{"id":"F2005B01555","name":"AASB 127 - Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements - July 2004","slug":"aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":111992,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2005B01555-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-03","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"4","sectionType":"section","heading":"The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.","content":"4 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nConsolidated financial statements are the financial statements of a group presented as those of a single economic entity.\n\nControl is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities.\n\nA group is a parent and all its subsidiaries.\n\nMinority interest is that portion of the profit or loss and net assets of a subsidiary attributable to equity interests that are not owned, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, by the parent.\n\nA parent is an entity that has one or more subsidiaries.\n\nSeparate financial statements are those presented by a parent, an investor in an associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity, in which the investments are accounted for on the basis of the direct equity interest rather than on the basis of the reported results and net assets of the investees.\n\nA subsidiary is an entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity (known as the parent).\n\n5 A parent or its subsidiary may be an investor in an associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity. In such cases, consolidated financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with this Standard are also prepared so as to comply with AASB 128 Investments in Associates and AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures.\n\n6 For an entity described in paragraph 5, separate financial statements are those prepared and presented in addition to the financial statements referred to in paragraph 5. Separate financial statements need not be appended to, or accompany, those statements.\n\nAus6.1 Notwithstanding paragraph 6, for the purpose of reporting under the Corporations Act, consolidated financial statements and separate financial statements are required to be presented together.\n\n7 The financial statements of an entity that does not have a subsidiary, associate or venturer’s interest in a jointly controlled entity are not separate financial statements.\n\n8 A parent that is exempted in accordance with paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1 from presenting consolidated financial statements may present separate financial statements as its only financial statements.\n\n## Presentation of Consolidated Financial S Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements\n\n## Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements\n\n9 A parent, other than a parent described in paragraph 10, as modified by paragraph Aus10.1, shall present consolidated financial statements in which it consolidates its investments in subsidiaries in accordance with this Standard.\n\nAus9.1 In certain instances in the public sector a group of entities (e.g. a government and its controlled entities) is a reporting entity, but the parent may not be explicitly identified for financial reporting purposes. This Standard does not deem a parent in such a group to be a separate reporting entity. Furthermore, this Standard does not require the preparation of separate financial statements for the parent, but does require consolidated financial statements to be presented.\n\n","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"10","sectionType":"section","heading":"A parent need not present consolidated financial statements if and only if:","content":"10 A parent need not present consolidated financial statements if and only if:\n\n(a) the parent is itself a wholly‑owned subsidiary, or is a partially‑owned subsidiary of another entity and its other owners, including those not otherwise entitled to vote, have been informed about, and do not object to, the parent not presenting consolidated financial statements;\n\n(b) the parent’s debt or equity instruments are not traded in a public market (a domestic or foreign stock exchange or an over-the-counter market, including local and regional markets);\n\n(c) the parent did not file, nor is it in the process of filing, its financial statements with a securities commission or other regulatory organisation for the purpose of issuing any class of instruments in a public market; and\n\n(d) the ultimate or any intermediate parent of the parent produces consolidated financial statements available for public use that comply with International Financial Reporting Standards.\n\nAus10.1 Notwithstanding paragraph 10, the ultimate Australian parent shall present consolidated financial statements that consolidate its investments in subsidiaries in accordance with this Standard when either the parent or the group is a reporting entity or both the parent and the group are reporting entities.\n\n11 A parent that elects in accordance with paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1 not to present consolidated financial statements, and presents only separate financial statements, complies with paragraphs 37–42.\n\n## Scope of Consolidated Financial Statemen Scope of Consolidated Financial Statements\n\n## Scope of Consolidated Financial Statements\n\n","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"12","sectionType":"section","heading":"Consolidated financial statements shall include all subsidiaries of the parent.[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1)","content":"12 Consolidated financial statements shall include all subsidiaries of the parent.[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1)\n\n13 Control is presumed to exist when the parent owns, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than half of the voting power of an entity unless, in exceptional circumstances, it can be clearly demonstrated that such ownership does not constitute control. Control also exists when the parent owns half or less of the voting power of an entity when there is:[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2)\n\n(a) power over more than half of the voting rights by virtue of an agreement with other investors;\n\n(b) power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity under a statute or an agreement;\n\n(c) power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or equivalent governing body and control of the entity is by that board or body; or\n\n(d) power to cast the majority of votes at meetings of the board of directors or equivalent governing body and control of the entity is by that board or body.\n\n## Factors indicating control in the public Factors indicating control in the public sector\n\n### Factors indicating control in the public sector\n\nAus13.1 This Standard does not attempt to identify all groups in the public sector that should prepare financial statements. Instead, it describes the factors that are considered in determining whether one entity has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity, whether a group exists and whether that group constitutes a reporting entity. In addition, the Standard identifies the accounting techniques that are employed when the financial statements of a number of separate entities are to be combined. This approach avoids the prescriptive designation of artificial reporting entities and the resulting preparation of meaningless consolidated financial statements.\n\nAus13.2 In the public sector, a parent/subsidiary relationship could be established in the manner outlined in paragraph 13 or, as is more frequently the case, control of another entity by the government may be indicated by the following two factors:\n\n(a) the other entity is accountable to Parliament, or to the Executive, or to a particular Minister; and\n\n(b) the government has the residual financial interest in the net assets of the other entity.\n\n## Accountability of the other entity to Pa Accountability of the other entity to Parliament, or to the Executive, or to a particular Minister\n\n#### Accountability of the other entity to Parliament, or to the Executive, or to a particular Minister\n\nAus13.3 The existence of one, or a combination of a number of the following circumstances, indicate that an entity is accountable to Parliament, or to the Executive, or to a particular Minister:\n\n(a) the existence of a Ministerial or other government power that enables the government to give directions to the governing body of that entity so that the entity acts as an agent of the government to achieve government policy objectives;\n\n(b) Ministerial approval is required for operating budgets;\n\n(c) the government has the ability to veto operating and capital budgets of that entity;\n\n(d) the government has broad discretion, under existing legislation, to appoint or remove a majority of members of the governing body of that entity. This would include for example, the power of the Minister or a central authority to appoint and remove members of the board of management. The governing body of an entity cannot maintain financial and operating policies that do not have the support of a government if the government has the power under existing legislation to appoint or remove a majority of members of the governing body of the entity. In these circumstances, the government has the power to govern the financial and operating policies so as to meet its own objectives. For control to exist through the power to appoint or remove a majority of members of the governing body of another entity, a government must have broad discretion over their appointment and removal. For example, if the power to appoint or remove a majority of members of the governing body requires an amendment to the current legislation or the creation of new legislation, then the government’s power is not presently exercisable and control does not exist. Also, where the power of the government to remove members of the governing body of another entity only arises under certain restricted circumstances (for example, for reasons relating to a lack of probity), the government would not have the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity by virtue of that power (although it may have the power in respect of the financial and operating policies through some other means);\n\n(e) the entity is required to submit to Parliament reports on operations that include audited financial statements; such requirements arising either under the general reporting requirements of legislation concerned with financial reporting and/or audit of public sector entities or under that entity’s enabling legislation; or\n\n(f) the mandate of the entity is established, or limited, by its enabling legislation. The definition of control requires only that the government’s power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity is sufficient to enable the government to obtain benefits from the entity’s activities. Enabling legislation relating to the other entity which establishes the broad financial and operating policies of the entity is sufficient to ensure control by the government. However, the impact of enabling legislation also needs to be evaluated in the light of other prevailing circumstances. For example, a marketing board whose mandate is created, and limited, by legislation is not controlled by a government if the legislation unequivocally assigns power to govern financial and operating policies to other entities such as relevant commodity producers, and the government does not have the power to appoint or remove a majority of members of the governing body.\n\n## Residual financial interest in the net a Residual financial interest in the net assets of the other entity by the government\n\n#### Residual financial interest in the net assets of the other entity by the government\n\nAus13.4 The existence of the following circumstances indicates whether the government has a residual financial interest in the net assets of the other entity:\n\n(a) the government is exposed to the residual liabilities of the entity; or\n\n(b) the government has the right to receive the residual net assets of the entity if that entity is dissolved.\n\n## General implications of the concept of c General implications of the concept of control in the public sector\n\n#### General implications of the concept of control in the public sector\n\nAus13.5 In the public sector, reporting entities may include Ministerial portfolios, Ministerial departments, statutory authorities or other entities. In some cases the reporting entity may comprise a parent and a number of controlled entities, and in other cases the reporting entity may be the parent or the controlled entity itself.\n\nAus13.6 A government will usually control the statutory authorities or corporations that it has established, because the legislation will normally address the financial and operating policies necessary to enable the entity to work with the government in achieving its objectives.\n\nAus13.7 In determining the existence of a group in the public sector, consideration should be given to the controlling entity’s ability to deploy the resources under its control and whether there are restrictions on the allocation of funds between activities under its authority. In addition, the ability of the entities to operate for the benefit of the controlling entity is a central characteristic of a group. If an entity is precluded from operating for the benefit of the controlling entity, for example, through the existence of separate administrations, it is clear that the entity would not be included in the group. A Minister may have responsibility for more than one function. Those functions may be encompassed in a single portfolio or administered through a number of portfolios. The specification of separate objectives for each function will usually be an indication of the existence of separate economic entities, regardless of whether the functions are combined in the one portfolio or administered separately through more than one portfolio. Similarly, the financial statements of individual local governments would not be aggregated for the purpose of preparing financial statements in each State or Territory because the combination of such local government bodies would fail to satisfy the definition of a group.\n\nAus13.8 For a government to control an entity, it must have the power to require an entity’s assets to be deployed towards achieving government objectives. This may mean, but need not require, that the government can do, or require the entity to do, one or more of the following with the controlled entity’s assets:\n\n(a) exchange them;\n\n(b) use them to provide goods and services consistent with the government’s objectives;\n\n(c) charge for their use;\n\n(d) use them to settle liabilities; or\n\n(e) hold them.\n\nAus13.9 Accordingly, a government does not control another entity where:\n\n(a) it cannot dominate the financial and operating policies of the entity that are necessary to enable the entity to operate towards achieving government objectives, notwithstanding that both entities have similar objectives. For example, a government and a charitable entity funded by that government may share common objectives with respect to care of the homeless. However, the charitable entity is not controlled by the government when its governing body maintains discretion as to how its resources are to be deployed and whether it will accept resources from the government;\n\n(b) it cannot benefit from the resources or residual resources of the entity, notwithstanding that it may have the power to govern the entity’s financial and operating policies. For example, where a government acts as a trustee for a trust and its relationship with the trust does not extend beyond the normal responsibilities of a trustee, the government does not control the trust as it cannot deploy the resources or residual resources of the trust for its own benefit;\n\n(c) it influences, rather than governs, the financial and operating policies required to enable the entity to operate towards achieving the government’s objectives. The wide ranging powers of governments mean that they can influence the financial and operating policies of many entities, particularly those which are financially dependent on government funding. However, where the governing bodies of those entities maintain discretion with respect to whether they will accept resources from the government, or the manner in which their resources are to be deployed, they are not controlled by the government. For example, this will normally be the case with religious organisations that provide aged-care services. While these organisations may receive government grants for capital construction and operating costs, and the government providing the grant may require them to comply with certain service standards and restrictions on user fees, they will not usually be controlled by the government because their governing body will maintain the ultimate discretion about whether assets are deployed to those services. Furthermore, while private schools, private hospitals, individual local governments and universities may be financially dependent, to a greater or lesser degree, on governments or agencies thereof, they would not be considered to be controlled by those governments or agencies for the purposes of this Standard. Therefore, this Standard does not require that the financial statements of such entities be consolidated with the financial statements of a government or government agency;\n\n(d) it merely has the power to regulate the behaviour of the entity by use of its legislative powers. The power of government to establish the regulatory environment within which entities operate and to impose conditions or sanctions on their operations does not of itself constitute control of the assets deployed by those entities. For example, governments regulate the operations of entities operating in the gaming industry, but those entities are not controlled by government unless the assets or residual assets of those entities can be deployed for the benefit of government; or\n\n(e) its ability to redeploy the assets of another entity for its own benefit is not presently exercisable. For example, under existing legislative arrangements, State and Territory governments do not control local governments because:\n\n(i) they cannot sell the assets of a local government and redeploy the proceeds from the sale towards the State or Territory budget; and\n\n(ii) the governing body of the local government, whether an elected council or administrators appointed by a government, is bound to deploy its assets for the benefit of the local community (and not the State or Territory government).\n\n## Control versus day-to-day management by  Control versus day-to-day management by government\n\n#### Control versus day-to-day management by government\n\nAus13.10 The existence of control for the purpose of this Standard does not require that the government has responsibility over the day-to-day operations of an entity, or the manner in which professional functions are performed by the entity. For example, the legislation governing the establishment and operation of an independent statutory office (such as that of the Auditor-General) sets out the broad parameters within which the office is required to operate, and enables the office to operate in a manner consistent with the objectives set by Parliament for the operation of government. Similarly, notwithstanding the operational independence of the judiciary from the Parliament, the legislative framework within which the judiciary operates is established in a manner consistent with the objectives set by Parliament for the administration of justice. In addition, the government retains the right to the residual assets of statutory offices and judicial entities. Notwithstanding the absence of responsibility for the day-to-day operations of such entities, or the manner in which professional functions are performed in those entities, their assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are included in the financial statements of the relevant government.\n\n14 An entity may own share warrants, share call options, debt or equity instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares, or other similar instruments that have the potential, if exercised or converted, to give the entity voting power or reduce another party’s voting power over the financial and operating policies of another entity (potential voting rights). The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible, including potential voting rights held by another entity, are considered when assessing whether an entity has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity. Potential voting rights are not currently exercisable or convertible when, for example, they cannot be exercised or converted until a future date or until the occurrence of a future event.\n\n15 In assessing whether potential voting rights contribute to control, the entity examines all facts and circumstances (including the terms of exercise of the potential voting rights and any other contractual arrangements whether considered individually or in combination) that affect potential voting rights, except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert.\n\n16 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n17 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n18 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n19 A subsidiary is not excluded from consolidation simply because the investor is a venture capital organisation, mutual fund, unit trust or similar entity.\n\n20 A subsidiary is not excluded from consolidation because its business activities are dissimilar from those of the other entities within the group. Relevant information is provided by consolidating such subsidiaries and disclosing additional information in the consolidated financial statements about the different business activities of subsidiaries. For example, the disclosures required by AASB 8 Operating Segments help to explain the significance of different business activities within the group.\n\n21 A parent loses control when it loses the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an investee so as to obtain benefit from its activities. The loss of control can occur with or without a change in absolute or relative ownership levels. It could occur, for example, when a subsidiary becomes subject to the control of a government, court, administrator or regulator. It could also occur as a result of a contractual agreement.\n\n## Consolidation Procedures Consolidation Procedures\n\n## Consolidation Procedures\n\n22 In preparing consolidated financial statements, an entity combines the financial statements of the parent and its subsidiaries line by line by adding together like items of assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses. In order that the consolidated financial statements present financial information about the group as that of a single economic entity, the following steps are then taken:\n\n(a) the carrying amount of the parent’s investment in each subsidiary and the parent’s portion of equity of each subsidiary are eliminated (see AASB 3, which describes the treatment of any resultant goodwill);\n\n(b) minority interests in the profit or loss of consolidated subsidiaries for the reporting period are identified; and\n\n(c) minority interests in the net assets of consolidated subsidiaries are identified separately from the parent shareholders’ equity in them. Minority interests in the net assets consist of:\n\n(i) the amount of those minority interests at the date of the original combination calculated in accordance with AASB 3; and\n\n(ii) the minority’s share of changes in equity since the date of the combination.\n\n23 When potential voting rights exist, the proportions of profit or loss and changes in equity allocated to the parent and minority interests are determined on the basis of present ownership interests and do not reflect the possible exercise or conversion of potential voting rights.\n\n","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"24","sectionType":"section","heading":"Intragroup balances, transactions, income and expenses shall be eliminated in full.","content":"24 Intragroup balances, transactions, income and expenses shall be eliminated in full.\n\n25 Intragroup balances and transactions, including income, expenses and dividends, are eliminated in full. Profits and losses resulting from intragroup transactions that are recognised in assets, such as inventory and fixed assets, are eliminated in full. Intragroup losses may indicate an impairment that requires recognition in the consolidated financial statements. AASB 112 Income Taxes applies to temporary differences that arise from the elimination of profits and losses resulting from intragroup transactions.\n\n26 The financial statements of the parent and its subsidiaries used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements shall be prepared as of the same date. When the end of the reporting period of the parent is different from that of a subsidiary, the subsidiary prepares, for consolidation purposes, additional financial statements as of the same date as the financial statements of the parent unless it is impracticable to do so.\n\n27 When, in accordance with paragraph 26, the financial statements of a subsidiary used in the preparation of consolidated financial statements are prepared as of a date different from that of the parent, adjustments shall be made for the effects of significant transactions or events that occur between that date and the date of the parent’s financial statements. In any case, the difference between the end of the reporting period of the subsidiary and that of the parent shall be no more than three months. The length of the reporting periods and any difference between the ends of the reporting periods shall be the same from period to period.\n\n28 Consolidated financial statements shall be prepared using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar circumstances.\n\n29 If a member of the group uses accounting policies other than those adopted in the consolidated financial statements for like transactions and events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to its financial statements in preparing the consolidated financial statements.\n\n30 The income and expenses of a subsidiary are included in the consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date as defined in AASB 3. The income and expenses of a subsidiary are included in the consolidated financial statements until the date on which the parent ceases to control the subsidiary. The difference between the proceeds from the disposal of the subsidiary and its carrying amount as of the date of disposal, including the cumulative amount of any exchange differences that relate to the subsidiary recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, is reclassified to consolidated profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment as the gain or loss on the disposal of the subsidiary.\n\n31 An investment in an entity shall be accounted for in accordance with AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement from the date that it ceases to be a subsidiary, provided that it does not become an associate as defined in AASB 128 or a jointly controlled entity as described in AASB 131.\n\n32 The carrying amount of the investment at the date that the entity ceases to be a subsidiary shall be regarded as the cost on initial measurement of a financial asset in accordance with AASB 139.\n\n33 Minority interests shall be presented in the consolidated statement of financial position within equity, separately from the parent shareholders’ equity. Minority interests in the profit or loss of the group shall also be separately disclosed.\n\n34 The profit or loss is attributed to the parent shareholders and minority interests. Because both are equity, the amount attributed to minority interests is not income or expenses.\n\n35 Losses applicable to the minority in a consolidated subsidiary may exceed the minority interest in the subsidiary’s equity. The excess, and any further losses applicable to the minority, are allocated against the majority interest except to the extent that the minority has a binding obligation and is able to make an additional investment to cover the losses. If the subsidiary subsequently reports profits, such profits are allocated to the majority interest until the minority’s share of losses previously absorbed by the majority has been recovered.\n\n36 If a subsidiary has outstanding cumulative preference shares that are held by minority interests and classified as equity, the parent computes its share of profits or losses after adjusting for the dividends on such shares, whether or not dividends have been declared.\n\n## Accounting for Investments in Subsidiari Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries, Jointly Controlled Entities and Associates in Separate Financial Statements\n\n## Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries, Jointly Controlled Entities and Associates in Separate Financial Statements\n\n37 When an entity prepares separate financial statements, it shall account for investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entities and associates either:\n\n(a) at cost, or\n\n(b) in accordance with AASB 139.\n\nThe entity shall apply the same accounting for each category of investments. Investments accounted for at cost shall be accounted for in accordance with AASB 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations when they are classified as held for sale (or included in a disposal group that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with AASB 5. The measurement of investments accounted for in accordance with AASB 139 is not changed in such circumstances.\n\n37A An entity shall recognise a dividend from a subsidiary, jointly controlled entity or associate in profit or loss in its separate financial statements when its right to receive the dividend is established.\n\n37B When a parent reorganises the structure of its group by establishing a new entity as its parent in a manner that satisfies the following criteria:\n\n(a) the new parent obtains control of the original parent by issuing equity instruments in exchange for existing equity instruments of the original parent;\n\n(b) the assets and liabilities of the new group and the original group are the same immediately before and after the reorganisation; and\n\n(c) the owners of the original parent before the reorganisation have the same absolute and relative interests in the net assets of the original group and the new group immediately before and after the reorganisation\n\nand the new parent accounts for its investment in the original parent in accordance with paragraph 37(a) in its separate financial statements, the new parent shall measure cost at the carrying amount of its share of the equity items shown in the separate financial statements of the original parent at the date of the reorganisation.\n\n37C Similarly, an entity that is not a parent might establish a new entity as its parent in a manner that satisfies the criteria in paragraph 37B. The requirements in paragraph 37B apply equally to such reorganisations. In such cases, references to ‘original parent’ and ‘original group’ are to the ‘original entity’.\n\n38 This Standard does not mandate which entities produce separate financial statements available for public use. Paragraphs 37 and 39–42 apply when an entity prepares separate financial statements that comply with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. The entity also produces consolidated financial statements available for public use as required by paragraphs 9 and Aus9.1, unless the exemption provided in paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1 is applicable.\n\n39 Investments in jointly controlled entities and associates that are accounted for in accordance with AASB 139 in the consolidated financial statements shall be accounted for in the same way in the investor’s separate financial statements.\n\n## Disclosure Disclosure\n\n## Disclosure\n\n","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"40","sectionType":"section","heading":"The following disclosures shall be made in the notes to the consolidated financial statements:","content":"40 The following disclosures shall be made in the notes to the consolidated financial statements:\n\n(a) \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n(b) \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n(c) the nature of the relationship between the parent and a subsidiary when the parent does not own, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than half of the voting power;\n\n(d) the reasons why the ownership, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, of more than half of the voting or potential voting power of an investee does not constitute control;\n\n(e) the end of the reporting period of the financial statements of a subsidiary when such financial statements are used to prepare consolidated financial statements and are as of a date or for a period that is different from that of the parent, and the reason for using a different date or period; and\n\n(f) the nature and extent of any significant restrictions (e.g. resulting from borrowing arrangements or regulatory requirements) on the ability of subsidiaries to transfer funds to the parent in the form of cash dividends or to repay loans or advances.\n\n41 When separate financial statements are prepared for a parent that, in accordance with paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1 elects not to prepare consolidated financial statements, those separate financial statements shall disclose:\n\n(a) the fact that the financial statements are separate financial statements; that the exemption from consolidation has been used; the name and country of incorporation or residence of the entity whose consolidated financial statements that comply with International Financial Reporting Standards have been produced for public use; and the address where those consolidated financial statements are obtainable;\n\n(b) a list of significant investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entities and associates, including the name, country of incorporation or residence, proportion of ownership interest and, if different, proportion of voting power held; and\n\n(c) a description of the method used to account for the investments listed under (b).\n\n42 When a parent (other than a parent covered by paragraph 41), venturer with an interest in a jointly controlled entity or an investor in an associate prepares separate financial statements, those separate financial statements shall disclose:\n\n(a) the fact that the statements are separate financial statements and the reasons why those statements are prepared if not required by law;\n\n(b) a list of significant investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entities and associates, including the name, country of incorporation or residence, proportion of ownership interest and, if different, proportion of voting power held; and\n\n(c) a description of the method used to account for the investments listed under (b);\n\nand shall identify the financial statements prepared in accordance with paragraph 9 of this Standard, AASB 128 and AASB 131 to which they relate.\n\nAus42.1 In respect of not-for-profit public sector entities, where a group of entities is a reporting entity, but separate financial statements for the parent are not prepared, the notes to the consolidated financial statements shall disclose a list of significant subsidiaries, including:\n\n(a) the name;\n\n(b) country of incorporation or residence (where other than Australia); and\n\n(c) proportion of ownership interest and, if different, proportion of voting power held.\n\n## Effective Date of IAS 27 Effective Date of IAS 27\n\n## Effective Date of IAS 27\n\n43 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n43A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n## Withdrawal of Other IASB Pronouncements Withdrawal of Other IASB Pronouncements\n\n## Withdrawal of Other IASB Pronouncements\n\n44 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n45 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n## IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE\n\n# IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE\n\n## Guidance on implementing AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, AASB 128 Investments in Associates and AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures\n\n## Consideration of Potential Voting Rights\n\nIG1 Paragraphs 14, 15 and 23 of AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements and paragraphs 8 and 9 of AASB 128 Investments in Associates require an entity to consider the existence and effect of all potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible. They also require all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights to be examined, except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert potential voting rights. Because the definition of joint control in paragraph 3 of AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures depends upon the definition of control, and because that Standard is linked to AASB 128 for application of the equity method, this guidance is also relevant to AASB 131.\n\nIG2 Paragraph 4 of AASB 127 defines control as the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Paragraph 2 of AASB 128 defines significant influence as the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but not to control those policies. Paragraph 3 of AASB 131 defines joint control as the contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity. In these contexts, power refers to the ability to do or effect something. Consequently, an entity has control, joint control or significant influence when it currently has the ability to exercise that power, regardless of whether control, joint control or significant influence is actively demonstrated or is passive in nature. Potential voting rights held by an entity that are currently exercisable or convertible provide this ability. The ability to exercise power does not exist when potential voting rights lack economic substance (e.g. the exercise price is set in a manner that precludes exercise or conversion in any feasible scenario). Consequently, potential voting rights are considered when, in substance, they provide the ability to exercise power.\n\nIG3 Control and significant influence also arise in the circumstances described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, which include consideration of the relative ownership of voting rights. AASB 131 depends on AASB 127 and AASB 128 and references to AASB 127 and AASB 128 from this point onwards should be read as being relevant to AASB 131. Nevertheless it should be borne in mind that joint control involves contractual sharing of control and this contractual aspect is likely to be the critical determinant. Potential voting rights such as share call options and convertible debt are capable of changing an entity’s voting power over another entity – if the potential voting rights are exercised or converted, then the relative ownership of the ordinary shares carrying voting rights changes. Consequently, the existence of control (the definition of which permits only one entity to have control of another entity) and significant influence are determined only after assessing all the factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, and considering the existence and effect of potential voting rights. In addition, the entity examines all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert. The intention of management does not affect the existence of power and the financial ability of an entity to exercise or convert is difficult to assess.\n\nIG4 An entity may initially conclude that it controls or significantly influences another entity after considering the potential voting rights that it can currently exercise or convert. However, the entity may not control or significantly influence the other entity when potential voting rights held by other parties are also currently exercisable or convertible. Consequently, an entity considers all potential voting rights held by it and by other parties that are currently exercisable or convertible when determining whether it controls or significantly influences another entity. For example, all share call options are considered, whether held by the entity or another party. Furthermore, the definition of control in paragraph 4 of AASB 127 permits only one entity to have control of another entity. Therefore, when two or more entities each hold significant voting rights, both actual and potential, the factors in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 are reassessed to determine which entity has control.\n\nIG5 The proportion allocated to the parent and minority interests in preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with AASB 127, and the proportion allocated to an investor that accounts for its investment using the equity method in accordance with AASB 128, are determined solely on the basis of present ownership interests. The proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of potential voting rights and other derivatives that, in substance, give access at present to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest.\n\nIG6 In some circumstances an entity has, in substance, a present ownership as a result of a transaction that gives it access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest. In such circumstances, the proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of those potential voting rights and other derivatives that give the entity access to the economic benefits at present.\n\nIG7 AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement does not apply to interests in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities that are consolidated, accounted for using the equity method or proportionately consolidated in accordance with AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131 respectively. When instruments containing potential voting rights in substance currently give access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest, and the investment is accounted for in one of the above ways, the instruments are not subject to the requirements of AASB 139. In all other cases, instruments containing potential voting rights are accounted for in accordance with AASB 139.\n\nIG8 The five examples below each illustrate one aspect of a potential voting right. In applying AASB 127, AASB 128 or AASB 131, an entity considers all aspects. The existence of control, significant influence and joint control can be determined only after assessing the other factors described in AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131. For the purpose of these examples, however, those other factors are presumed not to affect the determination, even though they may affect it when assessed.\n\nEntities A and B own 80% and 20% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity A sells one-half of its interest to Entity D and buys call options from Entity D that are exercisable at any time at a premium to the market price when issued, and if exercised would give Entity A its original 80% ownership interest and voting rights.\n\nAlthough the options are out of the money, they are currently exercisable and give Entity A the power to continue to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C, because Entity A could exercise its options now. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity C.\n\nEntities A, B and C own 40%, 30% and 30% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at any time at the fair value of the underlying shares and if exercised would give it an additional 20% of the voting rights in Entity D and reduce Entity B and C’s interests to 20% each. If the options are exercised, Entity A will have control over more than one-half of the voting power. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D.\n\n#### Example 3: Other rights that have the potential to increase an entity’s voting power or reduce another entity’s voting power\n\nEntities A, B and C own 25%, 35% and 40% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities B and C also have share warrants that are exercisable at any time at a fixed price and provide potential voting rights. Entity A has a call option to purchase these share warrants at any time for a nominal amount. If the call option is exercised, Entity A would have the potential to increase its ownership interest, and thereby its voting rights, in Entity D to 51% (and dilute Entity B’s interest to 23% and Entity C’s interest to 26%).\n\nAlthough the share warrants are not owned by Entity A, they are considered in assessing control because they are currently exercisable by Entities B and C. Normally, if an action (e.g. purchase or exercise of another right) is required before an entity has ownership of a potential voting right, the potential voting right is not regarded as held by the entity. However, the share warrants are, in substance, held by Entity A, because the terms of the call option are designed to ensure Entity A’s position. The combination of the call option and share warrants gives Entity A the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity D, because Entity A could currently exercise the option and share warrants. The other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 are also considered, and it is determined that Entity A, not Entity B or C, controls Entity D.\n\nEntities A, B and C each own 33⅓% of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities A, B and C each have the right to appoint two directors to the board of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at a fixed price at any time and if exercised would give it all the voting rights in Entity D. The management of Entity A does not intend to exercise the call options, even if Entities B and C do not vote in the same manner as Entity A. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D. The intention of Entity A’s management does not influence the assessment.\n\nEntities A and B own 55% and 45% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity B also holds debt instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares of Entity C. The debt can be converted at a substantial price, in comparison with Entity B’s net assets, at any time and if converted would require Entity B to borrow additional funds to make the payment. If the debt were to be converted, Entity B would hold 70% of the voting rights and Entity A’s interest would reduce to 30%.\n\nAlthough the debt instruments are convertible at a substantial price, they are currently convertible and the conversion feature gives Entity B the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity B, not Entity A, controls Entity C. The financial ability of Entity B to pay the conversion price does not influence the assessment.\n\n## Guidance on implementing AASB 127 Consol Guidance on implementing AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, AASB 128 Investments in Associates and AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures\n\n## Guidance on implementing AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, AASB 128 Investments in Associates and AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures\n\n## Consideration of Potential Voting Rights Consideration of Potential Voting Rights\n\n# IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE\n\n## Guidance on implementing AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, AASB 128 Investments in Associates and AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures\n\n## Consideration of Potential Voting Rights\n\nIG1 Paragraphs 14, 15 and 23 of AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements and paragraphs 8 and 9 of AASB 128 Investments in Associates require an entity to consider the existence and effect of all potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible. They also require all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights to be examined, except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert potential voting rights. Because the definition of joint control in paragraph 3 of AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures depends upon the definition of control, and because that Standard is linked to AASB 128 for application of the equity method, this guidance is also relevant to AASB 131.\n\nIG2 Paragraph 4 of AASB 127 defines control as the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Paragraph 2 of AASB 128 defines significant influence as the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but not to control those policies. Paragraph 3 of AASB 131 defines joint control as the contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity. In these contexts, power refers to the ability to do or effect something. Consequently, an entity has control, joint control or significant influence when it currently has the ability to exercise that power, regardless of whether control, joint control or significant influence is actively demonstrated or is passive in nature. Potential voting rights held by an entity that are currently exercisable or convertible provide this ability. The ability to exercise power does not exist when potential voting rights lack economic substance (e.g. the exercise price is set in a manner that precludes exercise or conversion in any feasible scenario). Consequently, potential voting rights are considered when, in substance, they provide the ability to exercise power.\n\nIG3 Control and significant influence also arise in the circumstances described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, which include consideration of the relative ownership of voting rights. AASB 131 depends on AASB 127 and AASB 128 and references to AASB 127 and AASB 128 from this point onwards should be read as being relevant to AASB 131. Nevertheless it should be borne in mind that joint control involves contractual sharing of control and this contractual aspect is likely to be the critical determinant. Potential voting rights such as share call options and convertible debt are capable of changing an entity’s voting power over another entity – if the potential voting rights are exercised or converted, then the relative ownership of the ordinary shares carrying voting rights changes. Consequently, the existence of control (the definition of which permits only one entity to have control of another entity) and significant influence are determined only after assessing all the factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, and considering the existence and effect of potential voting rights. In addition, the entity examines all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert. The intention of management does not affect the existence of power and the financial ability of an entity to exercise or convert is difficult to assess.\n\nIG4 An entity may initially conclude that it controls or significantly influences another entity after considering the potential voting rights that it can currently exercise or convert. However, the entity may not control or significantly influence the other entity when potential voting rights held by other parties are also currently exercisable or convertible. Consequently, an entity considers all potential voting rights held by it and by other parties that are currently exercisable or convertible when determining whether it controls or significantly influences another entity. For example, all share call options are considered, whether held by the entity or another party. Furthermore, the definition of control in paragraph 4 of AASB 127 permits only one entity to have control of another entity. Therefore, when two or more entities each hold significant voting rights, both actual and potential, the factors in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 are reassessed to determine which entity has control.\n\nIG5 The proportion allocated to the parent and minority interests in preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with AASB 127, and the proportion allocated to an investor that accounts for its investment using the equity method in accordance with AASB 128, are determined solely on the basis of present ownership interests. The proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of potential voting rights and other derivatives that, in substance, give access at present to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest.\n\nIG6 In some circumstances an entity has, in substance, a present ownership as a result of a transaction that gives it access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest. In such circumstances, the proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of those potential voting rights and other derivatives that give the entity access to the economic benefits at present.\n\nIG7 AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement does not apply to interests in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities that are consolidated, accounted for using the equity method or proportionately consolidated in accordance with AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131 respectively. When instruments containing potential voting rights in substance currently give access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest, and the investment is accounted for in one of the above ways, the instruments are not subject to the requirements of AASB 139. In all other cases, instruments containing potential voting rights are accounted for in accordance with AASB 139.\n\nIG8 The five examples below each illustrate one aspect of a potential voting right. In applying AASB 127, AASB 128 or AASB 131, an entity considers all aspects. The existence of control, significant influence and joint control can be determined only after assessing the other factors described in AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131. For the purpose of these examples, however, those other factors are presumed not to affect the determination, even though they may affect it when assessed.\n\nEntities A and B own 80% and 20% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity A sells one-half of its interest to Entity D and buys call options from Entity D that are exercisable at any time at a premium to the market price when issued, and if exercised would give Entity A its original 80% ownership interest and voting rights.\n\nAlthough the options are out of the money, they are currently exercisable and give Entity A the power to continue to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C, because Entity A could exercise its options now. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity C.\n\nEntities A, B and C own 40%, 30% and 30% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at any time at the fair value of the underlying shares and if exercised would give it an additional 20% of the voting rights in Entity D and reduce Entity B and C’s interests to 20% each. If the options are exercised, Entity A will have control over more than one-half of the voting power. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D.\n\n#### Example 3: Other rights that have the potential to increase an entity’s voting power or reduce another entity’s voting power\n\nEntities A, B and C own 25%, 35% and 40% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities B and C also have share warrants that are exercisable at any time at a fixed price and provide potential voting rights. Entity A has a call option to purchase these share warrants at any time for a nominal amount. If the call option is exercised, Entity A would have the potential to increase its ownership interest, and thereby its voting rights, in Entity D to 51% (and dilute Entity B’s interest to 23% and Entity C’s interest to 26%).\n\nAlthough the share warrants are not owned by Entity A, they are considered in assessing control because they are currently exercisable by Entities B and C. Normally, if an action (e.g. purchase or exercise of another right) is required before an entity has ownership of a potential voting right, the potential voting right is not regarded as held by the entity. However, the share warrants are, in substance, held by Entity A, because the terms of the call option are designed to ensure Entity A’s position. The combination of the call option and share warrants gives Entity A the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity D, because Entity A could currently exercise the option and share warrants. The other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 are also considered, and it is determined that Entity A, not Entity B or C, controls Entity D.\n\nEntities A, B and C each own 33⅓% of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities A, B and C each have the right to appoint two directors to the board of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at a fixed price at any time and if exercised would give it all the voting rights in Entity D. The management of Entity A does not intend to exercise the call options, even if Entities B and C do not vote in the same manner as Entity A. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D. The intention of Entity A’s management does not influence the assessment.\n\nEntities A and B own 55% and 45% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity B also holds debt instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares of Entity C. The debt can be converted at a substantial price, in comparison with Entity B’s net assets, at any time and if converted would require Entity B to borrow additional funds to make the payment. If the debt were to be converted, Entity B would hold 70% of the voting rights and Entity A’s interest would reduce to 30%.\n\nAlthough the debt instruments are convertible at a substantial price, they are currently convertible and the conversion feature gives Entity B the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity B, not Entity A, controls Entity C. The financial ability of Entity B to pay the conversion price does not influence the assessment.\n\n## Introduction Introduction\n\nIG1 Paragraphs 14, 15 and 23 of AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements and paragraphs 8 and 9 of AASB 128 Investments in Associates require an entity to consider the existence and effect of all potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible. They also require all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights to be examined, except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert potential voting rights. Because the definition of joint control in paragraph 3 of AASB 131 Interests in Joint Ventures depends upon the definition of control, and because that Standard is linked to AASB 128 for application of the equity method, this guidance is also relevant to AASB 131.\n\n## Guidance Guidance\n\nIG2 Paragraph 4 of AASB 127 defines control as the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. Paragraph 2 of AASB 128 defines significant influence as the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but not to control those policies. Paragraph 3 of AASB 131 defines joint control as the contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity. In these contexts, power refers to the ability to do or effect something. Consequently, an entity has control, joint control or significant influence when it currently has the ability to exercise that power, regardless of whether control, joint control or significant influence is actively demonstrated or is passive in nature. Potential voting rights held by an entity that are currently exercisable or convertible provide this ability. The ability to exercise power does not exist when potential voting rights lack economic substance (e.g. the exercise price is set in a manner that precludes exercise or conversion in any feasible scenario). Consequently, potential voting rights are considered when, in substance, they provide the ability to exercise power.\n\nIG3 Control and significant influence also arise in the circumstances described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, which include consideration of the relative ownership of voting rights. AASB 131 depends on AASB 127 and AASB 128 and references to AASB 127 and AASB 128 from this point onwards should be read as being relevant to AASB 131. Nevertheless it should be borne in mind that joint control involves contractual sharing of control and this contractual aspect is likely to be the critical determinant. Potential voting rights such as share call options and convertible debt are capable of changing an entity’s voting power over another entity – if the potential voting rights are exercised or converted, then the relative ownership of the ordinary shares carrying voting rights changes. Consequently, the existence of control (the definition of which permits only one entity to have control of another entity) and significant influence are determined only after assessing all the factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 respectively, and considering the existence and effect of potential voting rights. In addition, the entity examines all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert. The intention of management does not affect the existence of power and the financial ability of an entity to exercise or convert is difficult to assess.\n\nIG4 An entity may initially conclude that it controls or significantly influences another entity after considering the potential voting rights that it can currently exercise or convert. However, the entity may not control or significantly influence the other entity when potential voting rights held by other parties are also currently exercisable or convertible. Consequently, an entity considers all potential voting rights held by it and by other parties that are currently exercisable or convertible when determining whether it controls or significantly influences another entity. For example, all share call options are considered, whether held by the entity or another party. Furthermore, the definition of control in paragraph 4 of AASB 127 permits only one entity to have control of another entity. Therefore, when two or more entities each hold significant voting rights, both actual and potential, the factors in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 are reassessed to determine which entity has control.\n\nIG5 The proportion allocated to the parent and minority interests in preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with AASB 127, and the proportion allocated to an investor that accounts for its investment using the equity method in accordance with AASB 128, are determined solely on the basis of present ownership interests. The proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of potential voting rights and other derivatives that, in substance, give access at present to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest.\n\nIG6 In some circumstances an entity has, in substance, a present ownership as a result of a transaction that gives it access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest. In such circumstances, the proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of those potential voting rights and other derivatives that give the entity access to the economic benefits at present.\n\nIG7 AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement does not apply to interests in subsidiaries, associates and jointly controlled entities that are consolidated, accounted for using the equity method or proportionately consolidated in accordance with AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131 respectively. When instruments containing potential voting rights in substance currently give access to the economic benefits associated with an ownership interest, and the investment is accounted for in one of the above ways, the instruments are not subject to the requirements of AASB 139. In all other cases, instruments containing potential voting rights are accounted for in accordance with AASB 139.\n\n## Illustrative examples Illustrative examples\n\nIG8 The five examples below each illustrate one aspect of a potential voting right. In applying AASB 127, AASB 128 or AASB 131, an entity considers all aspects. The existence of control, significant influence and joint control can be determined only after assessing the other factors described in AASB 127, AASB 128 and AASB 131. For the purpose of these examples, however, those other factors are presumed not to affect the determination, even though they may affect it when assessed.\n\n## Example 1: Options are out of the money Example 1: Options are out of the money\n\nEntities A and B own 80% and 20% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity A sells one-half of its interest to Entity D and buys call options from Entity D that are exercisable at any time at a premium to the market price when issued, and if exercised would give Entity A its original 80% ownership interest and voting rights.\n\nAlthough the options are out of the money, they are currently exercisable and give Entity A the power to continue to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C, because Entity A could exercise its options now. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity C.\n\n## Example 2: Possibility of exercise or co Example 2: Possibility of exercise or conversion\n\nEntities A, B and C own 40%, 30% and 30% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at any time at the fair value of the underlying shares and if exercised would give it an additional 20% of the voting rights in Entity D and reduce Entity B and C’s interests to 20% each. If the options are exercised, Entity A will have control over more than one-half of the voting power. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D.\n\n## Example 3: Other rights that have the po Example 3: Other rights that have the potential to increase an entity’s voting power or reduce another entity’s voting power\n\n#### Example 3: Other rights that have the potential to increase an entity’s voting power or reduce another entity’s voting power\n\nEntities A, B and C own 25%, 35% and 40% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities B and C also have share warrants that are exercisable at any time at a fixed price and provide potential voting rights. Entity A has a call option to purchase these share warrants at any time for a nominal amount. If the call option is exercised, Entity A would have the potential to increase its ownership interest, and thereby its voting rights, in Entity D to 51% (and dilute Entity B’s interest to 23% and Entity C’s interest to 26%).\n\nAlthough the share warrants are not owned by Entity A, they are considered in assessing control because they are currently exercisable by Entities B and C. Normally, if an action (e.g. purchase or exercise of another right) is required before an entity has ownership of a potential voting right, the potential voting right is not regarded as held by the entity. However, the share warrants are, in substance, held by Entity A, because the terms of the call option are designed to ensure Entity A’s position. The combination of the call option and share warrants gives Entity A the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity D, because Entity A could currently exercise the option and share warrants. The other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128 are also considered, and it is determined that Entity A, not Entity B or C, controls Entity D.\n\n## Example 4: Management intention Example 4: Management intention\n\nEntities A, B and C each own 33⅓% of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities A, B and C each have the right to appoint two directors to the board of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at a fixed price at any time and if exercised would give it all the voting rights in Entity D. The management of Entity A does not intend to exercise the call options, even if Entities B and C do not vote in the same manner as Entity A. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127 and paragraphs 6 and 7 of AASB 128, are considered and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D. The intention of Entity A’s management does not influence the assessment.\n\n## Example 5: Financial ability Example 5: Financial ability\n\nEntities A and B own 55% and 45% respectively of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity C. Entity B also holds debt instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares of Entity C. The debt can be converted at a substantial price, in comparison with Entity B’s net assets, at any time and if converted would require Entity B to borrow additional funds to make the payment. If the debt were to be converted, Entity B would hold 70% of the voting rights and Entity A’s interest would reduce to 30%.\n\nAlthough the debt instruments are convertible at a substantial price, they are currently convertible and the conversion feature gives Entity B the power to set the operating and financial policies of Entity C. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraph 13 of AASB 127, are considered and it is determined that Entity B, not Entity A, controls Entity C. The financial ability of Entity B to pay the conversion price does not influence the assessment.\n\n## endnoteS endnoteS\n\n# endnoteS\n\nEndnotes are part of AASB 127\n\nAASB 2011-5 early application amendments\n\n1 Australian Accounting Standard AASB 2011-5 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Extending Relief from Consolidation, the Equity Method and Proportionate Consolidation may be applied early to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2011, provided that AASB 2007-4 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from ED 151 and Other Amendments is also applied to such periods.\n\n2 These amendments to AASB 127 (July 2004, as amended) in paragraphs 3-7 below are relevant only if this Standard is applied early to an annual reporting period beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2009, and a version of AASB 127 (July 2004) is applied to the period. As required by paragraph 1 above, the amendments to AASB 127 by AASB 2007-4 would also be applied to the period. Accordingly, the subject paragraphs below already reflect the impact of AASB 2007‑4.\n\n","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"3","sectionType":"section","heading":"Paragraph Aus10.1 is renumbered as paragraph Aus10.2, and amended as follows (new text is underlined):","content":"3 Paragraph Aus10.1 is renumbered as paragraph Aus10.2, and amended as follows (new text is underlined):\n\nAus10.2 Notwithstanding paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1, the ultimate Australian parent shall present consolidated financial statements that consolidate its investments in subsidiaries in accordance with this Standard when either the parent or the group is a reporting entity or both the parent and the group are reporting entities.\n\n4 A new paragraph Aus10.1 is added as follows:\n\nAus10.1 Notwithstanding paragraph 10(d), a parent that meets the criteria in paragraphs 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c) need not present consolidated financial statements if its ultimate or any intermediate parent produces consolidated financial statements available for public use and the parent and its ultimate or intermediate parent are both not-for-profit entities complying with Australian Accounting Standards.\n\n","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"5","sectionType":"section","heading":"In paragraphs 8, 11, 38 and 41, ‘paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1’ is amended to ‘paragraphs 10-Aus10.2’.","content":"5 In paragraphs 8, 11, 38 and 41, ‘paragraphs 10 and Aus10.1’ is amended to ‘paragraphs 10-Aus10.2’.\n\n","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"6","sectionType":"section","heading":"Paragraph 9 is amended as follows (new text is underlined and deleted text is struck through):","content":"6 Paragraph 9 is amended as follows (new text is underlined and deleted text is struck through):\n\n9 A parent, other than a parent described in paragraph 10 or Aus10.1, as modified by paragraph Aus10.1 Aus10.2, shall present consolidated financial statements in which it consolidates its investments in subsidiaries in accordance with this Standard.\n\n","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"7","sectionType":"section","heading":"Australian application guidance is added to accompany AASB 127 as follows:","content":"7 Australian application guidance is added to accompany AASB 127 as follows:\n\nAUSTRALIAN APPLICATION GUIDANCE\n\nThis guidance accompanies, but is not part of, AASB 127.\n\nExemption from Presenting Consolidated Financial Statements\n\nAG1 The following table summarises the circumstances in which the exemption from presenting consolidated financial statements set out in paragraphs 10-Aus10.2 of this Standard may be available to a parent entity. The exemption is available only if the requirements of those paragraphs are satisfied. For example, the exemption is not available to a parent entity if it is a disclosing entity.\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"width:274.65pt; margin-left:30.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:268.2pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold\">Same type of entity</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Ultimate or Intermediate Parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">FP</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">NFP</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">FP</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">NFP</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Exemption for the parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Available*</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Available</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"width:274.65pt; margin-left:30.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse\"><tbody><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:268.2pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold\">Different type of entity</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Ultimate or Intermediate Parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">FP</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">NFP</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">NFP</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">FP</span></p></td></tr><tr style=\"height:12.9pt\"><td style=\"width:133.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Exemption for the parent</span></p></td><td style=\"width:58.1pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Available*</span></p></td><td style=\"width:65.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:2.48pt; padding-left:2.48pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"BodyText\" style=\"margin-top:1pt; margin-left:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; line-height:normal; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif\">Not available^</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\nFP = For-profit entity\n\nNFP = Not-for-profit entity\n\n\\* The exemption would not be available by reference to the intermediate parent when it is a for-profit public sector entity unable to claim compliance with IFRSs – see paragraph Aus16.2 of AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements.\n\n^ When the parent entity’s NFP ultimate or intermediate parent is able to claim compliance with IFRSs, the exemption is available.","sortOrder":8}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":3116},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The standard has expanded significantly from its original July 2004 form through subsequent amendments. It now includes extensive Australian-specific provisions for public sector entities (Aus13.1-Aus13.10) detailing unique control factors such as accountability to Parliament and residual financial interests, as well as expanded exemption conditions for not-for-profit entities (Aus10.1, Aus10.2) and detailed implementation guidance on potential voting rights that were not present in the original standard."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-referencing to other AASB standards (AASB 3, 128, 131, 139, 101, 121, 8, 112)","Technical defined terms requiring precise interpretation (control, subsidiary, potential voting rights, minority interest)","Multi-layered exemption conditions (paragraphs 10, Aus10.1, Aus10.2) with entity-type specific rules (for-profit vs not-for-profit)","Australian-specific public sector control indicators (Aus13.1-Aus13.10) adding sector-specific complexity beyond international standards","Detailed guidance on assessing potential voting rights including options, warrants, and convertible instruments","Requirements for uniform accounting policies across groups and elimination of intragroup transactions","Distinction between consolidated financial statements and separate financial statements with different accounting treatments"],"plain_english_summary":"This rule requires entities that control other entities to present consolidated financial statements—combining parent and subsidiaries into one set of accounts—so users see the group's true financial position. It affects parent companies, reporting entities under the Corporations Act, and public‑sector bodies assessing control, and it prevents hiding assets, liabilities or results in legally separate but economically controlled entities."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"This Australian version incorporates IAS 27 but expands and refines scope for the Australian context. It adds Australian application paragraphs and public‑sector guidance (Aus13.1–Aus13.10), and creates tailored exemptions and application rules for not presenting consolidated statements (paras 10, Aus10.1–Aus10.2; AG1). The effect is a broader, jurisdiction‑specific scope that explicitly covers public‑sector and not‑for‑profit circumstances and provides extra local transitional/application options (Compilation Details)."},"complexity_factors":["Judgement-heavy definition of control and assessment of potential voting rights (para 4; paras 14–15; IG2–IG7) – requires entity-specific fact patterns and legal/contractual analysis.","Public‑sector specific guidance adding factors and exceptions (Aus13.1–Aus13.10) – introduces sectoral tests (accountability to Parliament, residual financial interest) beyond ordinary commercial markers.","Optional exemption framework for not presenting consolidated statements with multiple conditions and Australian refinements (para 10; Aus10.1–Aus10.2; AG1) – requires multi-entity coordination to rely on the exemption.","Interdependence with other standards (AASB 3, AASB 128, AASB 131, AASB 139, AASB 112) (paras 2, 5, 31–32, IG7) – creates cross-references and cascading measurement/presentation effects.","Detailed consolidation mechanics and timing requirements (paras 22–36; paras 26–27) – line‑by‑line combination, intragroup eliminations, aligning reporting dates, and adjustment rules increase operational work.","Disclosure obligations for exceptions, different reporting dates and restrictions on transfers (paras 40–42; Aus42.1) – ongoing note preparation and transparency requirements.","Multiple amendments, transitional and application date variations in the compilation (Compilation Details; Table of Standards) – increases implementation complexity for entities applying amendments or early application."],"plain_english_summary":"AASB 127 sets the rules for when and how an entity must present consolidated financial statements (treat a parent and its subsidiaries as one economic entity) and how to account for investments when only separate financial statements are produced. It affects all reporting entities required by the Corporations Act and other general‑purpose financial reporters, and matters because it determines which entities must consolidate, what judgements management must make about control, and what disclosure and documentation costs they bear (see paras 1, 4, 9–11, 37–42)."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004","history":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004/history","analysis":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/aasb-127-consolidated-and-separate-financial-statements-july-2004/documents"}}