court; do the relevant thing.\n(sec.27B-ssec.3) A party may only make an application to the Court under subsection (2) with the permission of the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.27B-ssec.4) The Court must not make an order under subsection (2) in relation to a person who is not a party to the arbitral proceedings unless— before the order is made, the person is given an opportunity to make representations to the Court; and the Court is satisfied that it is reasonable in all the circumstances to make the order.\n(sec.27B-ssec.5) A person must not be compelled under an order made under subsection (2) to answer any question or produce any document which the person could not be compelled to answer or produce in a proceeding before the Court.\n(sec.27B-ssec.6) If the Court makes an order under subsection (2) , it may in addition make orders for the transmission to the arbitral tribunal of any of the following— a record of any evidence given under the order; any document produced under the order or a copy of any such document; particulars of any thing done under the order.\n(sec.27B-ssec.7) Any evidence, document or thing transmitted under subsection (6) is taken to have been given, produced or done (as the case requires) in the course of the arbitral proceedings. There is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) refuses or fails to attend before the arbitral tribunal for examination when required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or\n- (b) refuses or fails to produce a document that the person is required under a subpoena or by the arbitral tribunal to produce; or\n- (c) when appearing as a witness before the arbitral tribunal— (i) refuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or affidavit when required by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or (ii) refuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required by the arbitral tribunal to answer; or\n- (i) refuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or affidavit when required by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or\n- (ii) refuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required by the arbitral tribunal to answer; or\n- (d) refuses or fails to do any other thing which the arbitral tribunal may require.\n- (i) refuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or affidavit when required by the arbitral tribunal to do so; or\n- (ii) refuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required by the arbitral tribunal to answer; or\n- (a) attend the Court to be examined as a witness;\n- (b) produce the relevant document to the Court;\n- (c) do the relevant thing.\n- (a) before the order is made, the person is given an opportunity to make representations to the Court; and\n- (b) the Court is satisfied that it is reasonable in all the circumstances to make the order.\n- (a) a record of any evidence given under the order;\n- (b) any document produced under the order or a copy of any such document;\n- (c) particulars of any thing done under the order.","sortOrder":57},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Consolidation of arbitral proceedings","content":"### sec.27C Consolidation of arbitral proceedings\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party to arbitral proceedings may apply to the arbitral tribunal for an order under this section in relation to those proceedings and other arbitral proceedings (whether before that tribunal or another tribunal or other tribunals) on the ground that—\na common question of law or fact arises in all those proceedings; or\nthe rights to relief claimed in all those proceedings are in respect of, or arise out of, the same transaction or series of transactions; or\nfor some other reason specified in the application, it is desirable that an order be made under this section.\nIn this section, 2 or more arbitral proceedings that are the subject of an application under subsection (1) are called the related proceedings .\nThe following orders may be made under this section in relation to the related proceedings—\nthat the proceedings be consolidated on terms specified in the order;\nthat the proceedings be heard at the same time or in a sequence specified in the order;\nthat any of the proceedings be stayed pending the determination of any of the other proceedings.\nIf all the related proceedings are being conducted by the same tribunal, the tribunal may make any order under this section that it thinks fit in relation to those proceedings and, if an order is made, the proceedings must be dealt with in accordance with the order.\nIf 2 or more arbitral tribunals are conducting the related proceedings—\nthe tribunal that received the application must communicate the substance of the application to the other tribunals concerned; and\nthe tribunals must, as soon as practicable, deliberate jointly on the application.\nIf the tribunals agree, after deliberation on the application, that a particular order under this section should be made in relation to the related proceedings—\nthe tribunals are to jointly make the order; and\nthe related proceedings are to be dealt with in accordance with the order; and\nif the order is that the related proceedings be consolidated—the arbitrator or arbitrators for the purposes of the consolidated proceedings are to be appointed, in accordance with sections 10 and 11 , from the members of the tribunals.\nIf the tribunals are unable to make an order under subsection (6) , the related proceedings are to proceed as if no application has been made under subsection (1) .\nBefore making an order under this section, the arbitral tribunal or tribunals concerned must take into account whether any party would or might suffer substantial hardship if the order were made.\nThis section does not prevent the parties to related proceedings from agreeing to consolidate them and taking such steps as are necessary to effect that consolidation.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27C-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party to arbitral proceedings may apply to the arbitral tribunal for an order under this section in relation to those proceedings and other arbitral proceedings (whether before that tribunal or another tribunal or other tribunals) on the ground that— a common question of law or fact arises in all those proceedings; or the rights to relief claimed in all those proceedings are in respect of, or arise out of, the same transaction or series of transactions; or for some other reason specified in the application, it is desirable that an order be made under this section.\n(sec.27C-ssec.2) In this section, 2 or more arbitral proceedings that are the subject of an application under subsection (1) are called the related proceedings .\n(sec.27C-ssec.3) The following orders may be made under this section in relation to the related proceedings— that the proceedings be consolidated on terms specified in the order; that the proceedings be heard at the same time or in a sequence specified in the order; that any of the proceedings be stayed pending the determination of any of the other proceedings.\n(sec.27C-ssec.4) If all the related proceedings are being conducted by the same tribunal, the tribunal may make any order under this section that it thinks fit in relation to those proceedings and, if an order is made, the proceedings must be dealt with in accordance with the order.\n(sec.27C-ssec.5) If 2 or more arbitral tribunals are conducting the related proceedings— the tribunal that received the application must communicate the substance of the application to the other tribunals concerned; and the tribunals must, as soon as practicable, deliberate jointly on the application.\n(sec.27C-ssec.6) If the tribunals agree, after deliberation on the application, that a particular order under this section should be made in relation to the related proceedings— the tribunals are to jointly make the order; and the related proceedings are to be dealt with in accordance with the order; and if the order is that the related proceedings be consolidated—the arbitrator or arbitrators for the purposes of the consolidated proceedings are to be appointed, in accordance with sections 10 and 11 , from the members of the tribunals.\n(sec.27C-ssec.7) If the tribunals are unable to make an order under subsection (6) , the related proceedings are to proceed as if no application has been made under subsection (1) .\n(sec.27C-ssec.8) Before making an order under this section, the arbitral tribunal or tribunals concerned must take into account whether any party would or might suffer substantial hardship if the order were made.\n(sec.27C-ssec.9) This section does not prevent the parties to related proceedings from agreeing to consolidate them and taking such steps as are necessary to effect that consolidation. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) a common question of law or fact arises in all those proceedings; or\n- (b) the rights to relief claimed in all those proceedings are in respect of, or arise out of, the same transaction or series of transactions; or\n- (c) for some other reason specified in the application, it is desirable that an order be made under this section.\n- (a) that the proceedings be consolidated on terms specified in the order;\n- (b) that the proceedings be heard at the same time or in a sequence specified in the order;\n- (c) that any of the proceedings be stayed pending the determination of any of the other proceedings.\n- (a) the tribunal that received the application must communicate the substance of the application to the other tribunals concerned; and\n- (b) the tribunals must, as soon as practicable, deliberate jointly on the application.\n- (a) the tribunals are to jointly make the order; and\n- (b) the related proceedings are to be dealt with in accordance with the order; and\n- (c) if the order is that the related proceedings be consolidated—the arbitrator or arbitrators for the purposes of the consolidated proceedings are to be appointed, in accordance with sections 10 and 11 , from the members of the tribunals.","sortOrder":58},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Power of arbitrator to act as mediator, conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary","content":"### sec.27D Power of arbitrator to act as mediator, conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary\n\nAn arbitrator may act as a mediator in proceedings relating to a dispute between the parties to an arbitration agreement ( mediation proceedings ) if—\nthe arbitration agreement provides for the arbitrator to act as mediator in mediation proceedings (whether before or after proceeding to arbitration, and whether or not continuing with the arbitration); or\neach party has consented in writing to the arbitrator so acting.\nAn arbitrator acting as a mediator—\nmay communicate with the parties collectively or separately; and\nmust treat information obtained by the arbitrator from a party with whom he or she communicates separately as confidential, unless that party otherwise agrees or unless the provisions of the arbitration agreement relating to mediation proceedings otherwise provide.\nMediation proceedings in relation to a dispute terminate if—\nthe parties to the dispute agree to terminate the proceedings; or\nany party to the dispute withdraws consent to the arbitrator acting as mediator in the proceedings; or\nthe arbitrator terminates the proceedings.\nAn arbitrator who has acted as mediator in mediation proceedings that are terminated may not conduct subsequent arbitration proceedings in relation to the dispute without the written consent of all the parties to the arbitration given on or after the termination of the mediation proceedings.\nIf the parties consent under subsection (4) , no objection may be taken to the conduct of subsequent arbitration proceedings by the arbitrator solely on the ground that he or she has acted previously as a mediator in accordance with this section.\nIf the parties do not consent under subsection (4) , the arbitrator’s mandate is taken to have been terminated under section 14 and a substitute arbitrator is to be appointed in accordance with section 15 .\nIf confidential information is obtained from a party during mediation proceedings as referred to in subsection (2) (b) and the mediation proceedings terminate, the arbitrator must, before conducting subsequent arbitration proceedings in relation to the dispute, disclose to all other parties to the arbitration proceedings so much of the information as the arbitrator considers material to the arbitration proceedings.\nIn this section, a reference to a mediator includes a reference to a conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary between parties.\nThere is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27D-ssec.1) An arbitrator may act as a mediator in proceedings relating to a dispute between the parties to an arbitration agreement ( mediation proceedings ) if— the arbitration agreement provides for the arbitrator to act as mediator in mediation proceedings (whether before or after proceeding to arbitration, and whether or not continuing with the arbitration); or each party has consented in writing to the arbitrator so acting.\n(sec.27D-ssec.2) An arbitrator acting as a mediator— may communicate with the parties collectively or separately; and must treat information obtained by the arbitrator from a party with whom he or she communicates separately as confidential, unless that party otherwise agrees or unless the provisions of the arbitration agreement relating to mediation proceedings otherwise provide.\n(sec.27D-ssec.3) Mediation proceedings in relation to a dispute terminate if— the parties to the dispute agree to terminate the proceedings; or any party to the dispute withdraws consent to the arbitrator acting as mediator in the proceedings; or the arbitrator terminates the proceedings.\n(sec.27D-ssec.4) An arbitrator who has acted as mediator in mediation proceedings that are terminated may not conduct subsequent arbitration proceedings in relation to the dispute without the written consent of all the parties to the arbitration given on or after the termination of the mediation proceedings.\n(sec.27D-ssec.5) If the parties consent under subsection (4) , no objection may be taken to the conduct of subsequent arbitration proceedings by the arbitrator solely on the ground that he or she has acted previously as a mediator in accordance with this section.\n(sec.27D-ssec.6) If the parties do not consent under subsection (4) , the arbitrator’s mandate is taken to have been terminated under section 14 and a substitute arbitrator is to be appointed in accordance with section 15 .\n(sec.27D-ssec.7) If confidential information is obtained from a party during mediation proceedings as referred to in subsection (2) (b) and the mediation proceedings terminate, the arbitrator must, before conducting subsequent arbitration proceedings in relation to the dispute, disclose to all other parties to the arbitration proceedings so much of the information as the arbitrator considers material to the arbitration proceedings.\n(sec.27D-ssec.8) In this section, a reference to a mediator includes a reference to a conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary between parties. There is no equivalent of this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the arbitration agreement provides for the arbitrator to act as mediator in mediation proceedings (whether before or after proceeding to arbitration, and whether or not continuing with the arbitration); or\n- (b) each party has consented in writing to the arbitrator so acting.\n- (a) may communicate with the parties collectively or separately; and\n- (b) must treat information obtained by the arbitrator from a party with whom he or she communicates separately as confidential, unless that party otherwise agrees or unless the provisions of the arbitration agreement relating to mediation proceedings otherwise provide.\n- (a) the parties to the dispute agree to terminate the proceedings; or\n- (b) any party to the dispute withdraws consent to the arbitrator acting as mediator in the proceedings; or\n- (c) the arbitrator terminates the proceedings.","sortOrder":59},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Disclosure of confidential information","content":"### sec.27E Disclosure of confidential information\n\nThe provisions of this section apply in arbitral proceedings unless otherwise agreed by the parties.\nThe parties must not disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings unless—\nthe disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or\nthe disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or\nthe disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I .\nAn arbitral tribunal must not disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings unless—\nthe disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or\nthe disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or\nthe disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I .\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27E-ssec.1) The provisions of this section apply in arbitral proceedings unless otherwise agreed by the parties.\n(sec.27E-ssec.2) The parties must not disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings unless— the disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I .\n(sec.27E-ssec.3) An arbitral tribunal must not disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings unless— the disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I . There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or\n- (b) the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or\n- (c) the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I .\n- (a) the disclosure is allowed under section 27F ; or\n- (b) the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27G and no order is in force under section 27H prohibiting that disclosure; or\n- (c) the disclosure is allowed under an order made under section 27I .","sortOrder":60},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Circumstances in which confidential information may be disclosed","content":"### sec.27F Circumstances in which confidential information may be disclosed\n\nThis section sets out the circumstances in which confidential information in relation to arbitral proceedings may be disclosed by—\na party; or\nan arbitral tribunal.\nThe information may be disclosed with the consent of all the parties to the arbitral proceedings.\nThe information may be disclosed to a professional or other adviser of any of the parties.\nThe information may be disclosed if it is necessary to ensure that a party has a reasonable opportunity to present the party’s case and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\nThe information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the establishment or protection of a party’s legal rights in relation to a third party and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\nThe information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the purpose of enforcing an arbitral award and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\nThe information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the purposes of this Act and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\nThe information may be disclosed if the disclosure is in accordance with an order made or a subpoena issued by a court.\nThe information may be disclosed if the disclosure is authorised or required by a relevant law or required by a competent regulatory body, and the person making the disclosure gives written details of the disclosure (including an explanation of the reasons for the disclosure) to—\nif the person is a party—the other parties and the arbitral tribunal; and\nif the arbitral tribunal is making the disclosure—all the parties.\nIn this section—\nrelevant law means—\na law of this State (other than this Act); and\na law of the Commonwealth; and\na law of another State or Territory.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27F-ssec.1) This section sets out the circumstances in which confidential information in relation to arbitral proceedings may be disclosed by— a party; or an arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.27F-ssec.2) The information may be disclosed with the consent of all the parties to the arbitral proceedings.\n(sec.27F-ssec.3) The information may be disclosed to a professional or other adviser of any of the parties.\n(sec.27F-ssec.4) The information may be disclosed if it is necessary to ensure that a party has a reasonable opportunity to present the party’s case and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27F-ssec.5) The information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the establishment or protection of a party’s legal rights in relation to a third party and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27F-ssec.6) The information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the purpose of enforcing an arbitral award and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27F-ssec.7) The information may be disclosed if it is necessary for the purposes of this Act and the disclosure is no more than reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27F-ssec.8) The information may be disclosed if the disclosure is in accordance with an order made or a subpoena issued by a court.\n(sec.27F-ssec.9) The information may be disclosed if the disclosure is authorised or required by a relevant law or required by a competent regulatory body, and the person making the disclosure gives written details of the disclosure (including an explanation of the reasons for the disclosure) to— if the person is a party—the other parties and the arbitral tribunal; and if the arbitral tribunal is making the disclosure—all the parties.\n(sec.27F-ssec.10) In this section— relevant law means— a law of this State (other than this Act); and a law of the Commonwealth; and a law of another State or Territory. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) a party; or\n- (b) an arbitral tribunal.\n- (a) if the person is a party—the other parties and the arbitral tribunal; and\n- (b) if the arbitral tribunal is making the disclosure—all the parties.\n- (a) a law of this State (other than this Act); and\n- (b) a law of the Commonwealth; and\n- (c) a law of another State or Territory.","sortOrder":61},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27G","sectionType":"section","heading":"Arbitral tribunal may allow disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances","content":"### sec.27G Arbitral tribunal may allow disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances\n\nAn arbitral tribunal may make an order allowing a party to arbitral proceedings to disclose confidential information in relation to the proceedings in circumstances other than those mentioned in section 27F .\nAn order under subsection (1) may only be made at the request of one of the parties and after giving each of the parties the opportunity to be heard.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27G-ssec.1) An arbitral tribunal may make an order allowing a party to arbitral proceedings to disclose confidential information in relation to the proceedings in circumstances other than those mentioned in section 27F .\n(sec.27G-ssec.2) An order under subsection (1) may only be made at the request of one of the parties and after giving each of the parties the opportunity to be heard. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":62},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27H","sectionType":"section","heading":"The Court may prohibit disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances","content":"### sec.27H The Court may prohibit disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances\n\nThe Court may make an order prohibiting a party from disclosing confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings if the Court is satisfied, in the circumstances of the particular case, that—\nthe public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is not outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; or\nthe disclosure is more than is reasonable for that purpose.\nAn order under subsection (1) may only be made on the application of a party to the arbitral proceedings and after giving each of the parties to the arbitral proceedings the opportunity to be heard.\nA party may only apply for an order under subsection (1) if the arbitral tribunal has made an order under section 27G (1) allowing disclosure of the information.\nThe Court may order that the confidential information not be disclosed pending the outcome of the application under subsection (2) .\nAn order of the Court under this section that is made within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\ns 27H amd 2020 No. 15 s 26\n(sec.27H-ssec.1) The Court may make an order prohibiting a party from disclosing confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings if the Court is satisfied, in the circumstances of the particular case, that— the public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is not outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; or the disclosure is more than is reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27H-ssec.2) An order under subsection (1) may only be made on the application of a party to the arbitral proceedings and after giving each of the parties to the arbitral proceedings the opportunity to be heard.\n(sec.27H-ssec.3) A party may only apply for an order under subsection (1) if the arbitral tribunal has made an order under section 27G (1) allowing disclosure of the information.\n(sec.27H-ssec.4) The Court may order that the confidential information not be disclosed pending the outcome of the application under subsection (2) .\n(sec.27H-ssec.5) An order of the Court under this section that is made within the limits of the authority of the Court is final. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is not outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; or\n- (b) the disclosure is more than is reasonable for that purpose.","sortOrder":63},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27I","sectionType":"section","heading":"The Court may allow disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances","content":"### sec.27I The Court may allow disclosure of confidential information in certain circumstances\n\nThe Court may make an order allowing a party to disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings in circumstances other than those mentioned in section 27F if the Court is satisfied, in the circumstances of the particular case, that—\nthe public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; and\nthe disclosure is no more than is reasonable for that purpose.\nAn order under subsection (1) may only be made on the application of a person who is or was a party to the arbitral proceedings and after giving each person who is or was a party to the arbitral proceedings the opportunity to be heard.\nA party to arbitral proceedings may only apply for an order under subsection (1) if—\nthe mandate of the arbitral tribunal has been terminated under section 32 ; or\na request by the party to the arbitral tribunal to make an order under section 27G has been refused.\nAn order of the Court under this section that is made within the limits of the authority of the Court is final.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27I-ssec.1) The Court may make an order allowing a party to disclose confidential information in relation to the arbitral proceedings in circumstances other than those mentioned in section 27F if the Court is satisfied, in the circumstances of the particular case, that— the public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; and the disclosure is no more than is reasonable for that purpose.\n(sec.27I-ssec.2) An order under subsection (1) may only be made on the application of a person who is or was a party to the arbitral proceedings and after giving each person who is or was a party to the arbitral proceedings the opportunity to be heard.\n(sec.27I-ssec.3) A party to arbitral proceedings may only apply for an order under subsection (1) if— the mandate of the arbitral tribunal has been terminated under section 32 ; or a request by the party to the arbitral tribunal to make an order under section 27G has been refused.\n(sec.27I-ssec.4) An order of the Court under this section that is made within the limits of the authority of the Court is final. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the public interest in preserving the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings is outweighed by other considerations that render it desirable in the public interest for the confidential information to be disclosed; and\n- (b) the disclosure is no more than is reasonable for that purpose.\n- (a) the mandate of the arbitral tribunal has been terminated under section 32 ; or\n- (b) a request by the party to the arbitral tribunal to make an order under section 27G has been refused.","sortOrder":64},{"sectionNumber":"sec.27J","sectionType":"section","heading":"Determination of preliminary point of law by the Court","content":"### sec.27J Determination of preliminary point of law by the Court\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, on an application to the Court made by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement the Court has jurisdiction to determine any question of law arising in the course of the arbitration.\nAn application under this section may be made by a party only with the consent of—\nan arbitrator who has entered on the reference; or\nall the other parties,\nand with the leave of the Court.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.27J-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, on an application to the Court made by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement the Court has jurisdiction to determine any question of law arising in the course of the arbitration.\n(sec.27J-ssec.2) An application under this section may be made by a party only with the consent of— an arbitrator who has entered on the reference; or all the other parties, and with the leave of the Court. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) an arbitrator who has entered on the reference; or\n- (b) all the other parties,","sortOrder":65},{"sectionNumber":"pt.6","sectionType":"part","heading":"Making of award and termination of proceedings","content":"# Making of award and termination of proceedings","sortOrder":66},{"sectionNumber":"sec.28","sectionType":"section","heading":"Rules applicable to substance of dispute (cf Model Law Art 28)","content":"### sec.28 Rules applicable to substance of dispute (cf Model Law Art 28)\n\nThe arbitral tribunal must decide the dispute in accordance with such rules of law as are chosen by the parties as applicable to the substance of the dispute.\nAny designation of the law or legal system of a given State or Territory must be construed, unless otherwise expressed, as directly referring to the substantive law of that State or Territory and not to its conflict of laws rules.\nFailing any designation by the parties, the arbitral tribunal must apply the law determined by the conflict of laws rules which it considers applicable.\nThe arbitral tribunal must decide the dispute, if the parties so agree, in accordance with such other considerations as are agreed to by the parties.\nIn all cases, the arbitral tribunal must decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and must take into account the usages of the trade applicable to the transaction.\nThis section (other than subsection (4) ), is substantially the same as Art 28 of the Model Law.\n(sec.28-ssec.1) The arbitral tribunal must decide the dispute in accordance with such rules of law as are chosen by the parties as applicable to the substance of the dispute.\n(sec.28-ssec.2) Any designation of the law or legal system of a given State or Territory must be construed, unless otherwise expressed, as directly referring to the substantive law of that State or Territory and not to its conflict of laws rules.\n(sec.28-ssec.3) Failing any designation by the parties, the arbitral tribunal must apply the law determined by the conflict of laws rules which it considers applicable.\n(sec.28-ssec.4) The arbitral tribunal must decide the dispute, if the parties so agree, in accordance with such other considerations as are agreed to by the parties.\n(sec.28-ssec.5) In all cases, the arbitral tribunal must decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and must take into account the usages of the trade applicable to the transaction. This section (other than subsection (4) ), is substantially the same as Art 28 of the Model Law.","sortOrder":67},{"sectionNumber":"sec.29","sectionType":"section","heading":"Decision-making by panel of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 29)","content":"### sec.29 Decision-making by panel of arbitrators (cf Model Law Art 29)\n\nIn arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitral tribunal must be made, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, by a majority of all its members.\nHowever, questions of procedure may be decided by a presiding arbitrator, if so authorised by the parties or all members of the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.29-ssec.1) In arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitral tribunal must be made, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, by a majority of all its members.\n(sec.29-ssec.2) However, questions of procedure may be decided by a presiding arbitrator, if so authorised by the parties or all members of the arbitral tribunal.","sortOrder":68},{"sectionNumber":"sec.30","sectionType":"section","heading":"Settlement (cf Model Law Art 30)","content":"### sec.30 Settlement (cf Model Law Art 30)\n\nIf, during arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal must terminate the proceedings and, if requested by the parties and not objected to by the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitral award on agreed terms.\nAn award on agreed terms is to be made in accordance with section 31 and must state that it is an award.\nSuch an award has the same status and effect as any other award on the merits of the case.\n(sec.30-ssec.1) If, during arbitral proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal must terminate the proceedings and, if requested by the parties and not objected to by the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitral award on agreed terms.\n(sec.30-ssec.2) An award on agreed terms is to be made in accordance with section 31 and must state that it is an award.\n(sec.30-ssec.3) Such an award has the same status and effect as any other award on the merits of the case.","sortOrder":69},{"sectionNumber":"sec.31","sectionType":"section","heading":"Form and contents of award (cf Model Law Art 31)","content":"### sec.31 Form and contents of award (cf Model Law Art 31)\n\nThe award must be made in writing and must be signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators.\nIn arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all members of the arbitral tribunal suffices, provided that the reason for any omitted signature is stated.\nThe award must state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be given or the award is an award on agreed terms under section 30 .\nThe award must state its date and the place of arbitration as determined in accordance with section 20 .\nThe award is taken to have been made at the place stated in the award in accordance with subsection (4) .\nAfter the award is made, a copy signed by the arbitrators in accordance with subsection (1) must be delivered to each party.\n(sec.31-ssec.1) The award must be made in writing and must be signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators.\n(sec.31-ssec.2) In arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all members of the arbitral tribunal suffices, provided that the reason for any omitted signature is stated.\n(sec.31-ssec.3) The award must state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be given or the award is an award on agreed terms under section 30 .\n(sec.31-ssec.4) The award must state its date and the place of arbitration as determined in accordance with section 20 .\n(sec.31-ssec.5) The award is taken to have been made at the place stated in the award in accordance with subsection (4) .\n(sec.31-ssec.6) After the award is made, a copy signed by the arbitrators in accordance with subsection (1) must be delivered to each party.","sortOrder":70},{"sectionNumber":"sec.32","sectionType":"section","heading":"Termination of proceedings (cf Model Law Art 32)","content":"### sec.32 Termination of proceedings (cf Model Law Art 32)\n\nThe arbitral proceedings are terminated by the final award or by an order of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with subsection (2) .\nThe arbitral tribunal is to issue an order for the termination of the arbitral proceedings when—\nthe claimant withdraws his or her claim, unless the respondent objects and the arbitral tribunal recognises a legitimate interest on the respondent’s part in obtaining a final settlement of the dispute; or\nthe parties agree on the termination of the proceedings; or\nthe arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason become unnecessary or impossible; or\nthe arbitral tribunal makes an award under section 25 (2) (a) dismissing the claim.\nThe mandate of the arbitral tribunal terminates with the termination of the arbitral proceedings, subject to sections 33 and 34 (4) .\n(sec.32-ssec.1) The arbitral proceedings are terminated by the final award or by an order of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with subsection (2) .\n(sec.32-ssec.2) The arbitral tribunal is to issue an order for the termination of the arbitral proceedings when— the claimant withdraws his or her claim, unless the respondent objects and the arbitral tribunal recognises a legitimate interest on the respondent’s part in obtaining a final settlement of the dispute; or the parties agree on the termination of the proceedings; or the arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason become unnecessary or impossible; or the arbitral tribunal makes an award under section 25 (2) (a) dismissing the claim.\n(sec.32-ssec.3) The mandate of the arbitral tribunal terminates with the termination of the arbitral proceedings, subject to sections 33 and 34 (4) .\n- (a) the claimant withdraws his or her claim, unless the respondent objects and the arbitral tribunal recognises a legitimate interest on the respondent’s part in obtaining a final settlement of the dispute; or\n- (b) the parties agree on the termination of the proceedings; or\n- (c) the arbitral tribunal finds that the continuation of the proceedings has for any other reason become unnecessary or impossible; or\n- (d) the arbitral tribunal makes an award under section 25 (2) (a) dismissing the claim.","sortOrder":71},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33","sectionType":"section","heading":"Correction and interpretation of award; additional award (cf Model Law Art 33)","content":"### sec.33 Correction and interpretation of award; additional award (cf Model Law Art 33)\n\nWithin 30 days of receipt of the award, unless another period of time has been agreed on by the parties—\na party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to correct in the award any errors in computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors of similar nature; and\nif so agreed by the parties, a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to give an interpretation of a specific point or part of the award.\nIf the arbitral tribunal considers a request under subsection (1) to be justified, it must make the correction or give the interpretation within 30 days of receipt of the request.\nThe interpretation forms part of the award.\nThe arbitral tribunal may correct any error of the type referred to in subsection (1) (a) on its own initiative within 30 days of the date of the award.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party, with notice to the other party, may request, within 30 days of receipt of the award, the arbitral tribunal to make an additional award as to claims presented in the arbitral proceedings but omitted from the award.\nIf the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, it must make the additional award within 60 days.\nThe arbitral tribunal may extend, if necessary, the period of time within which it may make a correction, interpretation or an additional award under subsection (2) or (5) .\nSection 31 applies to a correction or interpretation of the award or to an additional award.\n(sec.33-ssec.1) Within 30 days of receipt of the award, unless another period of time has been agreed on by the parties— a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to correct in the award any errors in computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors of similar nature; and if so agreed by the parties, a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to give an interpretation of a specific point or part of the award.\n(sec.33-ssec.2) If the arbitral tribunal considers a request under subsection (1) to be justified, it must make the correction or give the interpretation within 30 days of receipt of the request.\n(sec.33-ssec.3) The interpretation forms part of the award.\n(sec.33-ssec.4) The arbitral tribunal may correct any error of the type referred to in subsection (1) (a) on its own initiative within 30 days of the date of the award.\n(sec.33-ssec.5) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a party, with notice to the other party, may request, within 30 days of receipt of the award, the arbitral tribunal to make an additional award as to claims presented in the arbitral proceedings but omitted from the award.\n(sec.33-ssec.6) If the arbitral tribunal considers the request to be justified, it must make the additional award within 60 days.\n(sec.33-ssec.7) The arbitral tribunal may extend, if necessary, the period of time within which it may make a correction, interpretation or an additional award under subsection (2) or (5) .\n(sec.33-ssec.8) Section 31 applies to a correction or interpretation of the award or to an additional award.\n- (a) a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to correct in the award any errors in computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors of similar nature; and\n- (b) if so agreed by the parties, a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to give an interpretation of a specific point or part of the award.","sortOrder":72},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Specific performance","content":"### sec.33A Specific performance\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitrator has the power to make an award ordering specific performance of any contract if the Court would have power to order specific performance of that contract.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":73},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33B","sectionType":"section","heading":"Costs","content":"### sec.33B Costs\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the costs of an arbitration (including the fees and expenses of the arbitrator or arbitrators) are to be in the discretion of the arbitral tribunal.\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may direct that the costs of an arbitration, or of any part of the arbitral proceedings, are to be limited to a specified amount.\nA direction under subsection (2) may be varied at any stage, but this must be done sufficiently in advance of the incurring of costs to which it relates, or the taking of any steps in the proceedings which may be affected by it, for the limit to be taken into account.\nThe arbitral tribunal may, in making an award—\ndirect to whom, by whom, and in what manner, the whole or any part of the costs that it awards are to be paid; and\ntax or settle the amount of costs to be paid or any part of those costs; and\naward costs to be taxed or settled as between party and party or as between legal practitioner and client.\nAny costs of an arbitration (other than the fees or expenses of an arbitrator) that are directed to be paid by an award are, to the extent that they have not been taxed or settled by the arbitral tribunal, to be assessed in the Court having jurisdiction under section 34 to hear applications setting aside the award.\nIf no provision is made by an award with respect to the costs of the arbitration, a party may, within 14 days after receiving the award, apply to the arbitral tribunal for directions as to the payment of those costs.\nThe arbitral tribunal must, after hearing any party who wishes to be heard, amend the award by adding to it such directions as the arbitral tribunal thinks proper with respect to the payment of the costs of the arbitration.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.33B-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the costs of an arbitration (including the fees and expenses of the arbitrator or arbitrators) are to be in the discretion of the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.33B-ssec.2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may direct that the costs of an arbitration, or of any part of the arbitral proceedings, are to be limited to a specified amount.\n(sec.33B-ssec.3) A direction under subsection (2) may be varied at any stage, but this must be done sufficiently in advance of the incurring of costs to which it relates, or the taking of any steps in the proceedings which may be affected by it, for the limit to be taken into account.\n(sec.33B-ssec.4) The arbitral tribunal may, in making an award— direct to whom, by whom, and in what manner, the whole or any part of the costs that it awards are to be paid; and tax or settle the amount of costs to be paid or any part of those costs; and award costs to be taxed or settled as between party and party or as between legal practitioner and client.\n(sec.33B-ssec.5) Any costs of an arbitration (other than the fees or expenses of an arbitrator) that are directed to be paid by an award are, to the extent that they have not been taxed or settled by the arbitral tribunal, to be assessed in the Court having jurisdiction under section 34 to hear applications setting aside the award.\n(sec.33B-ssec.6) If no provision is made by an award with respect to the costs of the arbitration, a party may, within 14 days after receiving the award, apply to the arbitral tribunal for directions as to the payment of those costs.\n(sec.33B-ssec.7) The arbitral tribunal must, after hearing any party who wishes to be heard, amend the award by adding to it such directions as the arbitral tribunal thinks proper with respect to the payment of the costs of the arbitration. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) direct to whom, by whom, and in what manner, the whole or any part of the costs that it awards are to be paid; and\n- (b) tax or settle the amount of costs to be paid or any part of those costs; and\n- (c) award costs to be taxed or settled as between party and party or as between legal practitioner and client.","sortOrder":74},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33C","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application of Legal Profession Act 2007","content":"### sec.33C Application of Legal Profession Act 2007\n\nFor the purposes of section 33B (5) , the Legal Profession Act 2007 , part 3.4 , division 7 applies with any necessary modifications.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":75},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33D","sectionType":"section","heading":"Costs of abortive arbitration","content":"### sec.33D Costs of abortive arbitration\n\nUnless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties, if an arbitration is commenced but for any reason fails, the Court may, on the application of a party or the arbitral tribunal made within 6 months after the failure of the arbitration, make such orders in relation to the costs of the arbitration as it thinks just.\nFor the purposes of this section, an arbitration is taken to have failed if—\na final award is not made by the arbitral tribunal before the arbitration terminates; or\nan award made is wholly set aside by the Court.\nIf the failed arbitration is a related proceedings (within the meaning of section 27C ), the Court may stay proceedings on the application under subsection (1) pending the determination of the other arbitration proceedings to which the failed arbitration is related.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.33D-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties, if an arbitration is commenced but for any reason fails, the Court may, on the application of a party or the arbitral tribunal made within 6 months after the failure of the arbitration, make such orders in relation to the costs of the arbitration as it thinks just.\n(sec.33D-ssec.2) For the purposes of this section, an arbitration is taken to have failed if— a final award is not made by the arbitral tribunal before the arbitration terminates; or an award made is wholly set aside by the Court.\n(sec.33D-ssec.3) If the failed arbitration is a related proceedings (within the meaning of section 27C ), the Court may stay proceedings on the application under subsection (1) pending the determination of the other arbitration proceedings to which the failed arbitration is related. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) a final award is not made by the arbitral tribunal before the arbitration terminates; or\n- (b) an award made is wholly set aside by the Court.","sortOrder":76},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33E","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interest up to making of award","content":"### sec.33E Interest up to making of award\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, where an arbitral tribunal makes an award for the payment of money (whether on a claim for a liquidated or an unliquidated amount), the arbitral tribunal may include in the sum for which the award is made interest, at such reasonable rate as the arbitral tribunal determines—\non the whole or any part of the money; and\nfor the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made.\nSubsection (1) does not—\nauthorise the awarding of interest on interest awarded under this section; or\napply in relation to any amount on which interest is payable as of right whether because of an agreement or otherwise; or\naffect the damages recoverable for the dishonour of a bill of exchange.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.33E-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, where an arbitral tribunal makes an award for the payment of money (whether on a claim for a liquidated or an unliquidated amount), the arbitral tribunal may include in the sum for which the award is made interest, at such reasonable rate as the arbitral tribunal determines— on the whole or any part of the money; and for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made.\n(sec.33E-ssec.2) Subsection (1) does not— authorise the awarding of interest on interest awarded under this section; or apply in relation to any amount on which interest is payable as of right whether because of an agreement or otherwise; or affect the damages recoverable for the dishonour of a bill of exchange. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) on the whole or any part of the money; and\n- (b) for the whole or any part of the period between the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is made.\n- (a) authorise the awarding of interest on interest awarded under this section; or\n- (b) apply in relation to any amount on which interest is payable as of right whether because of an agreement or otherwise; or\n- (c) affect the damages recoverable for the dishonour of a bill of exchange.","sortOrder":77},{"sectionNumber":"sec.33F","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interest on debt under award","content":"### sec.33F Interest on debt under award\n\nThis section applies if—\nan arbitral tribunal makes an award for the payment of an amount of money; and\nunder the award, the amount is to be paid by a particular day (the due date);\nunless otherwise agreed by the parties.\nThe arbitral tribunal may direct that interest, including compound interest, is payable if the amount is not paid on or before the due date.\nThe arbitral tribunal may set a reasonable rate of interest.\nThe interest is payable—\nfrom the day immediately following the due date; and\non so much of the money as remains unpaid.\nThe direction is taken to form part of the award.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.33F-ssec.1) This section applies if— an arbitral tribunal makes an award for the payment of an amount of money; and under the award, the amount is to be paid by a particular day (the due date); unless otherwise agreed by the parties.\n(sec.33F-ssec.2) The arbitral tribunal may direct that interest, including compound interest, is payable if the amount is not paid on or before the due date.\n(sec.33F-ssec.3) The arbitral tribunal may set a reasonable rate of interest.\n(sec.33F-ssec.4) The interest is payable— from the day immediately following the due date; and on so much of the money as remains unpaid.\n(sec.33F-ssec.5) The direction is taken to form part of the award. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) an arbitral tribunal makes an award for the payment of an amount of money; and\n- (b) under the award, the amount is to be paid by a particular day (the due date);\n- (a) from the day immediately following the due date; and\n- (b) on so much of the money as remains unpaid.","sortOrder":78},{"sectionNumber":"pt.7","sectionType":"part","heading":"Recourse against award","content":"# Recourse against award","sortOrder":79},{"sectionNumber":"sec.34","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application for setting aside as exclusive recourse against arbitral award (cf Model Law Art 34)","content":"### sec.34 Application for setting aside as exclusive recourse against arbitral award (cf Model Law Art 34)\n\nRecourse to the Court against an arbitral award may be made only by an application for setting aside in accordance with subsections (2) and (3) or by an appeal under section 34A .\nThe Model Law does not provide for appeals under section 34A .\nAn arbitral award may be set aside by the Court only if—\nthe party making the application furnishes proof that—\na party to the arbitration agreement referred to in section 7 was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of this State; or\nthe party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitral tribunal or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\nthe award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or\nthe composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Act from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Act; or\nthe Court finds that—\nthe subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\nthe award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.\nAn application for setting aside may not be made after 3 months have elapsed from the date on which the party making that application had received the award or, if a request had been made under section 33 , from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal.\nThe Court, when asked to set aside an award, may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend the setting aside of proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to resume the arbitral proceedings or to take such other action as in the arbitral tribunal’s opinion will eliminate the grounds for setting aside.\n(sec.34-ssec.1) Recourse to the Court against an arbitral award may be made only by an application for setting aside in accordance with subsections (2) and (3) or by an appeal under section 34A . The Model Law does not provide for appeals under section 34A .\n(sec.34-ssec.2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the Court only if— the party making the application furnishes proof that— a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in section 7 was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of this State; or the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitral tribunal or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Act from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Act; or the Court finds that— the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.\n(sec.34-ssec.3) An application for setting aside may not be made after 3 months have elapsed from the date on which the party making that application had received the award or, if a request had been made under section 33 , from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal.\n(sec.34-ssec.4) The Court, when asked to set aside an award, may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend the setting aside of proceedings for a period of time determined by it in order to give the arbitral tribunal an opportunity to resume the arbitral proceedings or to take such other action as in the arbitral tribunal’s opinion will eliminate the grounds for setting aside.\n- (a) the party making the application furnishes proof that— (i) a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in section 7 was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of this State; or (ii) the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitral tribunal or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Act from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Act; or\n- (i) a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in section 7 was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitral tribunal or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\n- (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or\n- (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Act from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Act; or\n- (b) the Court finds that— (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or (ii) the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.\n- (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.\n- (i) a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in section 7 was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitral tribunal or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\n- (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or\n- (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Act from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Act; or\n- (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.","sortOrder":80},{"sectionNumber":"sec.34A","sectionType":"section","heading":"Appeals against awards","content":"### sec.34A Appeals against awards\n\nAn appeal lies to the Court on a question of law arising out of an award if—\nthe parties agree, before the end of the appeal period referred to in subsection (6) , that an appeal may be made under this section; and\nthe Court grants leave.\nAn appeal under this section may be brought by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement.\nThe Court must not grant leave unless it is satisfied—\nthat the determination of the question will substantially affect the rights of one or more of the parties; and\nthat the question is one which the arbitral tribunal was asked to determine; and\nthat, on the basis of the findings of fact in the award—\nthe decision of the tribunal on the question is obviously wrong; or\nthe question is one of general public importance and the decision of the tribunal is at least open to serious doubt; and\nthat, despite the agreement of the parties to resolve the matter by arbitration, it is just and proper in all the circumstances for the Court to determine the question.\nAn application for leave to appeal must identify the question of law to be determined and state the grounds on which it is alleged that leave to appeal should be granted.\nThe Court is to determine an application for leave to appeal without a hearing unless it appears to the Court that a hearing is required.\nAn appeal may not be made under this section after 3 months have elapsed from the date on which the party making the appeal received the award or, if a request had been made under section 33 , from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal (in this section referred to as the appeal period ).\nOn the determination of an appeal under this section the Court may by order—\nconfirm the award; or\nvary the award; or\nremit the award, together with the Court’s opinion on the question of law which was the subject of the appeal, to the arbitrator for reconsideration or, where a new arbitrator has been appointed, to that arbitrator for consideration; or\nset aside the award in whole or in part.\nThe Court must not exercise its power to set aside an award, in whole or in part, unless it is satisfied that it would be inappropriate to remit the matters in question to the arbitral tribunal for reconsideration.\nWhere the award is remitted under subsection (7) (c) the arbitrator must, unless the order otherwise directs, make the award within 3 months after the date of the order.\nThe Court may make any leave which it grants under subsection (3) (c) subject to the applicant complying with any conditions it considers appropriate.\nWhere the award of an arbitrator is varied on an appeal under this section, the award as varied has effect (except for the purposes of this section) as if it were the award of the arbitrator.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.34A-ssec.1) An appeal lies to the Court on a question of law arising out of an award if— the parties agree, before the end of the appeal period referred to in subsection (6) , that an appeal may be made under this section; and the Court grants leave.\n(sec.34A-ssec.2) An appeal under this section may be brought by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement.\n(sec.34A-ssec.3) The Court must not grant leave unless it is satisfied— that the determination of the question will substantially affect the rights of one or more of the parties; and that the question is one which the arbitral tribunal was asked to determine; and that, on the basis of the findings of fact in the award— the decision of the tribunal on the question is obviously wrong; or the question is one of general public importance and the decision of the tribunal is at least open to serious doubt; and that, despite the agreement of the parties to resolve the matter by arbitration, it is just and proper in all the circumstances for the Court to determine the question.\n(sec.34A-ssec.4) An application for leave to appeal must identify the question of law to be determined and state the grounds on which it is alleged that leave to appeal should be granted.\n(sec.34A-ssec.5) The Court is to determine an application for leave to appeal without a hearing unless it appears to the Court that a hearing is required.\n(sec.34A-ssec.6) An appeal may not be made under this section after 3 months have elapsed from the date on which the party making the appeal received the award or, if a request had been made under section 33 , from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal (in this section referred to as the appeal period ).\n(sec.34A-ssec.7) On the determination of an appeal under this section the Court may by order— confirm the award; or vary the award; or remit the award, together with the Court’s opinion on the question of law which was the subject of the appeal, to the arbitrator for reconsideration or, where a new arbitrator has been appointed, to that arbitrator for consideration; or set aside the award in whole or in part.\n(sec.34A-ssec.8) The Court must not exercise its power to set aside an award, in whole or in part, unless it is satisfied that it would be inappropriate to remit the matters in question to the arbitral tribunal for reconsideration.\n(sec.34A-ssec.9) Where the award is remitted under subsection (7) (c) the arbitrator must, unless the order otherwise directs, make the award within 3 months after the date of the order.\n(sec.34A-ssec.10) The Court may make any leave which it grants under subsection (3) (c) subject to the applicant complying with any conditions it considers appropriate.\n(sec.34A-ssec.11) Where the award of an arbitrator is varied on an appeal under this section, the award as varied has effect (except for the purposes of this section) as if it were the award of the arbitrator. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) the parties agree, before the end of the appeal period referred to in subsection (6) , that an appeal may be made under this section; and\n- (b) the Court grants leave.\n- (a) that the determination of the question will substantially affect the rights of one or more of the parties; and\n- (b) that the question is one which the arbitral tribunal was asked to determine; and\n- (c) that, on the basis of the findings of fact in the award— (i) the decision of the tribunal on the question is obviously wrong; or (ii) the question is one of general public importance and the decision of the tribunal is at least open to serious doubt; and\n- (i) the decision of the tribunal on the question is obviously wrong; or\n- (ii) the question is one of general public importance and the decision of the tribunal is at least open to serious doubt; and\n- (d) that, despite the agreement of the parties to resolve the matter by arbitration, it is just and proper in all the circumstances for the Court to determine the question.\n- (i) the decision of the tribunal on the question is obviously wrong; or\n- (ii) the question is one of general public importance and the decision of the tribunal is at least open to serious doubt; and\n- (a) confirm the award; or\n- (b) vary the award; or\n- (c) remit the award, together with the Court’s opinion on the question of law which was the subject of the appeal, to the arbitrator for reconsideration or, where a new arbitrator has been appointed, to that arbitrator for consideration; or\n- (d) set aside the award in whole or in part.","sortOrder":81},{"sectionNumber":"pt.8","sectionType":"part","heading":"Recognition and enforcement of awards","content":"# Recognition and enforcement of awards","sortOrder":82},{"sectionNumber":"sec.35","sectionType":"section","heading":"Recognition and enforcement (cf Model Law Art 35)","content":"### sec.35 Recognition and enforcement (cf Model Law Art 35)\n\nAn arbitral award, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was made, is to be recognised in this State as binding and, on application in writing to the Court, is to be enforced subject to the provisions of this section and section 36 .\nThe party relying on an award or applying for its enforcement must supply the original award or a copy of the original award.\nIf the award is not made in English, the Court may request the party to supply a translation of it into English.\nSo much of Art 35(2) of the Model Law as provides for the translation of an award that is not in the official language of the enforcing State has been modified.\n(sec.35-ssec.1) An arbitral award, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was made, is to be recognised in this State as binding and, on application in writing to the Court, is to be enforced subject to the provisions of this section and section 36 .\n(sec.35-ssec.2) The party relying on an award or applying for its enforcement must supply the original award or a copy of the original award.\n(sec.35-ssec.3) If the award is not made in English, the Court may request the party to supply a translation of it into English. So much of Art 35(2) of the Model Law as provides for the translation of an award that is not in the official language of the enforcing State has been modified.","sortOrder":83},{"sectionNumber":"sec.36","sectionType":"section","heading":"Grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement (cf Model Law Art 36)","content":"### sec.36 Grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement (cf Model Law Art 36)\n\nRecognition or enforcement of an arbitral award, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was made, may be refused only—\nat the request of the party against whom it is invoked, if that party furnishes to the Court proof that—\na party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of the State or Territory where the award was made; or\nthe party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\nthe award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or\nthe composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the State or Territory where the arbitration took place; or\nthe award has not yet become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the State or Territory in which, or under the law of which, that award was made; or\nif the Court finds that—\nthe subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\nthe recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of this State.\nIf an application for setting aside or suspension of an award has been made to a court referred to in subsection (1) (a) (v) , the Court may, if it considers it proper, adjourn its decision and may also, on the application of the party claiming recognition or enforcement of the award, order the party to provide appropriate security.\n(sec.36-ssec.1) Recognition or enforcement of an arbitral award, irrespective of the State or Territory in which it was made, may be refused only— at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, if that party furnishes to the Court proof that— a party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of the State or Territory where the award was made; or the party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the State or Territory where the arbitration took place; or the award has not yet become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the State or Territory in which, or under the law of which, that award was made; or if the Court finds that— the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of this State.\n(sec.36-ssec.2) If an application for setting aside or suspension of an award has been made to a court referred to in subsection (1) (a) (v) , the Court may, if it considers it proper, adjourn its decision and may also, on the application of the party claiming recognition or enforcement of the award, order the party to provide appropriate security.\n- (a) at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, if that party furnishes to the Court proof that— (i) a party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of the State or Territory where the award was made; or (ii) the party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the State or Territory where the arbitration took place; or (v) the award has not yet become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the State or Territory in which, or under the law of which, that award was made; or\n- (i) a party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of the State or Territory where the award was made; or\n- (ii) the party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\n- (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or\n- (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the State or Territory where the arbitration took place; or\n- (v) the award has not yet become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the State or Territory in which, or under the law of which, that award was made; or\n- (b) if the Court finds that— (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or (ii) the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of this State.\n- (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of this State.\n- (i) a party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity, or the arbitration agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication in it, under the law of the State or Territory where the award was made; or\n- (ii) the party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present the party’s case; or\n- (iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognised and enforced; or\n- (iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the State or Territory where the arbitration took place; or\n- (v) the award has not yet become binding on the parties or has been set aside or suspended by a court of the State or Territory in which, or under the law of which, that award was made; or\n- (i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or\n- (ii) the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of this State.","sortOrder":84},{"sectionNumber":"pt.9","sectionType":"part","heading":"Miscellaneous","content":"# Miscellaneous","sortOrder":85},{"sectionNumber":"sec.37","sectionType":"section","heading":"Death of party","content":"### sec.37 Death of party\n\nUnless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party to an arbitration agreement dies the agreement is not discharged (either as respects the deceased or any other party) and the authority of an arbitral tribunal is not revoked by the death but that agreement is enforceable by or against the personal representative of the deceased.\nNothing in subsection (1) affects the operation of any enactment or rule of law by virtue of which a right of action is extinguished by the death of a person.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.37-ssec.1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party to an arbitration agreement dies the agreement is not discharged (either as respects the deceased or any other party) and the authority of an arbitral tribunal is not revoked by the death but that agreement is enforceable by or against the personal representative of the deceased.\n(sec.37-ssec.2) Nothing in subsection (1) affects the operation of any enactment or rule of law by virtue of which a right of action is extinguished by the death of a person. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":86},{"sectionNumber":"sec.38","sectionType":"section","heading":"Interpleader","content":"### sec.38 Interpleader\n\nWhere relief by way of interpleader is granted in any court and it appears to that court that the claims in question are matters to which an arbitration agreement (to which the claimants are parties) applies, the court must, unless it is satisfied that there is sufficient reason why the matters should not be referred to arbitration in accordance with the agreement, make an order directing the issue between the claimants to be determined in accordance with the agreement.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":87},{"sectionNumber":"sec.39","sectionType":"section","heading":"Immunity","content":"### sec.39 Immunity\n\nAn arbitrator is not liable for anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in his or her capacity as arbitrator.\nAn entity that appoints, or fails to appoint, a person as arbitrator is not liable in relation to the appointment, failure or refusal if done in good faith.\nIn this section, a reference to an arbitrator includes an arbitrator acting as a mediator, conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary under section 27D .\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.39-ssec.1) An arbitrator is not liable for anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in his or her capacity as arbitrator.\n(sec.39-ssec.2) An entity that appoints, or fails to appoint, a person as arbitrator is not liable in relation to the appointment, failure or refusal if done in good faith.\n(sec.39-ssec.3) In this section, a reference to an arbitrator includes an arbitrator acting as a mediator, conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary under section 27D . There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":88},{"sectionNumber":"sec.40","sectionType":"section","heading":"Regulation-making power","content":"### sec.40 Regulation-making power\n\nThe Governor in Council may make regulations under this Act.","sortOrder":89},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10","sectionType":"part","heading":"Repeal and transitional provision","content":"# Repeal and transitional provision","sortOrder":90},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10-div.1","sectionType":"division","heading":"Repeal","content":"## Repeal","sortOrder":91},{"sectionNumber":"sec.41","sectionType":"section","heading":"Repeal","content":"### sec.41 Repeal\n\nThe Commercial Arbitration Act 1990 , No. 75 is repealed.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.","sortOrder":92},{"sectionNumber":"pt.10-div.2","sectionType":"division","heading":"Transitional provision","content":"## Transitional provision","sortOrder":93},{"sectionNumber":"sec.42","sectionType":"section","heading":"Transitional provision for Commercial Arbitration Act 2013","content":"### sec.42 Transitional provision for Commercial Arbitration Act 2013\n\nSubject to subsection (2)—\nthis Act applies to an arbitration agreement (whether made before or after the commencement of this Act) and to an arbitration under such an agreement; and\na reference in an arbitration agreement to the Commercial Arbitration Act 1990 , or a provision of that Act, is to be construed as a reference to this Act or to the corresponding provision (if any) of this Act.\nIf an arbitration was commenced before the commencement of this section, the law governing the arbitration and the arbitration agreement is to be that which would have been applicable if this Act had not been enacted.\nFor the purposes of this section, an arbitration is taken to have been commenced if—\na dispute to which the relevant arbitration agreement applies has arisen; and\nthe arbitral tribunal has been properly constituted.\nThere is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n(sec.42-ssec.1) Subject to subsection (2)— this Act applies to an arbitration agreement (whether made before or after the commencement of this Act) and to an arbitration under such an agreement; and a reference in an arbitration agreement to the Commercial Arbitration Act 1990 , or a provision of that Act, is to be construed as a reference to this Act or to the corresponding provision (if any) of this Act.\n(sec.42-ssec.2) If an arbitration was commenced before the commencement of this section, the law governing the arbitration and the arbitration agreement is to be that which would have been applicable if this Act had not been enacted.\n(sec.42-ssec.3) For the purposes of this section, an arbitration is taken to have been commenced if— a dispute to which the relevant arbitration agreement applies has arisen; and the arbitral tribunal has been properly constituted. There is no equivalent to this section in the Model Law.\n- (a) this Act applies to an arbitration agreement (whether made before or after the commencement of this Act) and to an arbitration under such an agreement; and\n- (b) a reference in an arbitration agreement to the Commercial Arbitration Act 1990 , or a provision of that Act, is to be construed as a reference to this Act or to the corresponding provision (if any) of this Act.\n- (a) a dispute to which the relevant arbitration agreement applies has arisen; and\n- (b) the arbitral tribunal has been properly constituted.","sortOrder":94}],"analysis":{"summary":{"complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The Act remains focused on its stated purpose of governing domestic commercial arbitrations in Queensland. It deliberately limits itself to domestic arbitrations (excluding international ones covered federally), and the breadth of what counts as 'commercial' is defined widely but consistently with the Model Law's intent. There is no evidence of significant scope creep from original intent — the adaptations from the Model Law are transparent and documented within the Act itself through notes and explanatory subsections."},"complexity_factors":["Incorporates and modifies an international framework (UNCITRAL Model Law) for domestic use, requiring cross-referencing between the Act and the Model Law to understand what applies","Extensive use of cross-references between sections (e.g., s.17I references s.36, s.25 references s.33B, s.6 references 13+ other sections)","Layered opt-in/opt-out structure: many provisions only apply if parties haven't agreed otherwise, requiring analysis of what parties have and haven't agreed to","Parallel jurisdictional framework: the Act coexists with the federal International Arbitration Act 1974, requiring careful analysis of which regime applies","Complex enforcement and recognition provisions for interim measures with multiple grounds for refusal and cross-references to other sections","Confidentiality regime with multiple defined categories of information and several exceptions","Tribunal composition rules covering multiple configurations (sole arbitrator, 2-arbitrator, 3-arbitrator panels, multi-party scenarios) with different default rules for each","Interaction with Queensland-specific legislation (Legal Profession Act 2007, Acts Interpretation Act 1954, rules of court)","Dual court jurisdiction provisions (Supreme Court vs. District Court) depending on what parties have agreed","Deliberate omission of some Model Law articles (e.g., Arts 17B and 17C on ex parte preliminary orders) creating gaps that must be understood in context"],"plain_english_summary":"## What is this law?\n\nThe **Commercial Arbitration Act 2013** is a Queensland law that sets up the rules for resolving business disputes through **arbitration** — a private process where an independent decision-maker (called an \"arbitral tribunal\") hears both sides and makes a binding decision, instead of the matter going to a regular court.\n\n## Who does it affect?\n\nIt applies to **any business or person** in Queensland involved in a commercial dispute with another Australian-based party — covering everything from construction contracts and supply agreements to joint ventures, banking, insurance, and leasing deals. Essentially, if you have a commercial contract with an arbitration clause in it, this Act governs how that process works.\n\n**It does NOT apply to:**\n- International commercial disputes (those are covered by the federal *International Arbitration Act 1974*)\n- Disputes where the arbitration is held outside Queensland (with limited exceptions)\n\n## What does it actually do?\n\n### 1. 🎯 Sets the goal\nThe whole Act is aimed at resolving commercial disputes **fairly, quickly, and cheaply** — without unnecessary court involvement.\n\n### 2. 📝 Arbitration agreements\nIf businesses sign a contract with an arbitration clause, they are legally bound to use arbitration instead of the courts. The agreement must be in writing (including emails and electronic records). Courts *must* refer parties to arbitration when asked, unless the agreement is clearly invalid.\n\n### 3. 👨‍⚖️ Choosing the arbitrator\nParties can agree on who decides their dispute. If they can't agree, the Supreme Court (or District Court if agreed) can appoint someone. Arbitrators must be impartial — if there's a real risk of **bias**, they can be challenged and removed.\n\n### 4. 🔒 Confidentiality\nEverything in arbitration — evidence, submissions, the decision itself — is **confidential**. This is a major advantage over court proceedings, which are generally public.\n\n### 5. ⚡ Interim measures (temporary orders)\nThe arbitral tribunal can make temporary orders during the process — like freezing assets, preserving evidence, or ordering security for costs — to protect a party's position before the final decision is made. Courts can also make similar orders in support of arbitration.\n\n### 6. 🏃 Running the arbitration\nParties have significant freedom to agree on how hearings are conducted, what language is used, and where proceedings occur. If they can't agree, the arbitrator decides. Parties must cooperate — deliberately dragging your feet is prohibited and can result in adverse consequences.\n\n### 7. ✅ Awards and enforcement\nThe final decision (called an \"**award**\") can be enforced through the courts in the same way as a court judgment. Courts can only refuse enforcement in very limited circumstances (e.g., a party wasn't given a fair hearing, or the dispute involves something illegal or against public policy).\n\n### 8. ⚖️ Limited court involvement\nCourts play a **supporting role only** — they can step in to appoint arbitrators, enforce orders, or deal with jurisdictional challenges, but they cannot second-guess or overturn an award simply because they disagree with the outcome.\n\n### 9. 🔁 Appeals\nAppeals against arbitration awards are very limited. A party can appeal on a question of law only with the agreement of the other party or with court permission — and even then, the court can only set aside the award in narrow circumstances.\n\n## Why does it matter?\n\nFor businesses, arbitration under this Act offers a **faster, cheaper, and more private** alternative to litigation. The Act is based on an international template (the UNCITRAL Model Law) adapted for Australian domestic use, which means it aligns with global best practices and offers predictability for commercial parties."},"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"source":"grok-batch-everything"},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The legislation has grown significantly beyond simply adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law. While the Model Law was designed for international commercial arbitration, this Act re-engineers it for purely domestic disputes (s 1), adds a comprehensive confidentiality regime (ss 27E–27I) absent from the Model Law, expands tribunal powers (e.g. subpoenas in s 27A, peremptory orders in s 25, specific performance in s 33A), and inserts detailed Queensland court supervisory mechanisms (s 6, ss 27–27J). These changes broaden the original Model Law's minimalist supervisory philosophy into a more interventionist domestic code that also interacts with the repealed 1990 Act via transitional rules in s 42."},"complexity_factors":["Heavy reliance on and deviation from the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, with explicit notes on differences in almost every section","43 defined terms in s 2 plus extensive cross-references to other sections and the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth)","Layered procedural rules across 10 Parts, including nested provisions on interim measures (Part 4A), confidentiality (ss 27E–27I) and court assistance (ss 27–27B)","Multiple conditional tests, time limits, and 'unless otherwise agreed' carve-outs that require checking both the arbitration agreement and the Act","Queensland-specific additions (e.g. District Court jurisdiction in s 6(2), stop-clock arbitration in s 17(3)(g), Legal Profession Act 2007 interaction in s 33C) that layer atop the Model Law"],"plain_english_summary":"**This Act creates a complete framework for resolving business (commercial) disputes in Queensland through private arbitration rather than court trials.**\n\nIt lets parties who have a written agreement to arbitrate send their disagreements to one or more independent arbitrators. The arbitrator hears evidence, follows fair procedures, and makes a final, binding decision (an award) that courts will enforce. The law's main goal (stated in s 1AC) is to deliver fair, fast and cheap resolutions without unnecessary court involvement.\n\nKey features include:\n- Rules for starting arbitration, choosing arbitrators, and running hearings (Parts 3–5).\n- Powers for arbitrators to issue temporary orders (interim measures) to protect evidence or assets while the case runs (Part 4A).\n- Strict confidentiality obligations on parties and the tribunal, with limited exceptions (ss 27E–27I).\n- Limited rights to appeal or challenge an award in the Supreme Court (ss 34 and 34A).\n- Enforcement of awards across Australia, similar to a court judgment (ss 35–36).\n\nIt applies to most domestic commercial disputes where parties are in Australia and have chosen arbitration. It does not cover international cases (handled by Commonwealth law) or disputes that other statutes say must go to court. The Act promotes party autonomy—people can agree on many procedural details—but supplies default rules when they do not."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Act adapts Model Law concepts to a domestic Queensland context and explicitly departs from the Model Law and from the prior 1990 Act in several respects. It confines most provisions to arbitrations with their place in Queensland (s.1(2)); changes default rules (e.g. sole arbitrator if parties do not agree — s.10(2) rather than the Model Law’s default of three); omits or modifies certain Model Law provisions (noted in the text at s.11 and elsewhere); and adds domestic provisions not in the Model Law such as a detailed confidentiality regime (s.27E–I), consolidation of related proceedings (s.27C), permitted non‑lawyer representation (s.24A(2)), tribunal power to limit costs (s.33B(2)) and a constrained appeal procedure on questions of law by agreement (s.34A). The Act also repeals the Commercial Arbitration Act 1990 (s.41) and provides transitional rules preserving pre‑existing arbitrations (s.42). These textual notes in the Act show an intentional change in scope from the Model Law and a reworking of the domestic arbitration regime."},"complexity_factors":["Multiple interactions with the UNCITRAL Model Law and explicit departures noted in the text (see s.1, s.2A and numerous notes).","Widespread party autonomy coupled with many statutory default rules and court backstops (s.7, s.10, s.11, s.19, s.6).","Extensive court–arbitral tribunal interface: assistance, enforcement and limited review functions dispersed across many provisions (s.5, s.6, s.17H, s.27A–B, s.34–36).","Detailed interim measure regime with thresholds, security, enforcement and refusal grounds (s.17, s.17A, s.17E, s.17G–I).","A bespoke confidentiality regime with multiple routes for permitted disclosure and competing public‑interest tests (s.27E–I, s.27H criteria).","Procedural discretion for tribunals (evidence, hearings, consolidation, costs) that shifts practical control to arbitrators and parties (s.19, s.24, s.27C, s.33B).","Competing remedies (setting aside under s.34 and a constrained appeal mechanism under s.34A) and strict time limits (3 months) increase procedural complexity.","Transitional and repeal rules affecting when old or new law governs an arbitration (s.41, s.42(2)–(3))."],"plain_english_summary":"- What this Act does (mechanically)\n  - Replaces the 1990 Act and establishes a new statutory scheme for resolving domestic commercial disputes by arbitration (s.41; s.42). It applies to \"domestic commercial arbitrations\" (defined in s.1) and, except for a small set of provisions, its rules apply only if the place of arbitration is in Queensland (s.1(1)–(2)).\n  - Sets a legal framework that lets parties control many features of an arbitration (who decides, procedure, place, language, law to apply), while giving arbitral tribunals broad powers to manage proceedings and make awards (see s.7, s.10, s.11, s.16, s.19, s.20, s.22, s.28, s.31).\n  - Limits court involvement to the functions and exceptions listed in the Act (s.5) and assigns most supervisory and assistance roles to the Supreme Court (or District Court where the parties agree) (s.6). It provides routes for court orders (e.g. subpoenas, enforcement, interim measures) and for challenging or setting aside awards (s.27A, s.17H, s.34, s.35). \n\n- Official purpose claim and how the Act attempts to achieve it\n  - The Act states its paramount object is to facilitate the fair and final resolution of commercial disputes by impartial arbitral tribunals without unnecessary delay or expense (s.1AC). It says it will do this by enabling party autonomy over dispute resolution and by supplying arbitration procedures intended to be cost‑effective, informal and quick (s.1AC(1)–(2)).\n  - Mechanisms used to deliver that object include: party choice over procedure and tribunal composition (s.10, s.11, s.19), tribunal power to decide its own jurisdiction (s.16), powers to give interim measures (s.17 et seq.), limited rights of court review (s.34), and rules allowing cost directions and caps (s.33B).\n\n- Who pays, who decides, and where discretion lies (source references)\n  - Who pays: the parties bear arbitration costs; the arbitral tribunal has discretion to allocate costs and may order limits on costs (s.33B(1)–(4)). If a party seeks an interim measure and the tribunal later finds it ought not have been granted, that requesting party is liable for costs and damages caused by the measure (s.17G). The Court may require security when enforcing interim measures (s.17H(4)).\n  - Who decides: parties can choose the number and appointment method of arbitrators and many procedural matters (s.10, s.11, s.19). Where parties do not agree, the Act supplies default rules (e.g. sole arbitrator if no agreement — s.10(2); Court appointment backstops — s.11(3)). The arbitral tribunal decides admissibility of evidence, procedure and may administer oaths (s.19(3)–(5)). The tribunal can rule on its jurisdiction (s.16).\n  - Where discretion lies: the tribunal holds broad discretion to grant, modify or terminate interim measures (s.17, s.17D); to require security for interim measures (s.17E); to manage non‑compliance (s.25); to fix and allocate costs and to cap costs (s.33B); and to consolidate related proceedings in specified circumstances (s.27C). Courts have discretionary powers when asked to assist with evidence or subpoenas (s.27, s.27A–B) and in enforcement/setting aside decisions (s.34–36).\n\n- Incentives and compliance burdens (source references)\n  - Incentives: party autonomy incentivises negotiated procedures and choice of tribunal (s.7, s.19). Tribunal powers to limit costs and to draw adverse inferences or dismiss claims for delay create incentives for parties to pursue claims and comply promptly (s.33B; s.25(2)–(3)). The risk of cost liability for improperly sought interim relief (s.17G) and potential security requirements for interim relief or enforcement (s.17E; s.17H(4)) incentivise careful use of interim measures.\n  - Compliance burdens: parties must comply without undue delay with tribunal orders and take steps to obtain Court decisions where required (s.24B(2)). Confidentiality obligations restrict disclosure of arbitral materials except in listed circumstances and impose notification obligations when disclosure is authorised by law or regulators (s.27E–F). Applying to courts for assistance, subpoenas or enforcement requires following court rules and, in many cases, leave or permission from the tribunal (s.27A(2); s.27B(3); s.27J(2)).\n\n- Trade‑offs, opportunity costs and implementation risks (source references)\n  - Trade‑offs: the Act prioritises party autonomy and tribunal flexibility (s.19, s.28) while keeping limited judicial safeguards (s.5; s.34). That reduces formal court procedure costs for many disputes but concentrates procedural control with parties and tribunals, which may increase the importance of careful drafting of arbitration agreements (s.7, s.11).\n  - Opportunity costs: parties who choose arbitration accept restricted court review routes (setting aside under s.34 or limited appeals under s.34A only by agreement). This can speed finality but limits the availability of fuller judicial remedies in some cases.\n  - Implementation risks: effective operation depends on tribunal competence and parties’ willingness to comply with tribunal directions (s.19; s.24B). Enforcement of tribunal interim measures requires Court involvement (s.17H), producing potential delay or cost. Confidentiality controls include both tribunal and Court mechanisms (s.27E–I) that may generate litigation over public‑interest or regulatory disclosure claims.\n\n- Effects on private enterprise and market interactions (source references)\n  - The Act gives businesses strong control over dispute resolution mechanics (choice of tribunal, procedure, place, language, and governing law — s.7, s.10, s.19, s.20, s.22, s.28). That supports bespoke dispute resolution but increases the value of precise contract drafting (s.7).\n  - Arbitral awards are enforceable by Court application across the State and courts can refuse enforcement only on specific grounds set out in the Act (s.35–36). That provides predictable enforcement channels for commercial parties.\n\n- Concentrated benefits, diffuse costs, and potential for strategic behaviour (source references)\n  - Concentrated benefits: parties able to negotiate favorable procedural rules (e.g. choice of sole arbitrator — s.10(2); limits on costs — s.33B(2)) can lower their dispute costs. Entities that appoint arbitrators or run institutions gain influence through appointment procedures (s.11).\n  - Diffuse costs: costs associated with court enforcement, applications to set aside, or disputes over confidentiality may fall on both parties and on courts (s.17H; s.34; s.27H–I).\n  - Strategic behaviour: the Act permits party‑agreed appointment and procedure mechanisms (s.11, s.19) and provides remedies for default and delay (s.25); these features create incentives to use procedural tactics but also supply countermeasures (peremptory orders, adverse inferences, cost orders — s.25(3)).\n\n- Key practical points to watch (source references)\n  - Confirm whether the place of arbitration is in Queensland, because most provisions apply only in that case (s.1(2)).\n  - Draft arbitration clauses to specify appointment procedures, the number of arbitrators, applicable law and any agreed limits on costs to reduce default rules and court referrals (s.7, s.10, s.11, s.28, s.33B).\n  - Be aware of the confidentiality regime and when disclosure is authorised or requires tribunal or court orders (s.27E–I).\n  - If seeking interim relief from an arbitral tribunal, consider the evidential threshold and risks (harm not adequately reparable and reasonable prospect of success — s.17A) and the security and liability rules (s.17E, s.17G).\n\nReferences to the Act: primary source sections cited in the summary where relevant: s.1, s.1AC, s.1AD, s.5, s.6, s.7, s.10, s.11, s.16, s.17–17J, s.19, s.20, s.22, s.24A, s.24B, s.25, s.27–27J, s.28, s.31, s.33B, s.34, s.34A, s.35, s.36, s.41, s.42."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013","history":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013/history","analysis":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/commercial-arbitration-act-2013/documents"}}