{"id":"F2009L04101","name":"ASA 705 - Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report - October 2009","slug":"asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":81702,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2009L04101-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-02","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"Contact Details","sectionType":"section","heading":"Contact Details","content":"##### Contact Details\n\n| Auditing and Assurance Standards BoardLevel 7, 600 Bourke StreetMelbourne Victoria 3000AUSTRALIA | Phone: (03) 8080 7400Fax: (03) 8080 7450E-mail: enquiries@auasb.gov.auPostal Address:PO Box 204Collins Street WestMelbourne Victoria 8007AUSTRALIA |\n| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n\nCOPYRIGHT\n\n© 2011 Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. The text, graphics and layout of this compiled Auditing Standard are protected by Australian copyright law and the comparable law of other countries. Reproduction within Australia in unaltered form (retaining this notice) is permitted for personal and non-commercial use subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights for commercial purposes within Australia should be addressed to the Executive Director, Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, PO Box 204, Collins Street West, Melbourne Victoria 8007. Otherwise, no part of this compiled Auditing Standard may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the AUASB except as permitted by law.\n\nISSN 1833-4393","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"CONTENTS","sectionType":"part","heading":"CONTENTS","content":"#   \nCONTENTS\n\nCOMPILATION DETAILS\n\nAUTHORITY STATEMENT\n\nParagraphs\n\nApplication............................... Aus 0.1-Aus 0.2\n\nOperative Date............................. Aus 0.3\n\nIntroduction\n\nScope of this Auditing Standard.................. 1\n\nTypes of Modified Opinions..................... 2\n\nEffective Date.............................. 3\n\nObjective................................. 4\n\nDefinitions................................ 5\n\nRequirements\n\nCircumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required 6\n\nDetermining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion 7-15\n\nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified 16-27\n\nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance... 28\n\nApplication and Other Explanatory Material\n\nTypes of Modified Opinions..................... A1\n\nNature of Material Misstatements................. A2-A7\n\nNature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence A8-A12\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement Aus A12.1-Aus A15.1\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion A16\n\nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified A17-A24\n\nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance... A25\n\nConformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nAppendix 1: Illustrations of Auditors’ Reports with Modifications to the Opinion – General Purpose Financial Reports","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"COMPILATION DETAILS","sectionType":"part","heading":"COMPILATION DETAILS","content":"#   \nCOMPILATION DETAILS\n\nAuditing Standard ASA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor’s Report as Amended\n\nThis compilation takes into account amendments made up to and including 27 June 2011 and was prepared on 27 June 2011 by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB).\n\nThis compilation is not a separate Auditing Standard made by the AUASB. Instead, it is a representation of ASA 705 (October 2009) as amended by another Auditing Standard which is listed in the Table below.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Standards","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"Table of Standards","content":"#### Table of Standards\n\n| Standard   | Date made       | Operative date |\n| ---------- | --------------- | -------------- |\n| ASA 705    | 27 October 2009 | 1 January 2010 |\n| ASA 2011-1 | 27 June 2011    | 1 July 2011    |","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Amendments","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"Table of Amendments","content":"#### Table of Amendments\n\n| Paragraph affected                  | How affected | By … [paragraph] |\n| ----------------------------------- | ------------ | ---------------- |\n| A24                                 | Amended      | ASA 2011-1 [61]  |\n| Appendix 1Illustrations 1,2,3,4 & 5 | Amended      | ASA 2011-1 [62]  |\n| Appendix 1Illustration 3A           | Amended      | ASA 2011-1 [63]  |\n\n##   \nAUTHORITY STATEMENT\n\nAuditing Standard ASA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report (as amended at 27 June 2011) is set out in paragraphs 1 to A25 and Appendix 1.\n\nThis Auditing Standard is to be read in conjunction with ASA 101 Preamble to Australian Auditing Standards, which sets out the intentions of the AUASB on how the Australian Auditing Standards, operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010, are to be understood, interpreted and applied. This Auditing Standard is to be read also in conjunction with ASA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Australian Auditing Standards.\n\nDated: 27 June 2011 M H Kelsall  \nChairman - AUASB","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"AUTHORITY STATEMENT","sectionType":"part","heading":"AUTHORITY STATEMENT","content":"##   \nAUTHORITY STATEMENT\n\nAuditing Standard ASA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report (as amended at 27 June 2011) is set out in paragraphs 1 to A25 and Appendix 1.\n\nThis Auditing Standard is to be read in conjunction with ASA 101 Preamble to Australian Auditing Standards, which sets out the intentions of the AUASB on how the Australian Auditing Standards, operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010, are to be understood, interpreted and applied. This Auditing Standard is to be read also in conjunction with ASA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Australian Auditing Standards.","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"Auditing Standard ASA 705","sectionType":"part","heading":"Auditing Standard ASA 705","content":"## Auditing Standard ASA 705\n\n### Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report\n\n##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.\n\n##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\n##### Introduction\n\n###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)\n\n###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]\n\n##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.\n\n##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.\n\n##### Requirements\n\n###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)\n\n###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)\n\n###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”\n\n######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*\n\n##### Application and Other Explanatory Material\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.\n\n###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.\n\n###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)\n\n###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)\n\n######   \nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)\n\n1.  Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.\n2.  An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.\n3.  Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:\n    1.  The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or\n    2.  In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.\n\nAus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations  \nAct 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n1.  An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.\n\nOpinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)\n\n1.  Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.\n\nIllustrative Auditors’ Reports\n\n1.  Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.\n2.  Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.\n\n###### Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)\n\n1.  Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:\n    1.  The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);\n    2.  The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and\n    3.  Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).\n\n##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"Modifications to the Opinion in the Inde","sectionType":"division","heading":"Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report","content":"## Auditing Standard ASA 705\n\n### Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report\n\n##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.\n\n##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\n##### Introduction\n\n###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)\n\n###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]\n\n##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.\n\n##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.\n\n##### Requirements\n\n###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)\n\n###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)\n\n###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”\n\n######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*\n\n##### Application and Other Explanatory Material\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.\n\n###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.\n\n###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)\n\n###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)\n\n######   \nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)\n\n1.  Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.\n2.  An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.\n3.  Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:\n    1.  The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or\n    2.  In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.\n\nAus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations  \nAct 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n1.  An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.\n\nOpinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)\n\n1.  Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.\n\nIllustrative Auditors’ Reports\n\n1.  Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.\n2.  Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.\n\n###### Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)\n\n1.  Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:\n    1.  The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);\n    2.  The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and\n    3.  Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).\n\n##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"Application","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application","content":"##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"Operative Date","sectionType":"section","heading":"Operative Date","content":"##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"Introduction","sectionType":"section","heading":"Introduction","content":"## Auditing Standard ASA 705\n\n### Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report\n\n##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.\n\n##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\n##### Introduction\n\n###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)\n\n###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]\n\n##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.\n\n##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.\n\n##### Requirements\n\n###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)\n\n###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)\n\n###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”\n\n######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*\n\n##### Application and Other Explanatory Material\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.\n\n###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.\n\n###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)\n\n###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)\n\n######   \nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)\n\n1.  Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.\n2.  An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.\n3.  Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:\n    1.  The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or\n    2.  In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.\n\nAus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations  \nAct 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n1.  An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.\n\nOpinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)\n\n1.  Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.\n\nIllustrative Auditors’ Reports\n\n1.  Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.\n2.  Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.\n\n###### Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)\n\n1.  Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:\n    1.  The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);\n    2.  The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and\n    3.  Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).\n\n##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"Scope of this Auditing Standard","sectionType":"section","heading":"Scope of this Auditing Standard","content":"###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"Types of Modified Opinions","sectionType":"section","heading":"Types of Modified Opinions","content":"###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"Effective Date","sectionType":"section","heading":"Effective Date","content":"###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"Objective","sectionType":"section","heading":"Objective","content":"##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"Definitions","sectionType":"section","heading":"Definitions","content":"##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"Requirements","sectionType":"section","heading":"Requirements","content":"## Auditing Standard ASA 705\n\n### Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report\n\n##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.\n\n##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\n##### Introduction\n\n###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)\n\n###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]\n\n##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.\n\n##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.\n\n##### Requirements\n\n###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)\n\n###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)\n\n###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”\n\n######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*\n\n##### Application and Other Explanatory Material\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.\n\n###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.\n\n###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)\n\n###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)\n\n######   \nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)\n\n1.  Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.\n2.  An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.\n3.  Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:\n    1.  The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or\n    2.  In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.\n\nAus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations  \nAct 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n1.  An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.\n\nOpinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)\n\n1.  Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.\n\nIllustrative Auditors’ Reports\n\n1.  Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.\n2.  Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.\n\n###### Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)\n\n1.  Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:\n    1.  The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);\n    2.  The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and\n    3.  Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).\n\n##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"Circumstances When a Modification to the","sectionType":"section","heading":"Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required","content":"###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"Determining the Type of Modification to ","sectionType":"section","heading":"Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion","content":"###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report","sectionType":"section","heading":"Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified","content":"###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"Communication with Those Charged with Go","sectionType":"section","heading":"Communication with Those Charged with Governance","content":"######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"Application and Other Explanatory Materi","sectionType":"section","heading":"Application and Other Explanatory Material","content":"## Auditing Standard ASA 705\n\n### Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report\n\n##### Application\n\nAus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:\n\n![](image.002.png)(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and\n\n(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.\n\nAus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.\n\n##### Operative Date\n\nAus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. \\[Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\n##### Introduction\n\n###### Scope of this Auditing Standard\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions\n\n1.  This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:\n    1.  The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and\n    2.  The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)\n\n###### Effective Date\n\n1.  \\[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3\\]\n\n##### Objective\n\n1.  The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.\n\n##### Definitions\n\n1.  For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:\n    1.  Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:\n        1.  Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;\n        2.  If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or\n        3.  In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.\n    2.  Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.\n\n##### Requirements\n\n###### Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required\n\n1.  The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:\n    1.  The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)\n\n###### Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion\n\nQualified Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:\n    1.  The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or\n    2.  The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.\n2.  The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.\n\nConsequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement\n\n1.  If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.\n2.  If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2) and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n3.  If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:\n    1.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or\n    2.  If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:\n        1.  Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or  \n            (Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)\n        2.  If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.\n4.  If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)\n\nOther Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3) in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)\n\n###### Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)\n2.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)\n3.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.\n4.  If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n    1.  Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;\n\nAus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;  \n(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)\n\n1.  Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and\n2.  Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)\n\nAus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.\n\n1.  If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.\n2.  Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)\n\nOpinion Paragraph\n\n1.  When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n\nWhen the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:\n    1.  The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or\n    2.  The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.\n2.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:\n    1.  Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,\n    2.  The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.\n\nDescription of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion\n\n1.  When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”\n\n######   \nCommunication with Those Charged with Governance\n\n1.  When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)\n\n\\* \\* \\*\n\n##### Application and Other Explanatory Material\n\n###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.\n\n###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.\n\n###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)\n\n###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)\n\n######   \nForm and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified\n\nBasis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)\n\n1.  Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.\n2.  An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.\n3.  Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:\n    1.  The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or\n    2.  In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.\n\nAus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations  \nAct 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n1.  An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.\n\nOpinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)\n\n1.  Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.\n2.  When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.\n\nIllustrative Auditors’ Reports\n\n1.  Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.\n2.  Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.\n\n###### Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)\n\n1.  Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:\n    1.  The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);\n    2.  The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and\n    3.  Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).\n\n##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2","sectionType":"section","heading":"Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)","content":"###### Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)\n\n1.  The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span style=\"font-style:italic\">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt\"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:38.65pt\"><td style=\"width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:6pt\"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style=\"width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style=\"width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle\"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: P","sectionType":"section","heading":"Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))","content":"###### Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))\n\n1.  ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[\\[4\\]](#_ftn4) This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[\\[5\\]](#_ftn5)\n2.  ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:\n    1.  The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;\n    2.  The application of the selected accounting policies; or\n    3.  The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.\n\nAppropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    2.  The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.\n2.  Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.\n\nApplication of the Selected Accounting Policies\n\n1.  In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:\n    1.  When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or\n    2.  Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).\n\nAppropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report\n\n1.  In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:\n    1.  The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;\n    2.  The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or\n    3.  The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"Nature of an Inability to Obtain Suffici","sectionType":"section","heading":"Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))","content":"###### Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))\n\n1.  The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:\n    1.  Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;\n    2.  Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or\n    3.  Limitations imposed by management.\n2.  An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.\n3.  Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:\n\n The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.\n\n The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.\n\n1.  Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:\n\n The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.\n\n The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.\n\n The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.\n\n1.  Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:\n\n Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.\n\n Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Su","sectionType":"section","heading":"Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)","content":"###### Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)\n\nAus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.\n\n1.  The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.\n2.  In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[\\[6\\]](#_ftn6)\n3.  When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.\n\nAus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.[](#_ftn7)","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"Other Considerations Relating to an Adve","sectionType":"section","heading":"Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)","content":"###### Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)\n\n1.  The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:\n\n The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[\\[7\\]](#_ftn8)\n\n \\[Deleted by the AUASB.\\][\\[8\\]](#_ftn9)","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"Conformity with International Standards ","sectionType":"section","heading":"Conformity with International Standards on Auditing","content":"##### Conformity with International Standards on Auditing\n\nThis Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n\nParagraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.\n\nThe following requirements are additional to ISA 705:\n\n If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:\n\n♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.  \n(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)\n\n♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)\n\nCompliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"Illustrations of Auditors’ Reports with ","sectionType":"section","heading":"Illustrations of Auditors’ Reports with Modifications to the Opinion — General Purpose Financial Reports","content":"##### Illustrations of Auditors’ Reports with Modifications to the Opinion – General Purpose Financial Reports\n\n Illustration 1: An auditor’s report containing a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement of the financial report.\n\n Illustration 2: An auditor’s report containing an adverse opinion due to a material misstatement of the financial report.\n\n Illustration 3: An auditor’s report containing a qualified opinion due to the auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.\n\n \\[Aus\\] Illustration 3A: An auditor’s report containing a qualified opinion due to the auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (under the Corporations Act 2001)\n\n Illustration 4: An auditor’s report containing a disclaimer of opinion due to the auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report.\n\n Illustration 5: An auditor’s report containing a disclaimer of opinion due to the auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report.","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"Example Auditor’s Report General Purpose","sectionType":"section","heading":"Example Auditor’s Report General Purpose Financial Report—Qualified Opinion (material misstatement)","content":"#####   \nExample Auditor’s Report  \nGeneral Purpose Financial Report—Qualified Opinion  \n(material misstatement)\n\nIllustration 1:\n\nCircumstances include the following:\n\n Audit of a general purpose financial report prepared by management of the entity—the financial statements are prepared in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards.\n\n The financial report is not prepared under the Corporations  \nAct 2001.\n\n The terms of the audit engagement reflect the description of management’s responsibility for the financial report in ASA 210.[\\[9\\]](#_ftn10)\n\n Inventories are misstated. The misstatement is deemed to be material but not pervasive to the financial report.\n\n In addition to the audit of the financial report, the auditor has other reporting responsibilities required under local law.\n\nINDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT\n\n\\[Appropriate Addressee\\]","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report[10]","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report[10]","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report[\\[10\\]](#_ftn11)\n\nWe have audited the accompanying financial report of ABC Entity, which comprises the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and management’s assertion statement[](#_ftn12).\n\nManagement’s[\\[11\\]](#_ftn13) Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\],[\\[12\\]](#_ftn14) and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with relevant ethical requirements relating to audit engagements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial report is free from material misstatement.\n\nAn audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial report. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial report, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation[\\[13\\]](#_ftn15) of the financial report in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control.[\\[14\\]](#_ftn16) An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial report.\n\nWe believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified audit opinion.\n\nBasis for Qualified Opinion\n\nThe entity’s inventories are carried in the statement of financial position at xxx. Management has not stated the inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value but has stated them solely at cost, which constitutes a departure from Australian Accounting Standards. The entity’s records indicate that had management stated the inventories at the lower of cost and net realisable value, an amount of xxx would have been required to write the inventories down to their net realisable value. Accordingly, cost of sales would have been increased by xxx, and income tax, net income and shareholders’ equity would have been reduced by xxx, xxx and xxx, respectively.\n\nQualified Opinion\n\nIn our opinion, except for the effects of the matter described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial report presents fairly, in all material respects, (or gives a true and fair view of) the financial position of ABC Entity as at 30 June 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\].","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Req","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements","content":"###### Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements\n\n\\[Form and content of this section of the auditor’s report will vary depending on the nature of the auditor’s other reporting responsibilities.\\]\n\n\\[Auditor’s signature\\][](#_ftn17)\n\n\\[Date of the auditor’s report\\][\\[#\\]](#_ftn18)\n\n\\[Auditor’s address\\]","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report[15]","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report[15]","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report[\\[15\\]](#_ftn19)\n\nWe have audited the accompanying financial report of ABC Entity, which comprises the statements of financial performance as at 30 June 20X1, the statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in equity and statements of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and management’s assertion statement[](#_ftn20) of the entity and the consolidated entity comprising the entity and the entities it controlled at the year’s end or from time to time during the financial year.\n\nManagement’s[\\[16\\]](#_ftn21) Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\],[\\[17\\]](#_ftn22) and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with relevant ethical requirements relating to audit engagements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial report is free from material misstatement.\n\nAn audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial report. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial report, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation[\\[18\\]](#_ftn23) of the financial report in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control.[\\[19\\]](#_ftn24) An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial report.\n\nWe believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our adverse audit opinion.\n\nBasis for Adverse Opinion\n\nAs explained in Note X, the entity has not consolidated the financial statements of subsidiary XYZ Entity it acquired during 20X1 because it has not yet been able to ascertain the fair values of certain of the subsidiary’s material assets and liabilities at the acquisition date. This investment is therefore accounted for on a cost basis. Under Australian Accounting Standards, the subsidiary should have been consolidated because it is controlled by the entity. Had XYZ been consolidated, many elements in the accompanying financial report would have been materially affected. The effects on the financial report of the failure to consolidate have not been determined.\n\nAdverse Opinion\n\nIn our opinion, because of the significance of the matter discussed in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph, the financial report does not present fairly (or does not give a true and fair view of) the financial position of ABC Entity and its subsidiaries as at 30 June 20X1, and (of) their financial performance and their cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\].","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report[20]","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report[20]","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report[\\[20\\]](#_ftn27)\n\nWe have audited the accompanying financial report of ABC Entity, which comprises the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and management’s assertion statement[](#_ftn28).\n\nManagement’s[\\[21\\]](#_ftn29) Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\],[\\[22\\]](#_ftn30) and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation and fair presentation of financial report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with relevant ethical requirements relating to audit engagements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial report is free from material misstatement.\n\nAn audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial report. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial report, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation[\\[23\\]](#_ftn31) of the financial report in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control.[\\[24\\]](#_ftn32) An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial report.\n\nWe believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified audit opinion.\n\nBasis for Qualified Opinion\n\nABC Entity’s investment in XYZ Entity, a foreign associate acquired during the year and accounted for by the equity method, is carried at xxx on the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, and ABC’s share of XYZ’s net income of xxx is included in ABC’s statement of comprehensive income for the year then ended. We were unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the carrying amount of ABC’s investment in XYZ as at 30 June 20X1 and ABC’s share of XYZ’s net income for the year because we were denied access to the financial information, management, and the auditors of XYZ. Consequently, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments to these amounts were necessary.\n\nQualified Opinion\n\nIn our opinion, except for the possible effects of the matter described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial report presents fairly, in all material respects, (or gives a true and fair view of) the financial position of ABC Entity as at 30 June 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\].","sortOrder":38},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report[](#_ftn35)\n\nWe have audited the accompanying financial report of ABC Company Ltd., which comprises the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and the directors’ declaration.\n\nDirectors’ Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nThe directors of the company \\[registered scheme/disclosing entity\\] are responsible for the preparation of the financial report that gives a true and fair view in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and the Corporations Act 2001, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of the financial report that gives a true and fair view and is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with relevant ethical requirements relating to audit engagements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial report is free from material misstatement.\n\nAn audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial report. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial report, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation of the financial report that gives a true and fair view in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by the directors, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial report.\n\nWe believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified audit opinion.\n\nIndependence\n\nIn conducting our audit, we have complied with the independence requirements of the Corporations Act 2001. We confirm that the independence declaration required by the Corporations Act 2001, which has been given to the directors of ABC Company Ltd., would be in the same terms if given to the directors as at the time of this auditor’s report.[](#_ftn36)\n\nBasis for Qualified Opinion\n\nABC Company Ltd.’s investment in XYZ Entity, a foreign associate acquired during the year and accounted for by the equity method, is carried at xxx on the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, and ABC’s share of XYZ’s net income of xxx is included in ABC’s statement of comprehensive income for the year then ended. We were unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the carrying amount of ABC’s investment in XYZ as at 30 June 20X1 and ABC’s share of XYZ’s net income for the year because we were denied access to the financial information, management, and the auditors of XYZ. Consequently, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments to these amounts were necessary.\n\nQualified Opinion\n\nIn our opinion, except for the possible effects of the matter described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial report of ABC Company Ltd. is in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001, including:\n\n1.  giving a true and fair view of the company’s \\[registered scheme’s/disclosing entity’s\\] financial position as at 30 June 20X1 and of its performance for the year ended on that date; and\n2.  complying with Australian Accounting Standards and the Corporations Regulations 2001.\n\nReport on the Remuneration Report[\\[#\\]](#_ftn37)\n\nWe have audited the Remuneration Report included in \\[paragraphs a to b or pages x to y\\] of the directors’ report for the year ended 30 June 20X1. The directors of the company are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the Remuneration Report in accordance with section 300A of the Corporations Act 2001. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Remuneration Report, based on our audit conducted in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards.\n\nOpinion\n\nIn our opinion, the Remuneration Report of ABC Company Ltd. for the year ended 30 June 20X1 complies with section 300A of the Corporations  \nAct 2001.\n\n\\[Auditor’s signature\\][\\[#\\]](#_ftn38)\n\n\\[Date of the auditor’s report\\][\\[†\\]](#_ftn39)\n\n\\[Auditor’s address\\]","sortOrder":41},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report[25]","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report[25]","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report[\\[25\\]](#_ftn40)\n\nWe were engaged to audit the accompanying financial report of ABC Entity, which comprises the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and management’s assertion statement[](#_ftn41).\n\nManagement’s[\\[26\\]](#_ftn42) Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\],[\\[27\\]](#_ftn43) and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.\n\nBasis for Disclaimer of Opinion\n\nThe entity’s investment in its joint venture XYZ (Country X) Entity is carried at xxx on the entity’s statement of financial position, which represents over 90% of the entity’s net assets as at 30 June 20X1. We were not allowed access to the management and the auditors of XYZ, including XYZ’s auditors’ audit documentation. As a result, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments were necessary in respect of the entity’s proportional share of XYZ’s assets that it controls jointly, its proportional share of XYZ’s liabilities for which it is jointly responsible, its proportional share of XYZ’s income and expenses for the year, and the elements making up the statement of changes in equity and the statement of cash flows.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\nBecause of the significance of the matter described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion on the financial report.","sortOrder":43},{"sectionNumber":"Report on the Financial Report [28]","sectionType":"section","heading":"Report on the Financial Report [28]","content":"###### Report on the Financial Report [\\[28\\]](#_ftn46)\n\nWe were engaged to audit the accompanying financial report of ABC Entity, which comprises the statement of financial position as at 30 June 20X1, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and management’s assertion statement[](#_ftn47).\n\nManagement’s[\\[29\\]](#_ftn48) Responsibility for the Financial Report\n\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards and \\[relevant reporting framework\\],[\\[30\\]](#_ftn49) and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation and fair presentation of the financial report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.\n\nAuditor’s Responsibility\n\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matters described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.\n\nBasis for Disclaimer of Opinion\n\nWe were not appointed as auditors of the entity until after 30 June 20X1 and thus did not observe the counting of physical inventories at the beginning and end of the year. We were unable to satisfy ourselves by alternative means concerning the inventory quantities held at 30 June 20X0 and 20X1 which are stated in the statement of financial position at xxx and xxx, respectively. In addition, the introduction of a new computerised accounts receivable system in March 20X1 resulted in numerous errors in accounts receivable. As of the date of our audit report, management was still in the process of rectifying the system deficiencies and correcting the errors. We were unable to confirm or verify by alternative means accounts receivable included in the statement of financial position at a total amount of xxx as at 30 June 20X1. As a result of these matters, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments might have been found necessary in respect of recorded or unrecorded inventories and accounts receivable, and the elements making up the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows.\n\nDisclaimer of Opinion\n\nBecause of the significance of the matters described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion on the financial report.","sortOrder":46}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":5,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Compared with the equivalent ISA, the AUASB added Australia–specific requirements (identified by the prefix “Aus”) that extend scope modestly: auditors must request management correct omitted disclosures (Aus 19.1), explain why omitted disclosures are not included (Aus 19.2), and consider ASIC reporting and Corporations Act removal/resignation provisions when management imposes scope limitations (Aus A12.1; Aus A15.1). These additions impose extra procedural and regulatory steps beyond ISA 705."},"complexity_factors":["Judgement-driven threshold: deciding whether misstatements (or possible misstatements) are material and/or pervasive requires significant auditor judgement (Para. 2; Definitions).","Multiple opinion paths: three different modified opinions with distinct triggers and report wording (Qualified, Adverse, Disclaimer) increase branching (Paras 7–10, 16–24).","Scope-limitation handling: requirements to seek removal of management-imposed limitations, attempt alternative procedures, consider withdrawal, or disclaim (Paras 11–14; Aus A12.1–A15.1).","Mandatory report content: explicit rules for the ‘Basis for …’ paragraph including quantification or reasons when impracticable add drafting and evidence tasks (Paras 16–21; Para. A18–A20).","Statutory interaction and reporting obligations: references to the Corporations Act and ASIC reporting for certain management-imposed limitations create legal/regulatory complexity (Aus A12.1; Aus A15.1).","Conformity and local additions: conformity with ISA 705 plus additional Australian requirements (Aus paragraphs) means auditors must apply both international and jurisdictional rules (Conformity section).","Communication duties: requirement to communicate expected modifications and proposed wording to those charged with governance imposes procedural and timing constraints (Para. 28; Para. A25)."],"plain_english_summary":"ASA 705 instructs auditors when and how to issue a modified opinion on a financial report (qualified, adverse or disclaimer). It applies to audits of financial reports and other historical financial information, sets the tests (materiality and pervasiveness) for which opinion to use, prescribes the wording and a “Basis for …” paragraph, and requires auditors to tell those charged with governance before issuing a modification. It affects auditors, management and governing bodies because it forces decisions about correcting disclosures, removing scope limitations, or accepting withdrawal."},"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":2344},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":6,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"This compilation incorporates minor amendments made in 2011 (specifically to paragraph A24 and Appendix 1 illustrations), but the fundamental scope remains unchanged from the original October 2009 standard. The standard continues to address modifications to auditor opinions in circumstances of material misstatement or inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, applying to audits under the Corporations Act 2001 and other purposes."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-referencing to other Australian Auditing Standards (ASA 700, ASA 450, ASA 210, ASA 101, ASA 200)","Technical defined terms requiring precise professional interpretation ('pervasive', 'sufficient appropriate audit evidence', 'material misstatement')","Conditional decision matrix determining opinion type based on two variables: nature of matter and pervasiveness of effects","Australian-specific amendments (Aus paragraphs) layered atop international standards, creating dual-track compliance requirements","Prescriptive formatting and wording requirements for auditor's reports (specific paragraph headings, placement of Basis for Modification)","Exception handling for management-imposed limitations with specific withdrawal and communication protocols"],"plain_english_summary":"This Auditing Standard sets out when and how Australian auditors must issue a modified opinion — a formal warning that a financial report is unreliable or cannot be verified — and distinguishes the possible outcomes (qualified, adverse or disclaimer). \n\nIt affects auditors, companies and those charged with governance under the Corporations Act 2001, requiring clear explanation of the basis for any modification, communication with directors before finalising, and, where access is improperly restricted, possible withdrawal — protecting investors and regulators."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009","history":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009/history","analysis":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/asa-705-modifications-to-the-opinion-in-the-independent-auditor-s-report-october-2009/documents"}}