{"id":"F2008B00575","name":"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 3.1.1 - Interpretation and Application (Australia Only)","slug":"australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":71874,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2008B00575-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"(Australia only)","sectionType":"division","heading":"(Australia only)","content":"### (Australia only)\n\nPurpose\n\nThis Standard sets out the interpretation and application provisions that apply to the other food safety standards set out in this Chapter of the Code. The objective of the food safety standards is to ensure that only safe and suitable food is sold in Australia.\n\nContents\n\n1 Interpretation\n\n2 Meaning of safe and suitable food\n\n3 General application of the Food Safety Standards\n\n4 Compliance with the Food Safety Standards\n\nClauses\n\n1 Interpretation\n\nIn this Chapter the definitions of the following terms apply –\n\n> appropriate enforcement agency means an enforcement agency prescribed by the regulations under the Act for the purposes of enforcement of the Act or similar purposes.\n\n> authorised officer means a person authorised or appointed under the Act or other legislation for the purposes of enforcement of the Act, or similar purposes, such as an ‘authorised officer’, ‘environmental health officer’ or ‘inspector’.\n\n> cell culturing food business has the meaning given by section 3.4.1—2.\n\ncell line supplier has the meaning given by section 3.4.1—2.\n\n> clean means clean to touch and free of extraneous visible matter and objectionable odour.\n\n> contaminant means any biological or chemical agent, foreign matter, or other substances that may compromise food safety or suitability.\n\n> contamination means the introduction or occurrence of a contaminant in food.\n\n> equipment means a machine, instrument, apparatus, utensil or appliance, other than a single-use item, used or intended to be used in or in connection with food handling and includes any equipment used or intended to be used to clean food premises or equipment.\n\n> food business means –\n\n      (a) a business, enterprise or activity (other than primary food production) that involves one or both of following:\n      (i) the handling of food intended for sale; or\n      (ii) the sale of food:\n      regardless of whether the business, enterprise or activity concerned is of a commercial, charitable or community nature or whether it involves the handling or sale of food on one occasion only; or\n      (b) a cell culturing food business; or\n\n(c) a cell line supplier.\n\n> food handler means a person who directly engages in the handling of food, or who handles surfaces likely to come into contact with food, for a food business.\n\n> food handling operation means any activity involving the handling of food.\n\n> food premises means any premises including land, vehicles, parts of structures, tents, stalls and other temporary structures, boats, pontoons and any other place declared by the relevant authority to be premises under the Food Act kept or used for the handling of food for sale, regardless of whether those premises are owned by the proprietor, including premises used principally as a private dwelling, but does not mean food vending machines or vehicles used only to transport food.\n\n> food safety standards means the standards contained in Chapter 3 of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.\n\n> handling of food includes the making, manufacturing, producing, collecting, extracting, processing, storing, transporting, delivering, preparing, treating, preserving, packing, cooking, thawing, serving or displaying of food.\n\n> hazard means a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food that has the potential to cause an adverse health effect in humans.\n\n> pests include birds, rodents, insects and arachnids.\n\n> primary food production means the growing, cultivation, picking, harvesting, collection or catching of food, and includes the following –\n\n      (a) the transportation or delivery of food on, from or between the premises on which it was grown, cultivated, picked, harvested, collected or caught;\n      (b) the packing, treating (for example, washing) or storing of food on the premises on which it was grown, cultivated, picked, harvested, collected or caught; and\n      (c) any other food production activity that is regulated by or under an Act prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition.\n\n> However, primary food production does not include –\n\n      (d) any process involving the substantial transformation of food (for example, manufacturing or canning), regardless of whether the process is carried out on the premises in which the food was grown, cultivated, picked, harvested, collected or caught; or\n      (e) the sale or service of food directly to the public; or\n      (f) any other food production activity prescribed by the regulations under the Act for the purposes of this definition.\n\n> proprietor of a food business means –\n\n      (a) the person carrying on the food business, or\n      (b) if that person cannot be identified – the person in charge of the food business.\n\n> sell means –\n\n      (a) barter, offer or attempt to sell; or\n      (b) receive for sale; or\n      (c) have in possession for sale; or\n      (d) display for sale; or\n      (e) cause or permit to be sold or offered for sale; or\n      (f) send, forward or deliver for sale; or\n      (g) dispose of by any method for valuable consideration; or\n      (h) dispose of to an agent for sale on consignment; or\n      (i) provide under a contract of service; or\n      (j) supply food as a meal or part of a meal to an employee, in accordance with a term of an award governing the employment of the employee or a term of the employee’s contract of service, for consumption by the employee at the employee’s place of work;\n      (k) dispose of by way of raffle, lottery or other game of chance; or\n      (l) offer as a prize or reward; or\n      (m) give away for the purpose of advertisement or in furtherance of trade or business; or\n      (n) supply food under a contract (whether or not the contract is made with the consumer of the food), together with accommodation, service or entertainment, in consideration of an inclusive charge for the food supplied and the accommodation, service or entertainment; or\n      (o) supply food (whether or not for consideration) in the course of providing services to patients or inmates in public institutions, where ‘public institution’ means ‘public institution’ as defined in the Act, if it is so defined; or\n      (p) sell for the purpose of resale.\n\n> single-use item means an instrument, apparatus, utensil or other thing intended by the manufacturer to only be used once in connection with food handling, and includes disposable gloves.\n\n> Vehicles used to transport food includes shopping trolleys.\n\n2 Meaning of safe and suitable food\n\n(1) For the purposes of the Food Safety Standards, food is not safe if it would be likely to cause physical harm to a person who might later consume it, assuming it was –\n\n    (a) after that time and before being consumed by the person, properly subjected to all processes (if any) that are relevant to its reasonable intended use; and\n    (b) consumed by the person according to its reasonable intended use.\n\n(2) However, food is not unsafe merely because its inherent nutritional or chemical properties cause, or its inherent nature causes, adverse reactions only in persons with allergies or sensitivities that are not common to the majority of persons.\n\n(3) In subsection (1), processes include processes involving storage and preparation.\n\n(4) For the purposes of the Food Safety Standards, food is not suitable if it –\n\n    (a) is damaged, deteriorated or perished to an extent that affects its reasonable intended use; or\n    (b) contains any damaged, deteriorated or perished substance that affects its reasonable intended use; or\n    (c) is the product of a diseased animal or an animal that has died otherwise than by slaughter, and has not been declared by or under another Act to be safe for human consumption; or\n    (d) contains a biological or chemical agent, or other matter or substance, that is foreign to the nature of the food.\n\n(5) However, food is not unsuitable for the purposes of the Food Safety Standards merely because –\n\n    (a) it contains an agricultural or veterinary chemical in an amount that does not contravene the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code; or\n    (b) it contains a metal or non-metal contaminant (within the meaning of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code) in an amount that does not contravene the permitted level for the contaminant as specified in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code; or\n    (c) it contains any matter or substance that is permitted by the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.\n\n> Note: Editorial note:\n\n> Note: ‘Act’ is defined in Standard 1.1.1 as meaning the Act under the authority of which the Code is applied.\n\n3 General application of the Food Safety Standards\n\nThe Food Safety Standards apply in accordance with this Standard to all food businesses in Australia but not in New Zealand.\n\n4 Compliance\n\n(1) The proprietor of a food business must ensure the food business complies with all the requirements of the Food Safety Standards except those in Subdivision 1 of Division 4 of Standard 3.2.2 – Food Safety Practices and General Requirements.\n\n(2) Food handlers must comply with all the requirements set out in Subdivision 1 of Division 4 of Standard 3.2.2.\n\n  \n\nAmendment History\n\nThe Amendment History provides information about each amendment to the Schedule. The information includes commencement or cessation information for relevant amendments.\n\nThese amendments are made under section 92 of the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 unless otherwise indicated. Amendments do not have a specific date for cessation unless indicated as such.\n\nAbout this compilation\n\nThis is compilation No. 7 of Standards 3.1.1 as in force on 18 June 2025 (up to Amendment No. 239). It includes any commenced amendment affecting the compilation to that date.\n\nPrepared by Food Standards Australia New Zealand on 18 June 2025.\n\nThe following abbreviations may be used in the table below:\n\nad = added or inserted am = amended\n\nC\\[x\\] = Compilation No. x ed = editorial change\n\nexp = expired or ceased to have effect rep = repealed\n\nrs = repealed and substituted\n\nStandards 3.1.1 was published in the Food Standards Gazette No. S464 on 24 August 2000 as part of Amendment 51 (F2008B00575 –- 24 August 2000) and has since been amended as follows:\n\n| Section affected   | A’ment No. | FRL registrationGazette                       | Commencement(Cessation) | How affected | Description of amendment                                                                                       |\n| ------------------ | ---------- | --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 60         | F2008B0079820 June 2002FSC 220 June 2002      | 20 June 2002            | rs           | Repeal and substitute the bullet numbering for ‘primary food production’                                       |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 67         | F2008B0081431 July 2003FSC 931 July 2003      | 31 July 2003            | rs           | Repeal and substitute Chapter the definitions of the following terms apply –                                   |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 2(1) | 67         | F2008B0081431 July 2003FSC 931 July 2003      | 31 July 2003            | rs           | Repeal and substitute Standard 3.1.1 – Interpretation and Application                                          |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 78         | F2005L0124626 May 2005FSC 2026 May 2005       | 26 May 2005             | ad           | Insert Vehicles used to transport food includes shopping trolleys                                              |\n| 3.1.1              | 78         | F2005L0124626 May 2005FSC 2026 May 2005       | 26 May 2005             | rs           | Repeal colons, wherever occurring except Editorial notes, and substitute dashes                                |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 88         | F2006L032705 October 2006FSC 305 October 2006 | 5 October 2006          | rs           | In the definition for Sell, paragraph (o), repeal the comma after the word defined, and substitute a semicolon |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 3    | 101        | F2008L0305814 August 2008FSC 4314 August 2008 | 14 August 2008          | rep          | Repeal the Editorial note following clause 3                                                                   |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 239        | F2025L0068918 June 2025FSC 17918 June 2025    | 18 June 2025            | ad           | Insert cell culturing food business and cell line supplier into Clause 1 (Interpretation).                     |\n| 3.1.1 —Clause 1    | 239        | F2025L0068918 June 2025FSC 17918 June 2025    | 18 June 2025            | rs           | Repeal and substitute definition of food business.                                                             |","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Originally focused on traditional food businesses, the legislation has expanded to include 'cell culturing food business' and 'cell line supplier' (Amendment 239, June 2025), reflecting the emergence of lab-grown/cultivated meat technologies. This significantly broadens the scope beyond conventional food handling to cover novel food production methods."},"complexity_factors":["18 defined terms in Clause 1, some with nested sub-definitions (e.g., 'sell' has 16 sub-paragraphs)","Multiple cross-references to other Standards (1.1.1, 3.2.2, 3.4.1) and the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991","Conditional logic in definitions (e.g., 'primary food production' includes certain activities but excludes others)","Exception clauses within definitions (e.g., food is not unsafe merely because of allergies in some people)","Dual structure: defines terms for the whole Chapter while also containing substantive application rules"],"plain_english_summary":"This is the rulebook that explains how Australia's food safety laws work. It defines key terms like 'food business' (which covers everything from restaurants to charity sausage sizzles), 'safe food' (food that won't make you sick if used properly), and 'suitable food' (food that's not spoiled or contaminated). It also sets out who must follow these rules: every food business in Australia must comply, and food handlers have specific duties too. The standard makes clear that these rules apply only in Australia, not New Zealand. Recently, it was updated to include new types of businesses involving lab-grown meat (cell culturing)."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"Unauthenticated. Configure AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY or use a provider module. Learn more: https://ai-sdk.dev/unauthenticated-ai-gateway","source":"analysis-cron"},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Standard’s scope has been expanded by recent amendments: Amendment No. 239 expressly inserts ‘cell culturing food business’ and ‘cell line supplier’ into Clause 1 and repeals/substitutes the definition of ‘food business’, thereby broadening the categories of entities captured by the Chapter 3 Food Safety Standards. Other past amendments have also adjusted exclusions (primary food production) and specific inclusions (e.g. shopping trolleys as vehicles), so regulated activities and actors have been incrementally added to the Standard’s coverage (Amendment History; Clause 1; Clause 3)."},"complexity_factors":["Large number of defined terms in Clause 1 that govern who and what is captured (food business, proprietor, food handler, equipment, etc.).","Cross-references to other instruments and provisions (the Act, regulations, other Standards in the Code and Standard 3.2.2) create dependency chains for compliance (Clauses 1, 2(5), 4).","New biotechnology-related terms added by Amendment No. 239 (cell culturing food business; cell line supplier) expand substantive scope and require subject-matter interpretation (Amendment History; Clause 1).","Substantive carve-outs and qualifications for primary food production (Clause 1: primary food production paragraphs and exclusions) require factual assessments about where activities occur.","Division of duties between proprietors and food handlers (Clause 4: proprietor must comply with Standards except specific Subdivision; food handlers must comply with that Subdivision) creates split compliance responsibilities.","Key concepts use qualitative standards (e.g. ‘reasonable intended use’, ‘clean to touch’, ‘suitable’) that invite judgment by regulators and businesses (Clause 1 definitions; Clause 2).","Application limited to Australia (Clause 3) but interacts with the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code and with enforcement frameworks under the Act, requiring coordination across enforcement agencies (Clause 1, Clause 3).","Amendment history and frequent updates mean ongoing regulatory monitoring is required to stay current (Amendment History)."],"plain_english_summary":"This Standard provides the definitions, application rules and compliance duties that make the Chapter 3 food safety standards operable in Australia. It defines who and what counts as a food business, food handler, proprietor and what “safe” and “suitable” food means, and allocates compliance responsibilities to proprietors and to food handlers. The stated objective is to ensure only safe and suitable food is sold in Australia; mechanically, the Standard ties obligations to defined actors and cross-references other Acts and Code limits."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on","history":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on/history","analysis":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-standard-3-1-1-interpretation-and-application-australia-on/documents"}}