{"id":"F2015L00435","name":"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi","slug":"australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":93037,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2015L00435-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi","content":"Schedule 23 Prohibited plants and fungi\n\nNote 1 This instrument is a standard under the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 (Cth). The standards together make up the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. See also section 1.1.1—3.\n\nProhibited plants and fungi are regulated by paragraphs 1.1.1—10(5)(a) and (6)(e) and Standard 1.4.4. This Standard lists plants and fungi for the definition of prohibited plant or fungus in section 1.1.2—3.\n\nNote 2 The provisions of the Code that apply in New Zealand are incorporated in, or adopted under, the Food Act 2014 (NZ). See also section 1.1.1—3.\n\nS23—1 Name\n\nThis Standard is Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 23 – Prohibited plants and fungi.\n\nNote Commencement: \nThis Standard commences on 1 March 2016, being the date specified as the commencement date in notices in the Gazette and the New Zealand Gazette under section 92 of the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 (Cth). See also section 93 of that Act.\n\nS23—2 Prohibited plants and fungi\n\nFor paragraph (a) of the definition of prohibited plant or fungus in section 1.1.2—3, the plants and fungi are:\n\nProhibited plants and fungi\n\n| Species name | Common name |\n| --------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| Abrus cantoniensis | |\n| Abrus precatorius | Jequirity seeds |\n| Acokanthera schimperi | Arrow poison tree |\n| Aconitum spp. | Aconite |\n| Acorus calamus | Calamus oil |\n| Adonis vernalis | False hellebore, Spring adonis |\n| Aesculus hippocastanum | Horse chestnut, Buckeye |\n| Alocasia macrorrhiza | Cunjevoi, Elephant ear, Kape, ‘Ape, Ta’amu |\n| Alstonia constricta | Alstonia |\n| Amanita muscaria | Agaricus, Fly agaric |\n| Amanita spp. | Amanita Mushroom |\n| Ammi visnaga | Bisnaga, Khella |\n| Anadenanthera peregrina | Cohoba yope, Niopo |\n| Anchusa officinalis | Bugloss |\n| Apocynum androsaemifolium | Bitter root, Spreading dogbane |\n| Apocynum cannabinum | Canadian hemp, Dogbane, Indian hemp |\n| Areca catechu nut | Betel nut |\n| Argyreia nervosa | Woolly morning glory |\n| Aristolochia spp. | Birthwort, Snakeroot |\n| Arnica spp. | Arnica |\n| Atropa belladonna | Deadly nightshade, Dwale |\n| Banisteriopsis spp. | Banisteria, Caapi |\n| Borago officinalis | Borage |\n| Brachyglottis spp. | Rangiora |\n| Brunfelsia uniflora | Manaca, Mercury |\n| Bryonia alba | European white bryony |\n| Bryonia dioica | White bryony |\n| Cacalia spp. | |\n| Calotropis spp. | Calotropis |\n| Cannabis spp. | Hemp, Marijuana |\n| Catha edulis | Khat, Chat |\n| Catharanthus spp. | Periwinkle |\n| Cestrum nocturnum | Queen of the night, Night blooming jessamine |\n| Chelidonium majus | Common celandine, Greater celandine |\n| Chenopodium ambrosioides | Wormseed, Mexican goosefoot, Pigweed, America wormseed |\n| Cicuta virosa | Cowbane, European water hemlock |\n| Clitocybe spp. | Fungi |\n| Colchicum autumnale | Autumn crocus, Meadow saffron |\n| Conium maculatum | Hemlock |\n| Conocybe spp. | |\n| Convallaria majalis | Lily of the Valley |\n| Copelandia spp. | Fungi |\n| Coprinus atramentarius | Common ink cap |\n| Coriaria spp. | Tutu, Tuupaakihi, Puuhou, Toot |\n| Cornyocarpus laevigatus seed | Karaka kernel, New Zealand laurel |\n| Coronilla spp. | Crown vetch |\n| Cortinarius spp. | Fungi |\n| Coryanthe yohimbe | Yohimbe |\n| Crotolaria spp. | Crotolaria |\n| Croton tiglium | Croton, Purging croton |\n| Cycas media | Zamia palm |\n| Cynoglossum officinale | Hound’s tongue, Beggar’s lice |\n| Cytisus scoparius (see Sarothamnus scoparius) | |\n| Daphne spp. | Daphne, Mezereum, Spurge laurel |\n| Datura stramonium | Jimson weed, Datura, Thornapple |\n| Delphinium spp. | Larkspur, Stavesacre |\n| Digitalis purpurea | Foxglove |\n| Dryopteris filix-mas | Male fern |\n| Duboisia spp. | Corkwood, Pituri |\n| Echium plantagineum | Patterson’s curse, Salvation Jane |\n| Echium vulgare | Viper’s bugloss |\n| Entoloma sinuatus | Fungus |\n| Ephedra sinica | Ma-huang |\n| Erysimum canescens | |\n| Euonymus europaeus | Spindle tree, Skewer wood |\n| Eupatorium rugosum | White snakeroot |\n| Euphorbia spp. | Euphorbia, Milkweed, Spurge, Pennyroyal oil |\n| Farfugium japonicum | |\n| Galanthus nivalis | Snowdrop |\n| Galerina spp. | Fungi |\n| Gelsemium sempervirens | Yellow Jessamine, Gelsemium |\n| Gymnopilus spp. | Fungi |\n| Gyromitra esculenta | False morel |\n| Haemadictyon amazonica | Yage |\n| Heliotropium spp. | Heliotrope |\n| Helleborous niger | Black hellebore, Christmas rose |\n| Hemerocallis fulva | Pale day lily |\n| Hippomane mancinella | Manzanillo |\n| Homeria breyniana (see Homeria collina) | |\n| Homeria collina | One-leaved cape tulip |\n| Homeria miniata | Two-leaved cape tulip |\n| Hydrastis canadensis | Goldenseal root or its extract |\n| Hydnocarpus anthelmentica | Chalmoogra seed |\n| Hyoscyamus niger | Black henbane, Stinking nightshade |\n| Hypholoma fasciculare | Sulphur tuft |\n| Ilex aquifolium | Holly, English holly |\n| Inocybe spp. | Fungi |\n| Ipomoea burmanni | Morning glory |\n| Ipomoea hederacea | Morning glory |\n| Ipomoea tricolor (see Ipomoea violacea) | |\n| Ipomoea violacea | Morning glory |\n| Juniperus sabina oil | Savin oil |\n| Kalmia latifolia | Calico bush, Mountain Laurel, Ivy Bush |\n| Laburnum anagyroides | Laburnum, Golden chain, Golden rain, Bean tree |\n| Lantana camara | Lantana |\n| Laurelia nova-zelandiae | Pukatea |\n| Lepiota morgani | Fungus |\n| Lithospermum spp. | |\n| Lobelia inflata | Indian tobacco, Lobelia |\n| Lophophora spp. | Peyote |\n| Lycium ferocissimum | Boxthorn, African boxthorn |\n| Mahonia aquifolium | Oregon grape or Mountain grape root or its extract |\n| Mandragora officinarum | European mandrake |\n| Manihot esculenta Crantz (other than Sweet Cassava) | Cassava |\n| Melia azedarach | White cedar, Indian bead tree, Chinaberry |\n| Menispermum canadense | Yellow parilla, Moonseed |\n| Myoporum laetum | Ngaio, Kaio |\n| Narcissus jonquille | Narcissus, Daffodil, Jonquil |\n| Narcissus poeticus | Narcissus, Daffodil, Jonquil |\n| Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Narcissus, Daffodil, Jonquil |\n| Nerium oleander | Oleander |\n| Nicotiana spp. | Tobacco |\n| Oenanthe aquatica (see Oenanthe phellandrium) | |\n| Oenanthe phellandrium | Water fennel, Water dropwort |\n| Omphalotus spp. | Fungi |\n| Opuntia cylindrica | San Pedro cactus, Cane cactus |\n| Panaeolus spp. | Fungi |\n| Papaver bracteatum | Oriental poppy |\n| Papaver somniferum (other than seeds) | Opium poppy |\n| Pausinystalia yohimbe (see Coryanthe yohimbe) | |\n| Peganum harmala | Wild rue |\n| Petasites spp. | Butterbur |\n| Peumus boldus | Boldo |\n| Phoradendron flavascens (see Viscum flavescens) | |\n| Phoradendron serotinum (see Viscum flavescens) | |\n| Phoradendron tomentosum (see Viscum flavescens) | |\n| Physostigma venenosum | Calabar bean, Ordeal bean |\n| Phytolacca decandra | Red pokeweed, Poke root |\n| Phytolacca americana (see Phytolacca decandra) | |\n| Phytolacca octandra | Inkweed, Red ink plant, Dyeberry |\n| Pilocarpus spp. | |\n| Piptadenia macrocarpa | Cebil colorado, Cura pag |\n| Piptadenia peregrina | Cohoba, Coxoba, Yoke |\n| Pithomyces chartarum | Fungus |\n| Pluteus spp. | Fungi |\n| Podophyllum peltatum | American mandrake, Mayapple, Podophyllum |\n| Prestonia amazonica (see Haemodictyon amazonica) | |\n| Prunus laurocerasus | Cherry laurel |\n| Psoralea corylifolia | Malay tea |\n| Psylocybe spp. | Fungi |\n| Pteridium aquilinum | Bracken Fern |\n| Pulmonaria spp. | Lungwort |\n| Punica granatum stem and root bark | Pomegranate |\n| Rauwolfia spp. | Devil pepper, Rauwolfia |\n| Ricinus communis | Castor bean, Castor oil plant |\n| Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust, False acacia |\n| Sanguinaria canadensis | Bloodroot, Bloodwort |\n| Sarothamnus scoparius | Common broom |\n| Scopolia carniolica | Scopolia |\n| Senecio spp. | Ragwort |\n| Solanum aviculare | Poroporo, Pooporo, Kohoho, Bullibulli |\n| Solanum diflorum | False Jerusalem cherry |\n| Solanum dulcamara | Bittersweet twigs, Blue bindweed, Woody nightshade, Nightshade |\n| Solanum laciniatum (see Solanum aviculare) | |\n| Solanum linnaenum (see Solanum sodomeum) | |\n| Solanum nigrum | Black nightshade |\n| Solanum pseudocapsicum | Jerusalem cherries |\n| Solanum sodomeum | Apple of Sodom |\n| Sophora microphylla | Kowhai |\n| Sophora secundiflora | Mescal bean |\n| Spartium junceum | Spanish broom |\n| Spigela marilandica | Pinkroot, Worm grass |\n| Strophanthus gratus | Strophanthus |\n| Strophanthus kombe | Strophanthus |\n| Stropharia cubensis | Fungus |\n| Strychnos gautheriana | Hoang nan |\n| Strychnos ignatii | Ignatious bean |\n| Strychnos malaccensis (see Strychnos gautheriana) | |\n| Strychnos nux-vomica | Poison nut, Nux vomica |\n| Symphytum asperum | Prickly comfrey |\n| Symphytum officinale | Common comfrey |\n| Symphytum x uplandicum | Russian comfrey |\n| Tamus communis | Blackeye root, Black bryony |\n| Taxus baccata | Yew, European yew, Common yew |\n| Thevetia neriifolia (see Thevetia peruviana) | |\n| Thevetia peruviana | Snake nut |\n| Trichodesma africana | |\n| Tricholoma muscarium | Fungus |\n| Tussilago farfara | Coltsfoot |\n| Veratrum spp. | Hellebore |\n| Vinca spp. | Periwinkle |\n| Virola sebifera | Cuajo negro, Camaticaro |\n| Viscum album | European mistletoe berries |\n| Viscum flavescens | American mistletoe |\n| Xysmalobium undulatum | Uzara, Thornbush |\n| Zamia integrifolia | Coonties, Florida arrowroot |\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ \n\nAmendment History\n\nThe Amendment History provides information about each amendment to the Schedule. The information includes commencement or cessation information for relevant amendments.\n\nThese amendments are made under section 92 of the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 unless otherwise indicated. Amendments do not have a specific date for cessation unless indicated as such.\n\nAbout this compilation\n\nThis is compilation No. 1 of Schedule 23 as in force on 13 April 2017 (up to Amendment No. 168). It includes any commenced amendment affecting the compilation to that date.\n\nPrepared by Food Standards Australia New Zealand on 13 April 2017.\n\nUncommenced amendments or provisions ceasing to have effect\n\nTo assist stakeholders, the effect of any uncommenced amendments or provisions which will cease to have effect, may be reflected in the Schedule as shaded boxed text with the relevant commencement or cessation date. These amendments will be reflected in a compilation registered on the Federal Register of Legislation including or omitting those amendments and provided in the Amendment History once the date is passed.\n\nThe following abbreviations may be used in the table below:\n\nad = added or inserted am = amended\n\nexp = expired or ceased to have effect rep = repealed\n\nrs = repealed and substituted\n\nSchedule 23 was published in the Food Standards Gazette No. FSC96 on 10 April 2015 as part of Amendment 154 (F2015L00435 –- 1 April 2015) and has since been amended as follows:\n\n| Section affected | A’ment No. | FRL registrationGazette | Commencement(Cessation) | How affected | Description of amendment |\n| ---------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------ | ------------------------ |\n| Note 1 to Std | 168 | F2017L0041411 April 2017FSC11013 April 2017 | 13 April 2017 | am | Cross-reference. |","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":2,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"No substantive change to the list of prohibited species is shown in this compilation. The only recorded amendment (Amendment No.168, registered 13 April 2017) is a cross-reference update; the Schedule’s substantive scope (the enumerated species) was not altered in the amendment history provided."},"complexity_factors":["Primarily a long enumerative list of species — low legal structure or multiple operative tests.","Reliance on cross-references to the Code (eg, definition in section 1.1.2—3 and paragraphs 1.1.1—10) increases interpretation work for practitioners.","Botanical nomenclature, synonyms and ‘see’ references (many species listed with cross-referenced names) create identification and compliance burdens.","Some entries carve out parts or exceptions (for example, ‘other than seeds’ for Papaver somniferum) which require attention to scope and enforcement.","Cross-jurisdictional application (adopted under New Zealand Food Act) adds regulatory coordination considerations.","Amendment history is administrative; tracking commencement dates and amendments is necessary for compliance but not substantively complex."],"plain_english_summary":"This Schedule adds a named list of plant and fungal species that the Code treats as “prohibited plant or fungus” for food purposes. Mechanically, it defines which species are banned from sale or use as food under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.\n\nIt affects food producers, importers, distributors, retailers and regulators by creating compliance obligations to avoid using, selling or permitting listed species in food; enforcement and labelling duties arise where those plants or fungi are present."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":3,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The Schedule maintains its original purpose as a straightforward prohibited substances list. While the list has grown through amendments (as evidenced by the amendment history), this represents natural expansion of the blacklist as new toxic species are identified or regulated, rather than scope creep into unrelated regulatory areas. The fundamental mechanism—listing prohibited species—remains unchanged from the original intent."},"complexity_factors":["Simple tabular structure with only two columns (scientific name and common name)","No conditional logic, exceptions, or procedural requirements within the Schedule itself","Minimal cross-referencing (only pointing to definitions in other sections of the Code)","Straightforward prohibition mechanism (inclusion on list = prohibited)","No calculations, thresholds, or compliance tests required","However, requires external knowledge of botany/taxonomy to interpret (scientific names are binding, common names are indicative only)","Relies on definitions and enforcement mechanisms in separate standards (1.1.2—3 and 1.4.4) and the parent Act"],"plain_english_summary":"This instrument sets a trans-Tasman blacklist of ~200+ plant and fungal species deemed unsafe for food, declaring them \"prohibited plants or fungi\" so they cannot be added to or sold as food in Australia and New Zealand. It affects food manufacturers, importers, farmers, foragers, and protects consumers by preventing poisoning, hallucinogenic effects, or other serious harm from contaminated food."},"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"Unauthenticated. Configure AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY or use a provider module. Learn more: https://ai-sdk.dev/unauthenticated-ai-gateway","source":"analysis-cron"}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi","history":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi/history","analysis":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-23-prohibited-plants-and-fungi/documents"}}