{"id":"F2015L00442","name":"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 16 – Types of substances that may be used as food additives","slug":"australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"in_force","isInForce":true,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":93047,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2015L00442-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"InForce","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 16 – Types of substances that may be used as food additives","content":"Schedule 16 Types of substances that may be used as food additives\n\nNote 1 This instrument is a standard under the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 (Cth). The standards together make up the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. See also section 1.1.1—3.\n\nSubstances used as food additives are regulated by Standard 1.1.1 and Standard 1.3.1. This Standard lists substances for the definitions, in subsection 1.1.2—11(3), of additive permitted at GMP, colouring permitted at GMP and colouring permitted to a maximum level.\n\nNote 2 The provisions of the Code that apply in New Zealand are incorporated in, or adopted under, the Food Act 2014 (NZ). See also section 1.1.1—3.\n\nS16—1 Name\n\nThis Standard is Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Schedule 16 – Types of substances that may be used as food additives.\n\nNote Commencement:  \nThis Standard commences on 1 March 2016, being the date specified as the commencement date in notices in the Gazette and the New Zealand Gazette under section 92 of the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 (Cth). See also section 93 of that Act.\n\nS16—2 Additives permitted at GMP\n\nFor subsection 1.1.2—11(3), the additives permitted at GMP are the substances listed in the following table (first in alphabetical order, then in numerical order):\n\nAdditives permitted at GMP—alphabetical listing\n\n| Acetic acid, glacial                                                             | 260  |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---- |\n| Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         | 472a |\n| Acetylated distarch adipate                                                      | 1422 |\n| Acetylated distarch phosphate                                                    | 1414 |\n| Acetylated oxidised starch                                                       | 1451 |\n| Acid treated starch                                                              | 1401 |\n| Adipic acid                                                                      | 355  |\n| Advantame                                                                        | 969  |\n| Agar                                                                             | 406  |\n| Alginic acid                                                                     | 400  |\n| Alkaline treated starch                                                          | 1402 |\n| Aluminium silicate                                                               | 559  |\n| Ammonium acetate                                                                 | 264  |\n| Ammonium alginate                                                                | 403  |\n| Ammonium carbonates                                                              | 503  |\n| Ammonium chloride                                                                | 510  |\n| Ammonium citrates                                                                | 380  |\n| Ammonium fumarate                                                                | 368  |\n| Ammonium lactate                                                                 | 328  |\n| Ammonium malate                                                                  | 349  |\n| Ammonium phosphates                                                              | 342  |\n| Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid                                              | 442  |\n| Arabinogalactan (larch gum)                                                      | 409  |\n| Ascorbic acid                                                                    | 300  |\n| Aspartame (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)               | 951  |\n| Beeswax, white & yellow                                                          | 901  |\n| Bentonite                                                                        | 558  |\n| Bleached starch                                                                  | 1403 |\n| Butane (for pressurised food containers only)                                    | 943a |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Calcium acetate                                                                  | 263  |\n| Calcium alginate                                                                 | 404  |\n| Calcium aluminium silicate                                                       | 556  |\n| Calcium ascorbate                                                                | 302  |\n| Calcium carbonates                                                               | 170  |\n| Calcium chloride                                                                 | 509  |\n| Calcium citrate                                                                  | 333  |\n| Calcium fumarate                                                                 | 367  |\n| Calcium gluconate                                                                | 578  |\n| Calcium glutamate, Di-L-                                                         | 623  |\n| Calcium hydroxide                                                                | 526  |\n| Calcium lactate                                                                  | 327  |\n| Calcium lactylates                                                               | 482  |\n| Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)                                                  | 1522 |\n| Calcium malates                                                                  | 352  |\n| Calcium oxide                                                                    | 529  |\n| Calcium phosphates                                                               | 341  |\n| Calcium silicate                                                                 | 552  |\n| Calcium sulphate                                                                 | 516  |\n| Calcium tartrate                                                                 | 354  |\n| Carbon dioxide                                                                   | 290  |\n| Carnauba wax                                                                     | 903  |\n| Carrageenan                                                                      | 407  |\n| Cellulose, microcrystalline and powdered                                         | 460  |\n| Citric acid                                                                      | 330  |\n| Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         | 472c |\n| Cupric sulphate                                                                  | 519  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Dextrin roasted starch                                                           | 1400 |\n| Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol                               | 472e |\n| Disodium guanylate, 5′-                                                          | 627  |\n| Disodium inosinate, 5′-                                                          | 631  |\n| Disodium ribonucleotides, 5′-                                                    | 635  |\n| Distarch phosphate                                                               | 1412 |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Enzyme treated starches                                                          | 1405 |\n| Erythorbic acid                                                                  | 315  |\n| Erythritol                                                                       | 968  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Fatty acid salts of aluminium, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium | 470  |\n| Ferric ammonium citrate                                                          | 381  |\n| Ferrous gluconate                                                                | 579  |\n| *Permitted flavouring substances, excluding quinine and caffeine                 | -    |\n| Fumaric acid                                                                     | 297  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Gellan gum                                                                       | 418  |\n| Glucono delta-lactone                                                            | 575  |\n| Glycerin (glycerol)                                                              | 422  |\n| Guar gum                                                                         | 412  |\n| Gum arabic (Acacia)                                                              | 414  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Hydrochloric acid                                                                | 507  |\n| Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                          | 463  |\n| Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate                                                 | 1442 |\n| Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose                                                    | 464  |\n| Hydroxypropyl starch                                                             | 1440 |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Isobutane (for pressurised food containers only)                                 | 943b |\n| Isomalt                                                                          | 953  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Karaya gum                                                                       | 416  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| L-glutamic acid                                                                  | 620  |\n| Lactic acid                                                                      | 270  |\n| Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         | 472b |\n| Lactitol                                                                         | 966  |\n| Lecithin                                                                         | 322  |\n| Locust bean (carob bean) gum                                                     | 410  |\n| Lysozyme                                                                         | 1105 |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Magnesium carbonates                                                             | 504  |\n| Magnesium chloride                                                               | 511  |\n| Magnesium glutamate, Di-L-                                                       | 625  |\n| Magnesium lactate                                                                | 329  |\n| Magnesium phosphates                                                             | 343  |\n| Magnesium silicates                                                              | 553  |\n| Magnesium sulphate                                                               | 518  |\n| Malic acid                                                                       | 296  |\n| Maltitol & maltitol syrup                                                        | 965  |\n| Mannitol                                                                         | 421  |\n| Metatartaric acid                                                                | 353  |\n| Methyl cellulose                                                                 | 461  |\n| Methyl ethylcellulose                                                            | 465  |\n| Monk fruit extract (luo han guo extract)                                         | –    |\n| Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids                                            | 471  |\n| Monoammonium glutamate, L-                                                       | 624  |\n| Monopotassium glutamate, L-                                                      | 622  |\n| Monosodium glutamate, L-                                                         | 621  |\n| Monostarch phosphate                                                             | 1410 |\n| Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) chitosan                                            | –    |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Nitrogen                                                                         | 941  |\n| Neotame (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)                 | 961  |\n| Nitrous oxide                                                                    | 942  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Octafluorocyclobutane (for pressurised food containers only)                     | 946  |\n| Oxidised starch                                                                  | 1404 |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Pectins                                                                          | 440  |\n| Petrolatum (petroleum jelly)                                                     | 905b |\n| Phosphated distarch phosphate                                                    | 1413 |\n| Polydextroses                                                                    | 1200 |\n| Polydimethylsiloxane                                                             | 900a |\n| Polyethylene glycol 8000                                                         | 1521 |\n| Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate                                         | 433  |\n| Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate                                       | 435  |\n| Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate                                        | 436  |\n| Polyphosphates                                                                   | 452  |\n| Potassium acetate or potassium diacetate                                         | 261  |\n| Potassium adipate (Salt reduced and low sodium foods only)                       | 357  |\n| Potassium alginate                                                               | 402  |\n| Potassium ascorbate                                                              | 303  |\n| Potassium carbonates                                                             | 501  |\n| Potassium chloride                                                               | 508  |\n| Potassium citrates                                                               | 332  |\n| Potassium fumarate                                                               | 366  |\n| Potassium gluconate                                                              | 577  |\n| Potassium lactate                                                                | 326  |\n| Potassium malates                                                                | 351  |\n| Potassium phosphates                                                             | 340  |\n| Potassium sodium tartrate                                                        | 337  |\n| Potassium sulphate                                                               | 515  |\n| Potassium tartrates                                                              | 336  |\n| Processed eucheuma seaweed                                                       | 407a |\n| Propane (for pressurised food containers only)                                   | 944  |\n| Propylene glycol                                                                 | 1520 |\n| Propylene glycol alginate                                                        | 405  |\n| Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids                                           | 477  |\n| Pyrophosphates                                                                   | 450  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Shellac                                                                          | 904  |\n| Silicon dioxide (amorphous)                                                      | 551  |\n| Sodium acetates                                                                  | 262  |\n| Sodium alginate                                                                  | 401  |\n| Sodium aluminosilicate                                                           | 554  |\n| Sodium ascorbate                                                                 | 301  |\n| Sodium carbonates                                                                | 500  |\n| Sodium carboxymethylcellulose                                                    | 466  |\n| Sodium citrates                                                                  | 331  |\n| Sodium erythorbate                                                               | 316  |\n| Sodium fumarate                                                                  | 365  |\n| Sodium gluconate                                                                 | 576  |\n| Sodium lactate                                                                   | 325  |\n| Sodium lactylates                                                                | 481  |\n| Sodium malates                                                                   | 350  |\n| Sodium phosphates                                                                | 339  |\n| Sodium sulphates                                                                 | 514  |\n| Sodium tartrate                                                                  | 335  |\n| Sorbitan monostearate                                                            | 491  |\n| Sorbitan tristearate                                                             | 492  |\n| Sorbitol                                                                         | 420  |\n| Starch acetate                                                                   | 1420 |\n| Starch sodium octenylsuccinate                                                   | 1450 |\n| Stearic acid                                                                     | 570  |\n| Sucralose (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)               | 955  |\n| Sucrose esters of fatty acids                                                    | 473  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Tara gum                                                                         | 417  |\n| Tartaric acid                                                                    | 334  |\n| Tartaric, acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol (mixed)                       | 472f |\n| Thaumatin                                                                        | 957  |\n| Tragacanth gum                                                                   | 413  |\n| Triacetin                                                                        | 1518 |\n| Triphosphates                                                                    | 451  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Xanthan gum                                                                      | 415  |\n| Xylitol                                                                          | 967  |\n|                                                                                  |      |\n| Yeast mannoproteins                                                              | 455  |\n\n  \n\nAdditives permitted at GMP—numerical listing\n\n| –    | Monk fruit extract (luo han guo extract)                                         |\n| ---- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| –    | Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) chitosan                                            |\n| –    | *Permitted flavouring substances, excluding quinine and caffeine                 |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 170  | Calcium carbonates                                                               |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 260  | Acetic acid, glacial                                                             |\n| 261  | Potassium acetate or potassium diacetate                                         |\n| 262  | Sodium acetates                                                                  |\n| 263  | Calcium acetate                                                                  |\n| 264  | Ammonium acetate                                                                 |\n| 270  | Lactic acid                                                                      |\n| 290  | Carbon dioxide                                                                   |\n| 296  | Malic acid                                                                       |\n| 297  | Fumaric acid                                                                     |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 300  | Ascorbic acid                                                                    |\n| 301  | Sodium ascorbate                                                                 |\n| 302  | Calcium ascorbate                                                                |\n| 303  | Potassium ascorbate                                                              |\n| 315  | Erythorbic acid                                                                  |\n| 316  | Sodium erythorbate                                                               |\n| 322  | Lecithin                                                                         |\n| 325  | Sodium lactate                                                                   |\n| 326  | Potassium lactate                                                                |\n| 327  | Calcium lactate                                                                  |\n| 328  | Ammonium lactate                                                                 |\n| 329  | Magnesium lactate                                                                |\n| 330  | Citric acid                                                                      |\n| 331  | Sodium citrates                                                                  |\n| 332  | Potassium citrates                                                               |\n| 333  | Calcium citrate                                                                  |\n| 334  | Tartaric acid                                                                    |\n| 335  | Sodium tartrate                                                                  |\n| 336  | Potassium tartrates                                                              |\n| 337  | Potassium sodium tartrate                                                        |\n| 339  | Sodium phosphates                                                                |\n| 340  | Potassium phosphates                                                             |\n| 341  | Calcium phosphates                                                               |\n| 342  | Ammonium phosphates                                                              |\n| 343  | Magnesium phosphates                                                             |\n| 349  | Ammonium malate                                                                  |\n| 350  | Sodium malates                                                                   |\n| 351  | Potassium malates                                                                |\n| 352  | Calcium malates                                                                  |\n| 353  | Metatartaric acid                                                                |\n| 354  | Calcium tartrate                                                                 |\n| 355  | Adipic acid                                                                      |\n| 357  | Potassium adipate (Salt reduced and low sodium foods only)                       |\n| 365  | Sodium fumarate                                                                  |\n| 366  | Potassium fumarate                                                               |\n| 367  | Calcium fumarate                                                                 |\n| 368  | Ammonium fumarate                                                                |\n| 380  | Ammonium citrates                                                                |\n| 381  | Ferric ammonium citrate                                                          |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 400  | Alginic acid                                                                     |\n| 401  | Sodium alginate                                                                  |\n| 402  | Potassium alginate                                                               |\n| 403  | Ammonium alginate                                                                |\n| 404  | Calcium alginate                                                                 |\n| 405  | Propylene glycol alginate                                                        |\n| 406  | Agar                                                                             |\n| 407  | Carrageenan                                                                      |\n| 407a | Processed eucheuma seaweed                                                       |\n| 409  | Arabinogalactan (larch gum)                                                      |\n| 410  | Locust bean (carob bean) gum                                                     |\n| 412  | Guar gum                                                                         |\n| 413  | Tragacanth gum                                                                   |\n| 414  | Gum arabic (Acacia)                                                              |\n| 415  | Xanthan gum                                                                      |\n| 416  | Karaya gum                                                                       |\n| 417  | Tara gum                                                                         |\n| 418  | Gellan gum                                                                       |\n| 420  | Sorbitol                                                                         |\n| 421  | Mannitol                                                                         |\n| 422  | Glycerin (glycerol)                                                              |\n| 433  | Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate                                         |\n| 435  | Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate                                       |\n| 436  | Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate                                        |\n| 440  | Pectins                                                                          |\n| 442  | Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid                                              |\n| 450  | Pyrophosphates                                                                   |\n| 451  | Triphosphates                                                                    |\n| 452  | Polyphosphates                                                                   |\n| 455  | Yeast mannoproteins                                                              |\n| 460  | Cellulose, microcrystalline and powdered                                         |\n| 461  | Methyl cellulose                                                                 |\n| 463  | Hydroxypropyl cellulose                                                          |\n| 464  | Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose                                                    |\n| 465  | Methyl ethylcellulose                                                            |\n| 466  | Sodium carboxymethylcellulose                                                    |\n| 470  | Fatty acid salts of aluminium, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium |\n| 471  | Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids                                            |\n| 472a | Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         |\n| 472b | Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         |\n| 472c | Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol                                         |\n| 472e | Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol                               |\n| 472f | Tartaric, acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol (mixed)                       |\n| 473  | Sucrose esters of fatty acids                                                    |\n| 477  | Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids                                           |\n| 481  | Sodium lactylates                                                                |\n| 482  | Calcium lactylates                                                               |\n| 491  | Sorbitan monostearate                                                            |\n| 492  | Sorbitan tristearate                                                             |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 500  | Sodium carbonates                                                                |\n| 501  | Potassium carbonates                                                             |\n| 503  | Ammonium carbonates                                                              |\n| 504  | Magnesium carbonates                                                             |\n| 507  | Hydrochloric acid                                                                |\n| 508  | Potassium chloride                                                               |\n| 509  | Calcium chloride                                                                 |\n| 510  | Ammonium chloride                                                                |\n| 511  | Magnesium chloride                                                               |\n| 514  | Sodium sulphates                                                                 |\n| 515  | Potassium sulphate                                                               |\n| 516  | Calcium sulphate                                                                 |\n| 518  | Magnesium sulphate                                                               |\n| 519  | Cupric sulphate                                                                  |\n| 526  | Calcium hydroxide                                                                |\n| 529  | Calcium oxide                                                                    |\n| 551  | Silicon dioxide (amorphous)                                                      |\n| 552  | Calcium silicate                                                                 |\n| 553  | Magnesium silicates                                                              |\n| 554  | Sodium aluminosilicate                                                           |\n| 556  | Calcium aluminium silicate                                                       |\n| 558  | Bentonite                                                                        |\n| 559  | Aluminium silicate                                                               |\n| 570  | Stearic acid                                                                     |\n| 575  | Glucono delta-lactone                                                            |\n| 576  | Sodium gluconate                                                                 |\n| 577  | Potassium gluconate                                                              |\n| 578  | Calcium gluconate                                                                |\n| 579  | Ferrous gluconate                                                                |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 620  | L-glutamic acid                                                                  |\n| 621  | Monosodium glutamate, L-                                                         |\n| 622  | Monopotassium glutamate, L-                                                      |\n| 623  | Calcium glutamate, Di-L-                                                         |\n| 624  | Monoammonium glutamate, L-                                                       |\n| 625  | Magnesium glutamate, Di-L-                                                       |\n| 627  | Disodium guanylate, 5′-                                                          |\n| 631  | Disodium inosinate, 5′-                                                          |\n| 635  | Disodium ribonucleotides, 5′-                                                    |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 900a | Polydimethylsiloxane                                                             |\n| 901  | Beeswax, white & yellow                                                          |\n| 903  | Carnauba wax                                                                     |\n| 904  | Shellac                                                                          |\n| 905b | Petrolatum (petroleum jelly)                                                     |\n| 941  | Nitrogen                                                                         |\n| 942  | Nitrous oxide                                                                    |\n| 943a | Butane (for pressurised food containers only)                                    |\n| 943b | Isobutane (for pressurised food containers only)                                 |\n| 944  | Propane (for pressurised food containers only)                                   |\n| 946  | Octafluorocyclobutane (for pressurised food containers only)                     |\n| 951  | Aspartame (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)               |\n| 953  | Isomalt                                                                          |\n| 955  | Sucralose (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)               |\n| 957  | Thaumatin                                                                        |\n| 961  | Neotame (technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only)                 |\n| 965  | Maltitol & maltitol syrup                                                        |\n| 966  | Lactitol                                                                         |\n| 967  | Xylitol                                                                          |\n| 968  | Erythritol                                                                       |\n| 969  | Advantame                                                                        |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 1105 | Lysozyme                                                                         |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 1200 | Polydextroses                                                                    |\n|      |                                                                                  |\n| 1400 | Dextrin roasted starch                                                           |\n| 1401 | Acid treated starch                                                              |\n| 1402 | Alkaline treated starch                                                          |\n| 1403 | Bleached starch                                                                  |\n| 1404 | Oxidised starch                                                                  |\n| 1405 | Enzyme treated starches                                                          |\n| 1410 | Monostarch phosphate                                                             |\n| 1412 | Distarch phosphate                                                               |\n| 1413 | Phosphated distarch phosphate                                                    |\n| 1414 | Acetylated distarch phosphate                                                    |\n| 1420 | Starch acetate                                                                   |\n| 1422 | Acetylated distarch adipate                                                      |\n| 1440 | Hydroxypropyl starch                                                             |\n| 1442 | Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate                                                 |\n| 1450 | Starch sodium octenylsuccinate                                                   |\n| 1451 | Acetylated oxidised starch                                                       |\n| 1518 | Triacetin                                                                        |\n| 1520 | Propylene glycol                                                                 |\n| 1521 | Polyethylene glycol 8000                                                         |\n| 1522 | Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)                                                  |\n\nS16—3 Colourings permitted at GMP\n\n(1) For section subsection 1.1.2—11(3), the \\*colourings permitted at GMP are the substances listed in the following table (first in alphabetical order, then in numerical order):\n\nColouring permitted at GMP—alphabetical listing\n\n| Alkanet (& Alkannin)                               | 103  |\n| -------------------------------------------------- | ---- |\n| Anthocyanins                                       | 163  |\n| Beet Red                                           | 162  |\n| Caramel I – plain                                  | 150a |\n| Caramel II – caustic sulphite process              | 150b |\n| Caramel III –ammonia process                       | 150c |\n| Caramel IV – ammonia sulphite process              | 150d |\n| Carotenal, b-apo-8′-                               | 160e |\n| Carotenes                                          | 160a |\n| Carotenoic acid, b-apo-8′-, methyl or ethyl esters | 160f |\n| Chlorophylls                                       | 140  |\n| Chlorophylls, copper complexes                     | 141  |\n| Cochineal and carmines                             | 120  |\n| Curcumins                                          | 100  |\n| Flavoxanthin                                       | 161a |\n| Iron oxides                                        | 172  |\n| Kryptoxanthin                                      | 161c |\n| Lutein                                             | 161b |\n| Lycopene                                           | 160d |\n| Paprika oleoresins                                 | 160c |\n| Rhodoxanthin                                       | 161f |\n| Riboflavins                                        | 101  |\n| Rubixanthan                                        | 161d |\n| Saffron, crocetin and crocin                       | 164  |\n| Titanium dioxide                                   | 171  |\n| Vegetable carbon                                   | 153  |\n| Violoxanthin                                       | 161e |\n\n  \n\nColouring permitted at GMP—numerical listing\n\n| 100  | Curcumins                                          |\n| ---- | -------------------------------------------------- |\n| 101  | Riboflavins                                        |\n| 103  | Alkanet (& Alkannin)                               |\n| 120  | Cochineal and carmines                             |\n| 140  | Chlorophylls                                       |\n| 141  | Chlorophylls, copper complexes                     |\n| 150a | Caramel I – plain                                  |\n| 150b | Caramel II – caustic sulphite process              |\n| 150c | Caramel III – ammonia process                      |\n| 150d | Caramel IV – ammonia sulphite process              |\n| 153  | Vegetable carbon                                   |\n| 160a | Carotenes                                          |\n| 160c | Paprika oleoresins                                 |\n| 160d | Lycopene                                           |\n| 160e | Carotenal, b-apo-8′-                               |\n| 160f | Carotenoic acid, b-apo-8′-, methyl or ethyl esters |\n| 161a | Flavoxanthin                                       |\n| 161b | Lutein                                             |\n| 161c | Kryptoxanthin                                      |\n| 161d | Rubixanthan                                        |\n| 161e | Violoxanthin                                       |\n| 161f | Rhodoxanthin                                       |\n| 162  | Beet Red                                           |\n| 163  | Anthocyanins                                       |\n| 164  | Saffron, crocetin and crocin                       |\n| 171  | Titanium dioxide                                   |\n| 172  | Iron oxides                                        |\n\nS16—4 Colourings permitted to a maximum level\n\nFor subsection 1.1.2—11(3), the colourings permitted to a maximum level are the substances listed in the following table (first in alphabetical order, then in numerical order):\n\nNote See subsection 1.3.1—4(3), which establishes a maximum level for all colourings used in a food\n\nColourings permitted to maximum level—alphabetical listing\n\n| Allura red AC          | 129 |\n| ---------------------- | --- |\n| Azorubine / Carmoisine | 122 |\n| Brilliant black BN     | 151 |\n| Brilliant blue FCF     | 133 |\n| Brown HT               | 155 |\n| Fast green FCF         | 143 |\n| Green S                | 142 |\n| Indigotine             | 132 |\n| Ponceau 4R             | 124 |\n| Quinoline yellow       | 104 |\n| Sunset yellow FCF      | 110 |\n| Tartrazine             | 102 |\n\nColourings permitted to maximum level—numerical listing\n\n| 102 | Tartrazine             |\n| --- | ---------------------- |\n| 104 | Quinoline yellow       |\n| 110 | Sunset yellow FCF      |\n| 122 | Azorubine / Carmoisine |\n| 124 | Ponceau 4R             |\n| 129 | Allura red AC          |\n| 132 | Indigotine             |\n| 133 | Brilliant blue FCF     |\n| 142 | Green S                |\n| 143 | Fast green FCF         |\n| 151 | Brilliant black BN     |\n| 155 | Brown HT               |\n\n\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_  \n\nAmendment History\n\nThe Amendment History provides information about each amendment to the Schedule. The information includes commencement or cessation information for relevant amendments.\n\nThese amendments are made under section 92 of the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 unless otherwise indicated. Amendments do not have a specific date for cessation unless indicated as such.\n\nAbout this compilation\n\nThis is compilation No. 3 of Schedule 16 as in force on 16 September 2025 (up to Amendment No. 244). It includes any commenced amendment affecting the compilation to that date.\n\nPrepared by Food Standards Australia New Zealand on 16 September 2025.\n\nUncommenced amendments or provisions ceasing to have effect.\n\nTo assist stakeholders, the effect of any uncommenced amendments or provisions which will cease to have effect, may be reflected in the Schedule as shaded boxed text with the relevant commencement or cessation date. These amendments will be reflected in a compilation registered on the Federal Register of Legislation including or omitting those amendments and provided in the Amendment History once the date is passed.\n\nThe following abbreviations may be used in the table below:\n\nad = added or inserted am = amended\n\nexp = expired or ceased to have effect rep = repealed\n\nrs = repealed and substituted\n\nSchedule 16 was published in the Food Standards Gazette No. FSC96 on 10 April 2015 as part of Amendment 154 (F2015L00442 –- 1 April 2015) and has since been amended as follows:\n\n| Section affected | A’ment No. | FRL registrationGazette                     | Commencement(Cessation) | How affected | Description of amendment                                                                             |\n| ---------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| S16—3            | 168        | F2017L0041411 April 2017FSC11013 April 2017 | 13 April 2017           | am           | Heading (colouring) to correct inconsistency with defined term.                                      |\n| S16—2            | 183        | F2019L0003711 Jan 2019FSC12423 Jan 2019     | 23 January 2019         | ad           | Entry for Monk fruit extract (luo han guo extract) ‘alphabetical listing’                            |\n| S16—2            | 244        | F2025L0108111 Sep 2025FSC 18416 Sep 2025    | 16 Sep 2025             | am           | Insert into table titled Additives permitted at GMP—alphabetical listing entry for Mushroom chitosan |\n| S16—2            | 244        | F2025L0108111 Sep 2025FSC 18416 Sep 2025    | 16 Sep 2025             | am           | Insert into table titled Additives permitted at GMP— numerical listing entry for Mushroom chitosan   |","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"flash_summary_failed":{"failed":true,"reason":"Unauthenticated. Configure AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY or use a provider module. Learn more: https://ai-sdk.dev/unauthenticated-ai-gateway","source":"analysis-cron"},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The Schedule’s scope has been expanded and corrected by later amendments. Amendment No.183 added Monk fruit extract (commencement 23 Jan 2019) and Amendment No.244 inserted Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) chitosan (commencement 16 Sep 2025); Amendment No.168 corrected a heading (13 Apr 2017). See the Amendment History for details of these changes."},"complexity_factors":["Large, detailed lists of substances across multiple tables (S16—2, S16—3, S16—4) increase operational checking costs for businesses.","Cross-references to other Code provisions for conditions and limits (subsection 1.1.2—11(3); section 1.3.1—4(3); section 1.3.1—5) require users to consult multiple standards.","Duplicate presentations (alphabetical and numerical listings) create potential for reconciliation errors when applying rules.","Special-case annotations (e.g. ‘for pressurised food containers only’, technological‑use restrictions) add conditional compliance requirements (S16—2 entries such as 943a‑946 and sweetener notes).","Some entries lack numeric identifiers (e.g. Monk fruit extract; Mushroom chitosan) which can complicate automated compliance systems (S16—2 tables).","Amendment history and uncommenced/commenced amendment tracking require firms to monitor updates (Amendment History section).","Interjurisdictional note (application in New Zealand via Food Act 2014 (NZ)) adds regulatory alignment considerations (Notes at top)."],"plain_english_summary":"This Schedule to the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code lists the specific substances allowed as food additives and colourings, split into categories: additives permitted at GMP, colourings permitted at GMP, and colourings permitted to a maximum level. It matters to food manufacturers, importers and regulators because it defines which substances may be used and points to other Code sections that set use conditions and maximum levels."},"kimi_summary":{"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":4,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The schedule maintains its original purpose as a reference list of permitted food additives. While it has been amended to add new substances (e.g., Monk fruit extract in 2019, Mushroom chitosan in 2025), these additions represent the intended evolutionary nature of food standards rather than scope creep. The structure remains consistent with its original design as a lookup table for permitted substances."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive tabular data with 200+ substance entries across multiple categories","Cross-references to other standards (1.1.1, 1.1.2—11, 1.3.1) for definitions and usage conditions","Dual indexing system (alphabetical and numerical by INS/E number) creating redundancy but aiding lookup","Conditional restrictions embedded in entries (e.g., 'for pressurised food containers only', 'Salt reduced and low sodium foods only', 'technological use consistent with section 1.3.1—5 only')","Use of technical chemical nomenclature and international numbering system (INS numbers)","Dependency on external definitions (GMP - Good Manufacturing Practice) not defined within the schedule itself","Amendment history tracking showing evolutionary changes to the list"],"plain_english_summary":"This schedule to the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code lists the food additives legally allowed in Australia and New Zealand, distinguishing additives permitted under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), colourings permitted at GMP, and colourings permitted only to specified maximum levels. \n\nIt matters to food manufacturers, importers, regulators and consumers because it defines what additives may be used and under what limits, protecting public health and enabling compliance and enforcement."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a","history":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a/history","analysis":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/australia-new-zealand-food-standards-code-schedule-16-types-of-substances-that-may-be-used-as-food-a/documents"}}