{"id":"F2005B00807","name":"Civil Aviation Amendment Order (No. R21) 2004 - Civil Aviation Order 20.22 - Taxiing of aircraft by persons other than licensed pilots (02/12/2004)","slug":"civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":32228,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2005B00807-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-01","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Civil Aviation Amendment Order (No. R21) 2004 - Civil Aviation Order 20.22 - Taxiing of aircraft by persons other than licensed pilots (02/12/2004)","content":"Civil Aviation Amendment Order\n\n(No. R21) 2004\n\nI, WILLIAM BRUCE BYRON, Director of Aviation Safety, on behalf of CASA, issue the following Civil Aviation Order under subregulation 229 (1) of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.\n\n\\[Signed Bruce Byron\\]\n\nBruce Byron\n\nDirector of Aviation Safety and\n\nChief Executive Officer\n\n2 December 2004\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\n\n1 Name of Order\n\nThis Order is the Civil Aviation Amendment Order (No. R21) 2004.\n\n2 Commencement\n\nThis Order commences on gazettal.\n\n3 Replacement of section 20.22 of the Civil Aviation Orders\n\nSection 20.22 of the Civil Aviation Orders is omitted and a new section substituted as set out in Schedule 1.\n\nSchedule 1 Substitution of section 20.22 of the Civil Aviation Orders\n\nSECTION 20.22\n\nTAXIING OF AIRCRAFT BY PERSONS OTHER THAN LICENSED PILOTS\n\n3 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS\n\n3.1 A Certificate of Approval may be issued for an applicant in the form set out in Appendix II of this Order.\n\n3.2 When making an application for a Certificate of Approval the applicant shall furnish a Certificate of Competency to CASA. The Certificate of Competency shall be issued by an appropriate person, or a pilot approved for this purpose by CASA, when the person or approved pilot is satisfied that the applicant has received practical training and has displayed adequate knowledge and skill with regard to safety and the provisions of this Order. A sample Certificate of Competency is shown at Appendix I.\n\n3.3 CASA may at any time suspend or cancel a Certificate of Approval for reasons of public safety or non-compliance with this Order.\n\n3.4 In this subsection:\n\nappropriate person means a person who holds:\n\n    (a) a flight instructor (aeroplane) rating of one of the following grades:\n\n(i) grade 1; or\n\n(ii) grade 2; and\n\n    (b) an aircraft endorsement for the type of aircraft involved.\n\n4 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS\n\n4.1 An applicant shall receive practical training in taxiing the type of aircraft concerned. This shall include all normal precautions associated with engine start and action in the event of engine fire after start from a person meeting the requirements of paragraph 3.2. Such training shall include all normal taxiing manoeuvres, taxiing in confined spaces and in conditions of crosswind and tailwind.\n\n4.2 The applicant shall be orally examined by the flight instructor or approved person in accordance with Appendix III.\n\n5 AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT\n\n5.1 An aircraft which is required to be fitted with radio communications equipment and is operated at a controlled aerodrome shall not be taxied by an approved person unless he or she is, in addition, the holder of an Aircraft Radio Telephone Operator Certificate of Proficiency.\n\n5.2 Before an aircraft is taxied by an approved person he or she shall ensure that Air Traffic Control is fully aware of his or her intention and shall conform to any instructions and signals given by Air Traffic Control.\n\n  \nAPPENDIX I\n\n  CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY AND APPLICATION ISSUED IN PURSUANCE OF SECTION 22 OF THE CIVIL AVIATION ORDERS\n\nThis is to certify that ............................................................................ has completed the relevant requirements of Civil Aviation Orders and I consider him/her competent to taxi the ........................................................................................................................ type(s) of aircraft.\n\nSigned ............................................\n\nLicence Class .................. No.........\n\n........................................Date........................\n\n  \nAPPENDIX II\n\n  CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY AND APPLICATION ISSUED IN PURSUANCE OF SECTION 20.22 OF THE CIVIL AVIATION ORDERS\n\nThis is to certify that .……………....................................................... is authorised to taxi  \nthe ........................................................................................ type(s) of aircraft.\n\nSigned ............................................\n\nDelegate of CASA\n\n  \nAPPENDIX III\n\nTAXIING OF AIRCRAFT — APPROVED PERSONS\n\nSYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION\n\n1 Air Traffic Control requirements\n\n    (a) Meanings of all light signals used for the control of aircraft on the movement area.\n    (b) Significance of all aerodrome surface markings.\n    (c) Rules of right of way between taxiing aircraft and aircraft taking off and landing.\n    (d) Use and meaning of signals used to marshal and to park aircraft.\n\nREFERENCES: Regulations 187 and 189 of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988; section 20.3 of the Civil Aviation Orders.\n\n2 Aircraft and engine systems\n\n    (a) Braking System — normal and emergency management.\n    (b) Nose or tailwheel steering system — normal management limitation.\n    (c) Fuel system — layout and management — use of booster pumps. Any peculiarities of the system.\n    (d) Engine handling procedures — Limiting temperatures and pressures cooling system.\n    (e) Action in event of an engine fire after start.","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"A positive credit balance is required for all requests, including BYOK, so fallback providers remain available. Add credits at https://vercel.com/d?to=%2F%5Bteam%5D%2F%7E%2Fai%3Fmodal%3Dtop-up to continue.","source":"analysis-cron"},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This instrument replaces and restates section 20.22 to set out specific procedural and competency requirements for persons other than licensed pilots to taxi aircraft. It narrows and formalises the mechanics (training syllabus, dual certification, ATC and radio requirements) rather than expanding the subject matter beyond taxiing. The Order does not introduce new regulated activities beyond taxiing by non‑licensed persons; it clarifies and tightens the authorisation, assessment and operational conditions under which that activity may occur (s3–s5, Appendices). Any perceived expansion is procedural (additional documentation and certification) rather than a substantive broadening of scope."},"complexity_factors":["Single substituted section (20.22) but split into three substantive parts (Certificates, Training, Aircraft Movement) plus three appendices","One defined term with nested conditions: “appropriate person” (s3.4) — requires flight instructor grade 1 or 2 AND aircraft endorsement","Two separate certificates required (Certificate of Competency from an instructor/approved pilot; Certificate of Approval from CASA) — two‑step process increases procedural complexity (s3.1–3.2)","Operational conditionality: radio proficiency required only for aircraft required to have radio equipment at controlled aerodromes (s5.1)","Cross‑references to other instruments and regulations (Regulations 187 and 189; CA Orders s20.3) contained in Appendix III","Discretionary administrative power for CASA to suspend or cancel approvals (s3.3)","Multiple compliance requirements (practical training topics, oral exam syllabus, ATC notification and compliance) set out across text and appendices"],"plain_english_summary":"This Order replaces the old rule with a self‑contained regime letting non‑licensed people taxi aircraft only after a two‑step authorisation: a Competency certificate from a qualified instructor or CASA‑approved pilot, then a CASA Certificate of Approval. It mandates practical training and an oral exam, and adds ATC/radio requirements at controlled aerodromes. It affects unlicensed ground staff, instructors/assessors, operators and CASA — improving safety and auditability but raising training, administrative and compliance costs."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This is a straightforward amendment replacing an existing section (20.22) with updated provisions. The scope remains tightly focused on the specific issue of non-pilot aircraft taxiing authorisations, consistent with the original intent of the Civil Aviation Orders framework."},"complexity_factors":["Moderate cross-referencing to Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 (specifically regulations 187, 189, and subregulation 229(1))","Nested definitions: 'appropriate person' is defined with multiple qualifying conditions (flight instructor grade 1 or 2 rating PLUS specific aircraft endorsement)","Multiple conditional requirements layered together: basic approval requires training AND examination; controlled aerodrome operations add radio certificate requirement AND air traffic control notification requirement","Three appendices with forms and syllabus create procedural complexity for implementation","Mix of prescriptive requirements ('shall') and discretionary powers ('may') for CASA"],"plain_english_summary":"This legislation sets out the rules for who can taxi (move on the ground) an aircraft if they aren't a fully licensed pilot. Normally, only licensed pilots can move aircraft around, but this Order creates a special approval system so that other trained people—like ground crew or maintenance staff—can do it legally.\n\n**Who it affects:**\n- **Airlines and operators** who want to let non-pilots taxi aircraft\n- **Ground crew and maintenance staff** who need to move planes but don't hold pilot licences\n- **CASA** (the aviation safety regulator), which issues and can cancel approvals\n\n**What it does:**\n- Creates a **Certificate of Approval** system where CASA can authorise non-pilots to taxi specific aircraft types\n- Requires applicants to get **practical training** from a qualified flight instructor (someone with at least a Grade 2 flight instructor rating and the right aircraft endorsement)\n- Requires an **oral exam** covering air traffic control signals, runway markings, right-of-way rules, and aircraft systems (brakes, steering, fuel, engines, fire procedures)\n- Adds extra rules for **controlled aerodromes** (busy airports with air traffic control): approved persons must hold a radio operator certificate and must get permission from air traffic control before moving the aircraft\n- Lets CASA suspend or cancel approvals for safety reasons or non-compliance\n\n**Why it matters:**\nThis keeps airports running efficiently. Without this rule, every time a plane needed to be moved—even just from a hangar to a runway—a licensed pilot would have to do it. This lets properly trained ground staff handle routine movements safely, while ensuring they know enough about aircraft systems and airport procedures to avoid accidents."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons","history":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons/history","analysis":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-amendment-order-no-r21-2004-civil-aviation-order-20-22-taxiing-of-aircraft-by-persons/documents"}}