{"id":"F2005B01390","name":"AASB 121 - The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates - July 2004","slug":"aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":32539,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2005B01390-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-01","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards","sectionType":"part","heading":"Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards","content":"## Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards\n\nCompiled versions of Standards, original Standards and amending Standards (see Compilation Details) are available on the AASB website: www.aasb.gov.au.\n\nPrinted copies of original Standards and amending Standards are available for purchase by contacting:\n\n| The Customer Service OfficerAustralian Accounting Standards BoardLevel 7600 Bourke StreetMelbourne VictoriaAUSTRALIA | Postal address:PO Box 204 Collins Street WestVictoria 8007AUSTRALIA |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n\nPhone: (03) 9617 7637\n\nFax: (03) 9617 7608\n\nE-mail: publications@aasb.gov.au\n\nWebsite: www.aasb.gov.au","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"Other Enquiries","sectionType":"part","heading":"Other Enquiries","content":"## Other Enquiries\n\nPhone: (03) 9617 7600\n\nFax: (03) 9617 7608\n\nE-mail: standard@aasb.gov.au\n\nCOPYRIGHT\n\n© 2015 Commonwealth of Australia\n\nThis compiled AASB Standard contains IFRS Foundation copyright material. Reproduction within Australia in unaltered form (retaining this notice) is permitted for personal and non-commercial use subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights for commercial purposes within Australia should be addressed to The Director of Finance and Administration, Australian Accounting Standards Board, PO Box 204, Collins Street West, Victoria 8007.\n\nAll existing rights in this material are reserved outside Australia.\n\nReproduction outside Australia in unaltered form (retaining this notice) is permitted for personal and non-commercial use only. Further information and requests for authorisation to reproduce for commercial purposes outside Australia should be addressed to the IFRS Foundation at www.ifrs.org.","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"CONTENTS","sectionType":"part","heading":"CONTENTS","content":"# CONTENTS\n\nCOMPILATION DETAILS\n\nComparison With IAS 21\n\nAccounting Standard\n\nAASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates\n\nParagraphs\n\nObjective 1 – 2\n\nApplication Aus2.1 – Aus2.7\n\nReduced Disclosure Requirements Aus2.8 – Aus2.9\n\nScope 3 – 7\n\nDefinitions 8\n\nElaboration on the Definitions\n\nFunctional Currency 9 – 14\n\nNet Investment in a Foreign Operation 15 – 15A\n\nMonetary Items 16\n\nSummary of the Approach Required by this Standard 17 – 19\n\nReporting Foreign Currency Transactions in the Functional Currency\n\nInitial Recognition 20 – 22\n\nReporting at the Ends of Subsequent Reporting Periods 23 – 26\n\nRecognition of Exchange Differences 27 – 34\n\nChange in Functional Currency 35 – 37\n\nUse of a Presentation Currency other than the Functional Currency\n\nTranslation to the Presentation Currency 38 – 43\n\nTranslation of a Foreign Operation 44 – 47\n\nDisposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreign Operation 48 – 49\n\nTax Effects of All Exchange Differences 50\n\nDisclosure 51 – 57\n\nEffective Date and Transition 60B – 60J\n\nDELETED IAS 21 TEXT Page 17\n\nBasis for conclusions on IAS 21 \n(available on the AASB website)\n\nAustralian Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (as amended) is set out in paragraphs 1 – 60J. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Terms defined in this Standard are in italics the first time they appear in the Standard. AASB 121 is to be read in the context of other Australian Accounting Standards, including AASB 1048 Interpretation of Standards, which identifies the Australian Accounting Interpretations. In the absence of explicit guidance, AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"compilation details","sectionType":"part","heading":"compilation details","content":"# compilation details\n\n## Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as amended\n\nThis compiled Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. It takes into account amendments up to and including 21 January 2015 and was prepared on 20 March 2015 by the staff of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB).\n\nThis compilation is not a separate Accounting Standard made by the AASB. Instead, it is a representation of AASB 121 (July 2004) as amended by other Accounting Standards, which are listed in the Table below.\n\n### Table of Standards\n\n```html\n

Standard

Date made

Application date (annual reporting periods ... on or after ...)

Application, saving or transitional provisions

AASB 121

15 Jul 2004

(beginning) 1 Jan 2005

AASB 2004-2

1 Dec 2004

(beginning) 1 Jan 2005

–

AASB 2006-1

18 Jan 2006

(ending) 31 Dec 2006

see (a) below

AASB 2007-2

15 Feb 2007

(ending) 28 Feb 2007

see (b) below

AASB 2007-4

30 Apr 2007

(beginning) 1 Jul 2007

see (c) below

Erratum

20 Jul 2007

(beginning) 1 Jul 2007

see (d) below

AASB 2007-8

24 Sep 2007

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (e) below

AASB 2007-10

13 Dec 2007

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (e) below

AASB 2008-3

6 Mar 2008

(beginning) 1 Jul 2009

see (f) below

AASB 2008-7

25 Jul 2008

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (g) below

AASB 2009-6

25 Jun 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009
and (ending) 30 Jun 2009

see (h) below

Erratum

5 Oct 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009
and (ending) 30 Jun 2009

see (i) below

AASB 2009-11

7 Dec 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (j) below

AASB 2010-3

23 Jun 2010

(beginning) 1 Jul 2010

see (k) below

AASB 2010-2

30 Jun 2010

(beginning) 1 Jul 2013

see (l) below

AASB 2010-5

27 Oct 2010

(beginning) 1 Jan 2011

see (m) below

AASB 2010-7

6 Dec 2010

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (n) below

AASB 2011-1

11 May 2011

(beginning) 1 Jul 2011

see (o) below

AASB 2011-7

29 Aug 2011

(beginning) 1 Jan 2013

see (p) below

AASB 2011-8

2 Sep 2011

(beginning) 1 Jan 2013

see (q) below

AASB 2011-9

5 Sep 2011

(beginning) 1 Jul 2012

see (r) below

AASB 2013-9

20 Dec 2013

Pt B (beginning) 1 Jan 2014

see (s) below

AASB 2014-1

4 Jun 2014

Pt E (beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (t) below

AASB 2014-7

17 Dec 2014

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (u) below

AASB 2015-1

21 Jan 2015

(beginning) 1 Jan 2016

see (v) below

\n```\n\n(a) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 31 December 2006.\n\n(b) Entities may elect to apply the relevant amendments to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 28 February 2007.\n\n(c) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(d) Entities may elect to apply this Erratum to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(e) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(f) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 30 June 2007 but before 1 July 2009, provided that AASB 3 Business Combinations (March 2008) and AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (March 2008) are also applied to such periods.\n\n(g) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009.\n\n(h) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods, and to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009 that end before 30 June 2009.\n\n(i) Entities may elect to apply this Erratum to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005, provided that AASB 2009-6 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(j) AASB 2009-11 has been amended by AASB 2010-10 (made 31 December 2010) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012). Part E of AASB 2014-1 (made 4 June 2014) updated the application date of the amendments in this Standard to 1 January 2018.\n\nEntities may elect to apply the amendments in this Standard to annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2009 that begin before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 (2009) Financial Instruments is also applied to such periods.\n\n(k) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2010.\n\n(l) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009 but before 1 July 2013, provided that AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(m) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2011.\n\n(n) AASB 2010-7 has been amended by AASB 2010-10 (made 31 December 2010) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012). Part E of AASB 2014-1 (made 4 June 2014) updated the application date of the amendments in this Standard to 1 January 2018.\n\nEntities may elect to apply the amendments in this Standard as set out in paragraph 6 of AASB 2010-7.\n\n(o) Entities may elect to apply this Standard, or its amendments to individual pronouncements, to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2011, provided that AASB 1054 Australian Additional Disclosures is, or its relevant individual disclosure requirements are, also applied to such periods.\n\n(p) AASB 2011-7 has been amended by AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012) and AASB 2012-10 (made 18 December 2012).\n\nFor-profit entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013. The Standard applies for not-for-profit entities to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014. Not-for-profit entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 but before 1 January 2014. If an entity elects to apply this Standard to such annual reporting periods, it shall also apply AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and associated Standards to such periods.\n\n(q) AASB 2011-8 has been amended by AASB 2011-10 (made 5 September 2011) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012).\n\nEntities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013, provided that AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement is also applied to such periods.\n\n(r) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2012.\n\n(s) Early application of Part B of this Standard is not permitted.\n\n(t) Entities may elect to apply Part E of this Standard to annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2009 that begin before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2009) or AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2010) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(u) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 24 July 2014 but before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2014) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(v) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2016.\n\n### Table of Amendments\n\n| Paragraph affected | How affected | By … [paragraph] |\n| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 1 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [64] |\n| Aus2.4 | deleted | AASB 2013-9B [37, 38] |\n| Aus2.8-Aus2.9 (and preceding heading) | added | AASB 2010-2 [34] |\n| 3 | amendedamendedamendedamendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-2 [10]Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-5 [38]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29]AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 4 | amendedamended | AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| 5 | amended | AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 7 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [58] |\n| 8 | amendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2007-10 [66]AASB 2011-7 [37]AASB 2011-8 [13] |\n| 11 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [37] |\n| 14 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [66] |\n| 15A | added | AASB 2006-1 [5] |\n| 18 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [37] |\n| 19 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 23 (preceding heading) | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]Erratum, Oct 2009 [3] |\n| 23 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2011-8 [55] |\n| 25 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [6] |\n| 27 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [74]AASB 2010-5 [39]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 28 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [67] |\n| 30-31 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [75] |\n| 32 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [76] |\n| 33 | amendedamendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2006-1 [6]Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2007-8 [77]AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2013-9B [52] |\n| 37 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [78] |\n| Aus38.1 | addeddeleted | AASB 2004-2 [10]AASB 2011-1 [17] |\n| 39 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6,79-81]AASB 2011-9 [20] |\n| 41 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6, 82]AASB 2008-3 [8] |\n| 42 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [6] |\n| 44 | amendedamendedamended | Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2013-9B [53] |\n| 45 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [82]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 46 | amendedamendedamended | Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2007-8 [6, 82]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 48 (preceding heading) | amended | AASB 2008-3 [44] |\n| 48 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [82] |\n| 48A | addedamended | AASB 2008-3 [44]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 48B-48D | added | AASB 2008-3 [44] |\n| 49 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2008-7 [15]AASB 2008-3 [44]AASB 2015-1 [22] |\n| 52 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [82]AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| Aus53.1 | deleted | AASB 2007-4 [61] |\n| 55 | amended | AASB 2009-6 [59] |\n| 58 (preceding heading) | amended | AASB 2009-6 [60] |\n| 58A | note added | AASB 2009-6 [61] |\n| 59 (preceding heading) | deleted | AASB 2009-6 [62] |\n| 60A | note added | AASB 2007-8 [83] |\n| 60B | note addedparagraph added(in place of note) | AASB 2008-3 [45]AASB 2010-3 [9] |\n| 60C | addeddeleted | AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| 60D | added | AASB 2010-3 [9] |\n| 60E | addeddeleted | AASB 2010-7 [29]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 60F | added | AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 60G | added | AASB 2011-8 [56] |\n| 60H | added | AASB 2011-9 [20] |\n| 60I | addeddeleted | AASB 2014-1E [89]AASB 2014-7 [41] |\n| 60J | added | AASB 2014-7 [41] |\n\n### General Terminology Amendments\n\nThe following amendments are not shown in the above Table of Amendments:\n\nReferences to ‘financial report(s)’ were amended to ‘financial statements’ by AASB 2007-8 and AASB 2007-10, except in relation to specific Corporations Act references.","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects","sectionType":"part","heading":"Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as amended","content":"## Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as amended\n\nThis compiled Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. It takes into account amendments up to and including 21 January 2015 and was prepared on 20 March 2015 by the staff of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB).\n\nThis compilation is not a separate Accounting Standard made by the AASB. Instead, it is a representation of AASB 121 (July 2004) as amended by other Accounting Standards, which are listed in the Table below.","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Standards","sectionType":"division","heading":"Table of Standards","content":"### Table of Standards\n\n```html\n

Standard

Date made

Application date (annual reporting periods ... on or after ...)

Application, saving or transitional provisions

AASB 121

15 Jul 2004

(beginning) 1 Jan 2005

AASB 2004-2

1 Dec 2004

(beginning) 1 Jan 2005

–

AASB 2006-1

18 Jan 2006

(ending) 31 Dec 2006

see (a) below

AASB 2007-2

15 Feb 2007

(ending) 28 Feb 2007

see (b) below

AASB 2007-4

30 Apr 2007

(beginning) 1 Jul 2007

see (c) below

Erratum

20 Jul 2007

(beginning) 1 Jul 2007

see (d) below

AASB 2007-8

24 Sep 2007

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (e) below

AASB 2007-10

13 Dec 2007

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (e) below

AASB 2008-3

6 Mar 2008

(beginning) 1 Jul 2009

see (f) below

AASB 2008-7

25 Jul 2008

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009

see (g) below

AASB 2009-6

25 Jun 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009
and (ending) 30 Jun 2009

see (h) below

Erratum

5 Oct 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2009
and (ending) 30 Jun 2009

see (i) below

AASB 2009-11

7 Dec 2009

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (j) below

AASB 2010-3

23 Jun 2010

(beginning) 1 Jul 2010

see (k) below

AASB 2010-2

30 Jun 2010

(beginning) 1 Jul 2013

see (l) below

AASB 2010-5

27 Oct 2010

(beginning) 1 Jan 2011

see (m) below

AASB 2010-7

6 Dec 2010

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (n) below

AASB 2011-1

11 May 2011

(beginning) 1 Jul 2011

see (o) below

AASB 2011-7

29 Aug 2011

(beginning) 1 Jan 2013

see (p) below

AASB 2011-8

2 Sep 2011

(beginning) 1 Jan 2013

see (q) below

AASB 2011-9

5 Sep 2011

(beginning) 1 Jul 2012

see (r) below

AASB 2013-9

20 Dec 2013

Pt B (beginning) 1 Jan 2014

see (s) below

AASB 2014-1

4 Jun 2014

Pt E (beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (t) below

AASB 2014-7

17 Dec 2014

(beginning) 1 Jan 2018

see (u) below

AASB 2015-1

21 Jan 2015

(beginning) 1 Jan 2016

see (v) below

\n```\n\n(a) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 31 December 2006.\n\n(b) Entities may elect to apply the relevant amendments to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 28 February 2007.\n\n(c) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(d) Entities may elect to apply this Erratum to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(e) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(f) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 30 June 2007 but before 1 July 2009, provided that AASB 3 Business Combinations (March 2008) and AASB 127 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (March 2008) are also applied to such periods.\n\n(g) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009.\n\n(h) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods, and to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009 that end before 30 June 2009.\n\n(i) Entities may elect to apply this Erratum to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005, provided that AASB 2009-6 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(j) AASB 2009-11 has been amended by AASB 2010-10 (made 31 December 2010) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012). Part E of AASB 2014-1 (made 4 June 2014) updated the application date of the amendments in this Standard to 1 January 2018.\n\nEntities may elect to apply the amendments in this Standard to annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2009 that begin before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 (2009) Financial Instruments is also applied to such periods.\n\n(k) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2010.\n\n(l) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009 but before 1 July 2013, provided that AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(m) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2011.\n\n(n) AASB 2010-7 has been amended by AASB 2010-10 (made 31 December 2010) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012). Part E of AASB 2014-1 (made 4 June 2014) updated the application date of the amendments in this Standard to 1 January 2018.\n\nEntities may elect to apply the amendments in this Standard as set out in paragraph 6 of AASB 2010-7.\n\n(o) Entities may elect to apply this Standard, or its amendments to individual pronouncements, to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2011, provided that AASB 1054 Australian Additional Disclosures is, or its relevant individual disclosure requirements are, also applied to such periods.\n\n(p) AASB 2011-7 has been amended by AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012) and AASB 2012-10 (made 18 December 2012).\n\nFor-profit entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013. The Standard applies for not-for-profit entities to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014. Not-for-profit entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 but before 1 January 2014. If an entity elects to apply this Standard to such annual reporting periods, it shall also apply AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and associated Standards to such periods.\n\n(q) AASB 2011-8 has been amended by AASB 2011-10 (made 5 September 2011) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012).\n\nEntities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013, provided that AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement is also applied to such periods.\n\n(r) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2012.\n\n(s) Early application of Part B of this Standard is not permitted.\n\n(t) Entities may elect to apply Part E of this Standard to annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2009 that begin before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2009) or AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2010) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(u) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 24 July 2014 but before 1 January 2018, provided that AASB 9 Financial Instruments (2014) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(v) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2016.","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Amendments","sectionType":"division","heading":"Table of Amendments","content":"### Table of Amendments\n\n| Paragraph affected | How affected | By … [paragraph] |\n| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 1 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [64] |\n| Aus2.4 | deleted | AASB 2013-9B [37, 38] |\n| Aus2.8-Aus2.9 (and preceding heading) | added | AASB 2010-2 [34] |\n| 3 | amendedamendedamendedamendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-2 [10]Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-5 [38]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29]AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 4 | amendedamended | AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| 5 | amended | AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 7 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [58] |\n| 8 | amendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2007-10 [66]AASB 2011-7 [37]AASB 2011-8 [13] |\n| 11 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [37] |\n| 14 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [66] |\n| 15A | added | AASB 2006-1 [5] |\n| 18 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [37] |\n| 19 | amended | AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 23 (preceding heading) | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]Erratum, Oct 2009 [3] |\n| 23 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2011-8 [55] |\n| 25 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [6] |\n| 27 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [74]AASB 2010-5 [39]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 28 | amended | AASB 2007-10 [67] |\n| 30-31 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [75] |\n| 32 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [76] |\n| 33 | amendedamendedamendedamendedamended | AASB 2006-1 [6]Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2007-8 [77]AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2013-9B [52] |\n| 37 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [78] |\n| Aus38.1 | addeddeleted | AASB 2004-2 [10]AASB 2011-1 [17] |\n| 39 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6,79-81]AASB 2011-9 [20] |\n| 41 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [6, 82]AASB 2008-3 [8] |\n| 42 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [6] |\n| 44 | amendedamendedamended | Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2011-7 [38]AASB 2013-9B [53] |\n| 45 | amendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [82]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 46 | amendedamendedamended | Erratum, Jul 2007AASB 2007-8 [6, 82]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 48 (preceding heading) | amended | AASB 2008-3 [44] |\n| 48 | amended | AASB 2007-8 [82] |\n| 48A | addedamended | AASB 2008-3 [44]AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 48B-48D | added | AASB 2008-3 [44] |\n| 49 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2008-7 [15]AASB 2008-3 [44]AASB 2015-1 [22] |\n| 52 | amendedamendedamended | AASB 2007-8 [82]AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| Aus53.1 | deleted | AASB 2007-4 [61] |\n| 55 | amended | AASB 2009-6 [59] |\n| 58 (preceding heading) | amended | AASB 2009-6 [60] |\n| 58A | note added | AASB 2009-6 [61] |\n| 59 (preceding heading) | deleted | AASB 2009-6 [62] |\n| 60A | note added | AASB 2007-8 [83] |\n| 60B | note addedparagraph added(in place of note) | AASB 2008-3 [45]AASB 2010-3 [9] |\n| 60C | addeddeleted | AASB 2009-11 [26]AASB 2010-7 [7, 29] |\n| 60D | added | AASB 2010-3 [9] |\n| 60E | addeddeleted | AASB 2010-7 [29]AASB 2014-1E [89] |\n| 60F | added | AASB 2011-7 [39] |\n| 60G | added | AASB 2011-8 [56] |\n| 60H | added | AASB 2011-9 [20] |\n| 60I | addeddeleted | AASB 2014-1E [89]AASB 2014-7 [41] |\n| 60J | added | AASB 2014-7 [41] |","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"General Terminology Amendments","sectionType":"division","heading":"General Terminology Amendments","content":"### General Terminology Amendments\n\nThe following amendments are not shown in the above Table of Amendments:\n\nReferences to ‘financial report(s)’ were amended to ‘financial statements’ by AASB 2007-8 and AASB 2007-10, except in relation to specific Corporations Act references.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"Comparison with IAS 21","sectionType":"part","heading":"Comparison with IAS 21","content":"# Comparison with IAS 21\n\n## AASB 121 and IAS 21\n\nAASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as amended incorporates IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as issued and amended by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Paragraphs that have been added to this Standard (and do not appear in the text of IAS 21) are identified with the prefix “Aus”, followed by the number of the preceding IASB paragraph and decimal numbering.\n\n### Compliance with IAS 21\n\nEntities that comply with AASB 121 as amended will simultaneously be in compliance with IAS 21 as amended, with the exception of entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"AASB 121 and IAS 21","sectionType":"part","heading":"AASB 121 and IAS 21","content":"## AASB 121 and IAS 21\n\nAASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as amended incorporates IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates as issued and amended by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Paragraphs that have been added to this Standard (and do not appear in the text of IAS 21) are identified with the prefix “Aus”, followed by the number of the preceding IASB paragraph and decimal numbering.","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"Compliance with IAS 21","sectionType":"division","heading":"Compliance with IAS 21","content":"### Compliance with IAS 21\n\nEntities that comply with AASB 121 as amended will simultaneously be in compliance with IAS 21 as amended, with the exception of entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements.","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121","sectionType":"part","heading":"aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121","content":"# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121\n\nThe Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"Objective","sectionType":"part","heading":"Objective","content":"## Objective\n\n1 An entity may carry on foreign activities in two ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign operations. In addition, an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial statements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency.\n\n2 The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements.","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"Application","sectionType":"part","heading":"Application","content":"## Application\n\nAus2.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus2.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus2.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus2.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus2.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes AASB 1012 Foreign Currency Translation as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 586, 17 November 2000.\n\nAus2.6 AASB 1012 remains applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus2.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"Reduced Disclosure Requirements","sectionType":"division","heading":"Reduced Disclosure Requirements","content":"### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus2.8 Paragraphs 55-57 of this Standard do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements. Entities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus2.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"Scope","sectionType":"part","heading":"Scope","content":"## Scope\n\n3 This Standard shall be applied:[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1)\n\n(a) in accounting for transactions and balances in foreign currencies, except for those derivative transactions and balances that are within the scope of AASB 9 Financial Instruments;\n\n(b) in translating the results and financial position of foreign operations that are included in the financial statements of the entity by consolidation or the equity method; and\n\n(c) in translating an entity’s results and financial position into a presentation currency.\n\n4 AASB 9 applies to many foreign currency derivatives and, accordingly, these are excluded from the scope of this Standard. However, those foreign currency derivatives that are not within the scope of AASB 9 (e.g. some foreign currency derivatives that are embedded in other contracts) are within the scope of this Standard. In addition, this Standard applies when an entity translates amounts relating to derivatives from its functional currency to its presentation currency.\n\n5 This Standard does not apply to hedge accounting for foreign currency items, including the hedging of a net investment in a foreign operation. AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting.\n\n6 This Standard applies to the presentation of an entity’s financial statements in a foreign currency and sets out requirements for the resulting financial statements to be described as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For translations of financial information into a foreign currency that do not meet these requirements, this Standard specifies information to be disclosed.\n\n7 This Standard does not apply to the presentation in a statement of cash flows of the cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency, or to the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AASB 107 Statement of Cash Flows).","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"Definitions","sectionType":"part","heading":"Definitions","content":"## Definitions\n\n8 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nClosing rate is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.\n\nExchange difference is the difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates.\n\nExchange rate is the ratio of exchange for two currencies.\n\nFair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (See AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement.)\n\nForeign currency is a currency other than the functional currency of the entity.\n\nForeign operation is an entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint arrangement or branch of a reporting entity, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity.\n\nFunctional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.\n\nA group is a parent and all its subsidiaries.\n\nMonetary items are units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in a fixed or determinable number of units of currency.\n\nNet investment in a foreign operation is the amount of the reporting entity’s interest in the net assets of that operation.\n\nPresentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.\n\nSpot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery.","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"Elaboration on the Definitions","sectionType":"division","heading":"Elaboration on the Definitions","content":"### Elaboration on the Definitions\n\nFunctional Currency\n\n9 The primary economic environment in which an entity operates is normally the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash. An entity considers the following factors in determining its functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency:\n\n(i) that mainly influences sales prices for goods and services (this will often be the currency in which sales prices for its goods and services are denominated and settled); and\n\n(ii) of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales price of its goods and services;\n\n(b) the currency that mainly influences labour, material and other costs of providing goods or services (this will often be the currency in which such costs are denominated and settled).\n\n10 The following factors may also provide evidence of an entity’s functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency in which funds from financing activities (i.e. issuing debt and equity instruments) are generated;\n\n(b) the currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained.\n\n11 The following additional factors are considered in determining the functional currency of a foreign operation, and whether its functional currency is the same as that of the reporting entity (the reporting entity, in this context, being the entity that has the foreign operation as its subsidiary, branch, associate or joint arrangement):\n\n(a) whether the activities of the foreign operation are carried out as an extension of the reporting entity, rather than being carried out with a significant degree of autonomy. An example of the former is when the foreign operation only sells goods imported from the reporting entity and remits the proceeds to it. An example of the latter is when the operation accumulates cash and other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency;\n\n(b) whether transactions with the reporting entity are a high or low proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;\n\n(c) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation directly affect the cash flows of the reporting entity and are readily available for remittance to it;\n\n(d) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation are sufficient to service existing and normally expected debt obligations without funds being made available by the reporting entity.\n\n12 When the above indicators are mixed and the functional currency is not obvious, management uses its judgement to determine the functional currency that most faithfully represents the economic effects of the underlying transactions, events and conditions. As part of this approach, management gives priority to the primary indicators in paragraph 9 before considering the indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11, which are designed to provide additional supporting evidence to determine an entity’s functional currency.\n\n13 An entity’s functional currency reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to it. Accordingly, once determined, the functional currency is not changed unless there is a change in those underlying transactions, events and conditions.\n\n14 If the functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity’s financial statements are restated in accordance with AASB 129 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies. An entity cannot avoid restatement in accordance with AASB 129 by, for example, adopting as its functional currency a currency other than the functional currency determined in accordance with this Standard (such as the functional currency of its parent).\n\nNet Investment in a Foreign Operation\n\n15 An entity may have a monetary item that is receivable from or payable to a foreign operation. An item for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, a part of the entity’s net investment in that foreign operation, and is accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 33. Such monetary items may include long-term receivables or loans. They do not include trade receivables or trade payables.\n\n15A The entity that has a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation described in paragraph 15 may be any subsidiary of the group. For example, an entity has two subsidiaries, A and B. Subsidiary B is a foreign operation. Subsidiary A grants a loan to Subsidiary B. Subsidiary A’s loan receivable from Subsidiary B would be part of the entity’s net investment in Subsidiary B if settlement of the loan is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future. This would also be true if Subsidiary A were itself a foreign operation.\n\nMonetary Items\n\n16 The essential feature of a monetary item is a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: pensions and other employee benefits to be paid in cash; provisions that are to be settled in cash; and cash dividends that are recognised as a liability. Similarly, a contract to receive (or deliver) a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments or a variable amount of assets in which the fair value to be received (or delivered) equals a fixed or determinable number of units of currency is a monetary item. Conversely, the essential feature of a non-monetary item is the absence of a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: amounts prepaid for goods and services (e.g. prepaid rent); goodwill; intangible assets; inventories; property, plant and equipment; and provisions that are to be settled by the delivery of a non-monetary asset.","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"Summary of the Approach Required by this","sectionType":"part","heading":"Summary of the Approach Required by this Standard","content":"## Summary of the Approach Required by this Standard\n\n17 In preparing financial statements, each entity – whether a stand-alone entity, an entity with foreign operations (such as a parent) or a foreign operation (such as a subsidiary or branch) – determines its functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 9-14. The entity translates foreign currency items into its functional currency and reports the effects of such translation in accordance with paragraphs 20-37 and 50.\n\n18 Many reporting entities comprise a number of individual entities (e.g. a group is made up of a parent and one or more subsidiaries). Various types of entities, whether members of a group or otherwise, may have investments in associates or joint arrangements. They may also have branches. It is necessary for the results and financial position of each individual entity included in the reporting entity to be translated into the currency in which the reporting entity presents its financial statements. This Standard permits the presentation currency of a reporting entity to be any currency (or currencies). The results and financial position of any individual entity within the reporting entity whose functional currency differs from the presentation currency are translated in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.\n\n19 This Standard also permits a stand-alone entity preparing financial statements or an entity preparing separate financial statements in accordance with AASB 127 Separate Financial Statements to present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the entity’s presentation currency differs from its functional currency, its results and financial position are also translated into the presentation currency in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"Reporting Foreign Currency Transactions ","sectionType":"part","heading":"Reporting Foreign Currency Transactions in the Functional Currency","content":"ACCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121\n\nThe Australian Accounting Standards Board made Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001 on 15 July 2004.\n\nThis compiled version of AASB 121 applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. It incorporates relevant amendments contained in other AASB Standards made by the AASB and other decisions of the AASB up to and including 21 January 2015 (see Compilation Details).\n\n# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121\n\nThe Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates\n\n## Objective\n\n1 An entity may carry on foreign activities in two ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign operations. In addition, an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial statements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency.\n\n2 The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements.\n\n## Application\n\nAus2.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus2.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus2.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus2.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus2.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes AASB 1012 Foreign Currency Translation as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 586, 17 November 2000.\n\nAus2.6 AASB 1012 remains applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus2.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.\n\n### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus2.8 Paragraphs 55-57 of this Standard do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements. Entities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus2.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.\n\n## Scope\n\n3 This Standard shall be applied:[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1)\n\n(a) in accounting for transactions and balances in foreign currencies, except for those derivative transactions and balances that are within the scope of AASB 9 Financial Instruments;\n\n(b) in translating the results and financial position of foreign operations that are included in the financial statements of the entity by consolidation or the equity method; and\n\n(c) in translating an entity’s results and financial position into a presentation currency.\n\n4 AASB 9 applies to many foreign currency derivatives and, accordingly, these are excluded from the scope of this Standard. However, those foreign currency derivatives that are not within the scope of AASB 9 (e.g. some foreign currency derivatives that are embedded in other contracts) are within the scope of this Standard. In addition, this Standard applies when an entity translates amounts relating to derivatives from its functional currency to its presentation currency.\n\n5 This Standard does not apply to hedge accounting for foreign currency items, including the hedging of a net investment in a foreign operation. AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting.\n\n6 This Standard applies to the presentation of an entity’s financial statements in a foreign currency and sets out requirements for the resulting financial statements to be described as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For translations of financial information into a foreign currency that do not meet these requirements, this Standard specifies information to be disclosed.\n\n7 This Standard does not apply to the presentation in a statement of cash flows of the cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency, or to the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AASB 107 Statement of Cash Flows).\n\n## Definitions\n\n8 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nClosing rate is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.\n\nExchange difference is the difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates.\n\nExchange rate is the ratio of exchange for two currencies.\n\nFair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (See AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement.)\n\nForeign currency is a currency other than the functional currency of the entity.\n\nForeign operation is an entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint arrangement or branch of a reporting entity, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity.\n\nFunctional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.\n\nA group is a parent and all its subsidiaries.\n\nMonetary items are units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in a fixed or determinable number of units of currency.\n\nNet investment in a foreign operation is the amount of the reporting entity’s interest in the net assets of that operation.\n\nPresentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.\n\nSpot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery.\n\n### Elaboration on the Definitions\n\nFunctional Currency\n\n9 The primary economic environment in which an entity operates is normally the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash. An entity considers the following factors in determining its functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency:\n\n(i) that mainly influences sales prices for goods and services (this will often be the currency in which sales prices for its goods and services are denominated and settled); and\n\n(ii) of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales price of its goods and services;\n\n(b) the currency that mainly influences labour, material and other costs of providing goods or services (this will often be the currency in which such costs are denominated and settled).\n\n10 The following factors may also provide evidence of an entity’s functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency in which funds from financing activities (i.e. issuing debt and equity instruments) are generated;\n\n(b) the currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained.\n\n11 The following additional factors are considered in determining the functional currency of a foreign operation, and whether its functional currency is the same as that of the reporting entity (the reporting entity, in this context, being the entity that has the foreign operation as its subsidiary, branch, associate or joint arrangement):\n\n(a) whether the activities of the foreign operation are carried out as an extension of the reporting entity, rather than being carried out with a significant degree of autonomy. An example of the former is when the foreign operation only sells goods imported from the reporting entity and remits the proceeds to it. An example of the latter is when the operation accumulates cash and other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency;\n\n(b) whether transactions with the reporting entity are a high or low proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;\n\n(c) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation directly affect the cash flows of the reporting entity and are readily available for remittance to it;\n\n(d) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation are sufficient to service existing and normally expected debt obligations without funds being made available by the reporting entity.\n\n12 When the above indicators are mixed and the functional currency is not obvious, management uses its judgement to determine the functional currency that most faithfully represents the economic effects of the underlying transactions, events and conditions. As part of this approach, management gives priority to the primary indicators in paragraph 9 before considering the indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11, which are designed to provide additional supporting evidence to determine an entity’s functional currency.\n\n13 An entity’s functional currency reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to it. Accordingly, once determined, the functional currency is not changed unless there is a change in those underlying transactions, events and conditions.\n\n14 If the functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity’s financial statements are restated in accordance with AASB 129 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies. An entity cannot avoid restatement in accordance with AASB 129 by, for example, adopting as its functional currency a currency other than the functional currency determined in accordance with this Standard (such as the functional currency of its parent).\n\nNet Investment in a Foreign Operation\n\n15 An entity may have a monetary item that is receivable from or payable to a foreign operation. An item for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, a part of the entity’s net investment in that foreign operation, and is accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 33. Such monetary items may include long-term receivables or loans. They do not include trade receivables or trade payables.\n\n15A The entity that has a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation described in paragraph 15 may be any subsidiary of the group. For example, an entity has two subsidiaries, A and B. Subsidiary B is a foreign operation. Subsidiary A grants a loan to Subsidiary B. Subsidiary A’s loan receivable from Subsidiary B would be part of the entity’s net investment in Subsidiary B if settlement of the loan is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future. This would also be true if Subsidiary A were itself a foreign operation.\n\nMonetary Items\n\n16 The essential feature of a monetary item is a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: pensions and other employee benefits to be paid in cash; provisions that are to be settled in cash; and cash dividends that are recognised as a liability. Similarly, a contract to receive (or deliver) a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments or a variable amount of assets in which the fair value to be received (or delivered) equals a fixed or determinable number of units of currency is a monetary item. Conversely, the essential feature of a non-monetary item is the absence of a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: amounts prepaid for goods and services (e.g. prepaid rent); goodwill; intangible assets; inventories; property, plant and equipment; and provisions that are to be settled by the delivery of a non-monetary asset.\n\n## Summary of the Approach Required by this Standard\n\n17 In preparing financial statements, each entity – whether a stand-alone entity, an entity with foreign operations (such as a parent) or a foreign operation (such as a subsidiary or branch) – determines its functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 9-14. The entity translates foreign currency items into its functional currency and reports the effects of such translation in accordance with paragraphs 20-37 and 50.\n\n18 Many reporting entities comprise a number of individual entities (e.g. a group is made up of a parent and one or more subsidiaries). Various types of entities, whether members of a group or otherwise, may have investments in associates or joint arrangements. They may also have branches. It is necessary for the results and financial position of each individual entity included in the reporting entity to be translated into the currency in which the reporting entity presents its financial statements. This Standard permits the presentation currency of a reporting entity to be any currency (or currencies). The results and financial position of any individual entity within the reporting entity whose functional currency differs from the presentation currency are translated in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.\n\n19 This Standard also permits a stand-alone entity preparing financial statements or an entity preparing separate financial statements in accordance with AASB 127 Separate Financial Statements to present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the entity’s presentation currency differs from its functional currency, its results and financial position are also translated into the presentation currency in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.\n\n## Reporting Foreign Currency Transactions in the Functional Currency\n\n### Initial Recognition\n\n20 A foreign currency transaction is a transaction that is denominated or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising when an entity:\n\n(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency;\n\n(b) borrows or lends funds when the amounts payable or receivable are denominated in a foreign currency; or\n\n(c) otherwise acquires or disposes of assets, or incurs or settles liabilities, denominated in a foreign currency.\n\n21 A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.\n\n22 The date of a transaction is the date on which the transaction first qualifies for recognition in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.\n\n### Reporting at the Ends of Subsequent Reporting Periods\n\n23 At each end of the reporting period:\n\n(a) foreign currency monetary items shall be translated using the closing rate;\n\n(b) non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and\n\n(c) non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.\n\n24 The carrying amount of an item is determined in conjunction with other relevant Standards. For example, property, plant and equipment may be measured in terms of fair value or historical cost in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment. Whether the carrying amount is determined on the basis of historical cost or on the basis of fair value, if the amount is determined in a foreign currency it is then translated into the functional currency in accordance with this Standard.\n\n25 The carrying amount of some items is determined by comparing two or more amounts. For example, the carrying amount of inventories is the lower of cost and net realisable value in accordance with AASB 102 Inventories. Similarly, in accordance with AASB 136 Impairment of Assets, the carrying amount of an asset for which there is an indication of impairment is the lower of its carrying amount before considering possible impairment losses and its recoverable amount. When such an asset is non-monetary and is measured in a foreign currency, the carrying amount is determined by comparing:\n\n(a) the cost or carrying amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that amount was determined (i.e. the rate at the date of the transaction for an item measured in terms of historical cost); and\n\n(b) the net realisable value or recoverable amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that value was determined (e.g. the closing rate at the end of the reporting period).\n\nThe effect of this comparison may be that an impairment loss is recognised in the functional currency but would not be recognised in the foreign currency, or vice versa.\n\n26 When several exchange rates are available, the rate used is that at which the future cash flows represented by the transaction or balance could have been settled if those cash flows had occurred at the measurement date. If exchangeability between two currencies is temporarily lacking, the rate used is the first subsequent rate at which exchanges could be made.\n\n### Recognition of Exchange Differences\n\n27 As noted in paragraphs 3(a) and 5, AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting for foreign currency items. The application of hedge accounting requires an entity to account for some exchange differences differently from the treatment of exchange differences required by this Standard. For example, AASB 9 requires that exchange differences on monetary items that qualify as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge are recognised initially in other comprehensive income to the extent that the hedge is effective.\n\n28 Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements, shall be recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise, except as described in paragraph 32.\n\n29 When monetary items arise from a foreign currency transaction and there is a change in the exchange rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement, an exchange difference results. When the transaction is settled within the same reporting period as that in which it occurred, all the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the transaction is settled in a subsequent reporting period, the exchange difference recognised in each period up to the date of settlement is determined by the change in exchange rates during each period.\n\n30 When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in profit or loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss.\n\n31 Other Australian Accounting Standards require some gains and losses to be recognised in other comprehensive income. For example, AASB 116 requires some gains and losses arising on a revaluation of property, plant and equipment to be recognised in other comprehensive income. When such an asset is measured in a foreign currency, paragraph 23(c) of this Standard requires the revalued amount to be translated using the rate at the date the value is determined, resulting in an exchange difference that is also recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n32 Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation (see paragraph 15) shall be recognised in profit or loss in the separate financial statements of the reporting entity or the individual financial statements of the foreign operation as appropriate. In the financial statements that includes the foreign operation and the reporting entity (e.g. the consolidated financial statements when the foreign operation is a subsidiary), such exchange differences shall be recognised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment in accordance with paragraph 48.\n\n33 When a monetary item forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation and is denominated in the functional currency of the reporting entity, an exchange difference arises in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in the functional currency of the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of either the reporting entity or the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements and in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. Such exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income in the financial statements that include the foreign operation and the reporting entity (i.e. financial statements in which the foreign operation is consolidated or accounted for using the equity method).\n\n34 When an entity keeps its books and records in a currency other than its functional currency, at the time the entity prepares its financial statements, all amounts are translated into the functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 20-26. This produces the same amounts in the functional currency as would have occurred had the items been recorded initially in the functional currency. For example, monetary items are translated into the functional currency using the closing rate, and non-monetary items that are measured on a historical cost basis are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction that resulted in their recognition.\n\n### Change in Functional Currency\n\n35 When there is a change in an entity’s functional currency, the entity shall apply the translation procedures applicable to the new functional currency prospectively from the date of the change.\n\n36 As noted in paragraph 13, the functional currency of an entity reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to the entity. Accordingly, once the functional currency is determined, it can be changed only if there is a change to those underlying transactions, events and conditions. For example, a change in the currency that mainly influences the sales prices of goods and services may lead to a change in an entity’s functional currency.\n\n37 The effect of a change in functional currency is accounted for prospectively. In other words, an entity translates all items into the new functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the change. The resulting translated amounts for non-monetary items are treated as their historical cost. Exchange differences arising from the translation of a foreign operation previously recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 39(c) are not reclassified from equity to profit or loss until the disposal of the operation.\n\n## Use of a Presentation Currency other than the Functional Currency\n\n### Translation to the Presentation Currency\n\n38 An entity may present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the presentation currency differs from the entity’s functional currency, it translates its results and financial position into the presentation currency. For example, when a group contains individual entities with different functional currencies, the results and financial position of each entity are expressed in a common currency so that the consolidated financial statements may be presented.\n\n39 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position;\n\n(b) income and expenses for each statement presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and\n\n(c) all resulting exchange differences shall be recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n40 For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate income and expense items. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.\n\n41 The exchange differences referred to in paragraph 39(c) result from:\n\n(a) translating income and expenses at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing rate; and\n\n(b) translating the opening net assets at a closing rate that differs from the previous closing rate.\n\nThese exchange differences are not recognised in profit or loss because the changes in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations. The cumulative amount of the exchange differences is presented in a separate component of equity until disposal of the foreign operation. When the exchange differences relate to a foreign operation that is consolidated but not wholly-owned, accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable to non-controlling interests are allocated to, and recognised as part of, non-controlling interests in the consolidated statement of financial position.\n\n42 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) all amounts (i.e. assets, liabilities, equity items, income and expenses, including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of the most recent statement of financial position, except that\n\n(b) when amounts are translated into the currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy, comparative amounts shall be those that were presented as current year amounts in the relevant prior year financial statements (i.e. not adjusted for subsequent changes in the price level or subsequent changes in exchange rates).\n\n43 When an entity’s functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity shall restate its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129 before applying the translation method set out in paragraph 42, except for comparative amounts that are translated into a currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy (see paragraph 42(b)). When the economy ceases to be hyperinflationary and the entity no longer restates its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129, it shall use as the historical costs for translation into the presentation currency the amounts restated to the price level at the date the entity ceased restating its financial statements.\n\n### Translation of a Foreign Operation\n\n44 Paragraphs 45-47, in addition to paragraphs 38-43, apply when the results and financial position of a foreign operation are translated into a presentation currency so that the foreign operation can be included in the financial statements of the reporting entity by consolidation or the equity method.\n\n45 The incorporation of the results and financial position of a foreign operation with those of the reporting entity follows normal consolidation procedures, such as the elimination of intragroup balances and intragroup transactions of a subsidiary (see AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements). However, an intragroup monetary asset (or liability), whether short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against the corresponding intragroup liability (or asset) without showing the results of currency fluctuations in the consolidated financial statements. This is because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes the reporting entity to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations. Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting entity, such an exchange difference is recognised in profit or loss or, if it arises from the circumstances described in paragraph 32, it is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity until the disposal of the foreign operation.\n\n46 When the financial statements of a foreign operation are as of a date different from that of the reporting entity, the foreign operation often prepares additional statements as of the same date as the reporting entity’s financial statements. When this is not done, AASB 10 allows the use of a different date provided that the difference is no greater than three months and adjustments are made for the effects of any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period of the foreign operation. Adjustments are made for significant changes in exchange rates up to the end of the reporting period of the reporting entity in accordance with AASB 10. The same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and joint ventures in accordance with AASB 128 (August 2011).\n\n47 Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation shall be treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus they shall be expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and shall be translated at the closing rate in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 42.\n\n### Disposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreign Operation\n\n48 On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, shall be reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gain or loss on disposal is recognised (see AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)).\n\n48A In addition to the disposal of an entity’s entire interest in a foreign operation, the following partial disposals are accounted for as disposals:\n\n(a) when the partial disposal involves the loss of control of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, regardless of whether the entity retains a non-controlling interest in its former subsidiary after the partial disposal; and\n\n(b) when the retained interest after the partial disposal of an interest in a joint arrangement or a partial disposal of an interest in an associate that includes a foreign operation is a financial asset that includes a foreign operation.\n\n48B On disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation that have been attributed to the non-controlling interests shall be derecognised, but shall not be reclassified to profit or loss.\n\n48C On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the entity shall re-attribute the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation the entity shall reclassify to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n48D A partial disposal of an entity’s interest in a foreign operation is any reduction in an entity’s ownership interest in a foreign operation, except those reductions in paragraph 48A that are accounted for as disposals.\n\n49 An entity may dispose or partially dispose of its interest in a foreign operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital or abandonment of all, or part of, that entity. A write-down of the carrying amount of a foreign operation, either because of its own losses or because of an impairment recognised by the investor, does not constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the foreign exchange gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss at the time of a write-down.\n\n## Tax Effects of All Exchange Differences\n\n50 Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and exchange differences arising on translating the results and financial position of an entity (including a foreign operation) into a different currency may have tax effects. AASB 112 Income Taxes applies to these tax effects.\n\n## Disclosure\n\n51 In paragraphs 53 and 55-57 references to ‘functional currency’ apply, in the case of a group, to the functional currency of the parent.\n\n52 An entity shall disclose:\n\n(a) the amount of exchange differences recognised in profit or loss except for those arising on financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with AASB 9; and\n\n(b) net exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange differences at the beginning and end of the period.\n\n53 When the presentation currency is different from the functional currency, that fact shall be stated, together with disclosure of the functional currency and the reason for using a different presentation currency.\n\n54 When there is a change in the functional currency of either the reporting entity or a significant foreign operation, that fact and the reason for the change in functional currency shall be disclosed.\n\n55 When an entity presents its financial statements in a currency that is different from its functional currency, it shall describe the financial statements as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs only if they comply with all the requirements of Australian equivalents to IFRSs including the translation method set out in paragraphs 39 and 42.\n\n56 An entity sometimes presents its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is not its functional currency without meeting the requirements of paragraph 55. For example, an entity may convert into another currency only selected items from its financial statements. Or, an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy may convert the financial statements into another currency by translating all items at the most recent closing rate. Such conversions are not in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs and the disclosures set out in paragraph 57 are required.\n\n57 When an entity displays its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is different from either its functional currency or its presentation currency and the requirements of paragraph 55 are not met, it shall:\n\n(a) clearly identify the information as supplementary information to distinguish it from the information that complies with Australian equivalents to IFRSs;\n\n(b) disclose the currency in which the supplementary information is displayed; and\n\n(c) disclose the entity’s functional currency and the method of translation used to determine the supplementary information.\n\n## Effective Date and Transition\n\n58 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n58A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n59 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60B AASB 2008-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 3 and AASB 127 added paragraphs 48A-48D and amended paragraph 49. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies AASB 127 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.\n\n60C \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60D Paragraph 60B was added by AASB 2010-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project, issued in June 2010. An entity shall apply the amendments noted in paragraph 60B prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2010. Earlier application is permitted.\n\n60E \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60F AASB 2011-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Consolidation and Joint Arrangements Standards, issued in August 2011, amended paragraphs 3(b), 8, 11, 18, 19, 33, 44\\-46 and 48A. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 10 and AASB 11 Joint Arrangements.\n\n60G AASB 2011-8 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 13, issued in September 2011, amended the definition of fair value in paragraph 8 and amended paragraph 23. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 13.\n\n60H AASB 2011-9 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income, issued in September 2011, amended paragraph 39. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies AASB 101 as amended in September 2011.\n\n60I \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60J AASB 2010-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2010) (as amended) and AASB 2014-1 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards amended paragraphs 3(a), 3(b), 4, 5, 27 and 52(a) and deleted paragraph 60C. Paragraph 60E, added by AASB 2010-7, was deleted by AASB 2014-1. Paragraph 60I, added by AASB 2014‑1, was deleted by AASB 2014-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2014). An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 9 (December 2014).\n\n## Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements of the IASB\n\n61 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n62 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"Initial Recognition","sectionType":"division","heading":"Initial Recognition","content":"### Initial Recognition\n\n20 A foreign currency transaction is a transaction that is denominated or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising when an entity:\n\n(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency;\n\n(b) borrows or lends funds when the amounts payable or receivable are denominated in a foreign currency; or\n\n(c) otherwise acquires or disposes of assets, or incurs or settles liabilities, denominated in a foreign currency.\n\n21 A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.\n\n22 The date of a transaction is the date on which the transaction first qualifies for recognition in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"Reporting at the Ends of Subsequent Repo","sectionType":"division","heading":"Reporting at the Ends of Subsequent Reporting Periods","content":"### Reporting at the Ends of Subsequent Reporting Periods\n\n23 At each end of the reporting period:\n\n(a) foreign currency monetary items shall be translated using the closing rate;\n\n(b) non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and\n\n(c) non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.\n\n24 The carrying amount of an item is determined in conjunction with other relevant Standards. For example, property, plant and equipment may be measured in terms of fair value or historical cost in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment. Whether the carrying amount is determined on the basis of historical cost or on the basis of fair value, if the amount is determined in a foreign currency it is then translated into the functional currency in accordance with this Standard.\n\n25 The carrying amount of some items is determined by comparing two or more amounts. For example, the carrying amount of inventories is the lower of cost and net realisable value in accordance with AASB 102 Inventories. Similarly, in accordance with AASB 136 Impairment of Assets, the carrying amount of an asset for which there is an indication of impairment is the lower of its carrying amount before considering possible impairment losses and its recoverable amount. When such an asset is non-monetary and is measured in a foreign currency, the carrying amount is determined by comparing:\n\n(a) the cost or carrying amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that amount was determined (i.e. the rate at the date of the transaction for an item measured in terms of historical cost); and\n\n(b) the net realisable value or recoverable amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that value was determined (e.g. the closing rate at the end of the reporting period).\n\nThe effect of this comparison may be that an impairment loss is recognised in the functional currency but would not be recognised in the foreign currency, or vice versa.\n\n26 When several exchange rates are available, the rate used is that at which the future cash flows represented by the transaction or balance could have been settled if those cash flows had occurred at the measurement date. If exchangeability between two currencies is temporarily lacking, the rate used is the first subsequent rate at which exchanges could be made.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"Recognition of Exchange Differences","sectionType":"division","heading":"Recognition of Exchange Differences","content":"### Recognition of Exchange Differences\n\n27 As noted in paragraphs 3(a) and 5, AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting for foreign currency items. The application of hedge accounting requires an entity to account for some exchange differences differently from the treatment of exchange differences required by this Standard. For example, AASB 9 requires that exchange differences on monetary items that qualify as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge are recognised initially in other comprehensive income to the extent that the hedge is effective.\n\n28 Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements, shall be recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise, except as described in paragraph 32.\n\n29 When monetary items arise from a foreign currency transaction and there is a change in the exchange rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement, an exchange difference results. When the transaction is settled within the same reporting period as that in which it occurred, all the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the transaction is settled in a subsequent reporting period, the exchange difference recognised in each period up to the date of settlement is determined by the change in exchange rates during each period.\n\n30 When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in profit or loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss.\n\n31 Other Australian Accounting Standards require some gains and losses to be recognised in other comprehensive income. For example, AASB 116 requires some gains and losses arising on a revaluation of property, plant and equipment to be recognised in other comprehensive income. When such an asset is measured in a foreign currency, paragraph 23(c) of this Standard requires the revalued amount to be translated using the rate at the date the value is determined, resulting in an exchange difference that is also recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n32 Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation (see paragraph 15) shall be recognised in profit or loss in the separate financial statements of the reporting entity or the individual financial statements of the foreign operation as appropriate. In the financial statements that includes the foreign operation and the reporting entity (e.g. the consolidated financial statements when the foreign operation is a subsidiary), such exchange differences shall be recognised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment in accordance with paragraph 48.\n\n33 When a monetary item forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation and is denominated in the functional currency of the reporting entity, an exchange difference arises in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in the functional currency of the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of either the reporting entity or the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements and in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. Such exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income in the financial statements that include the foreign operation and the reporting entity (i.e. financial statements in which the foreign operation is consolidated or accounted for using the equity method).\n\n34 When an entity keeps its books and records in a currency other than its functional currency, at the time the entity prepares its financial statements, all amounts are translated into the functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 20-26. This produces the same amounts in the functional currency as would have occurred had the items been recorded initially in the functional currency. For example, monetary items are translated into the functional currency using the closing rate, and non-monetary items that are measured on a historical cost basis are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction that resulted in their recognition.","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"Change in Functional Currency","sectionType":"division","heading":"Change in Functional Currency","content":"### Change in Functional Currency\n\n35 When there is a change in an entity’s functional currency, the entity shall apply the translation procedures applicable to the new functional currency prospectively from the date of the change.\n\n36 As noted in paragraph 13, the functional currency of an entity reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to the entity. Accordingly, once the functional currency is determined, it can be changed only if there is a change to those underlying transactions, events and conditions. For example, a change in the currency that mainly influences the sales prices of goods and services may lead to a change in an entity’s functional currency.\n\n37 The effect of a change in functional currency is accounted for prospectively. In other words, an entity translates all items into the new functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the change. The resulting translated amounts for non-monetary items are treated as their historical cost. Exchange differences arising from the translation of a foreign operation previously recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 39(c) are not reclassified from equity to profit or loss until the disposal of the operation.","sortOrder":23},{"sectionNumber":"Use of a Presentation Currency other tha","sectionType":"part","heading":"Use of a Presentation Currency other than the Functional Currency","content":"ACCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121\n\nThe Australian Accounting Standards Board made Accounting Standard AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001 on 15 July 2004.\n\nThis compiled version of AASB 121 applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. It incorporates relevant amendments contained in other AASB Standards made by the AASB and other decisions of the AASB up to and including 21 January 2015 (see Compilation Details).\n\n# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 121\n\nThe Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates\n\n## Objective\n\n1 An entity may carry on foreign activities in two ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign operations. In addition, an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial statements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency.\n\n2 The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements.\n\n## Application\n\nAus2.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus2.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus2.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus2.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus2.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes AASB 1012 Foreign Currency Translation as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 586, 17 November 2000.\n\nAus2.6 AASB 1012 remains applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus2.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.\n\n### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus2.8 Paragraphs 55-57 of this Standard do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements. Entities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus2.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.\n\n## Scope\n\n3 This Standard shall be applied:[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1)\n\n(a) in accounting for transactions and balances in foreign currencies, except for those derivative transactions and balances that are within the scope of AASB 9 Financial Instruments;\n\n(b) in translating the results and financial position of foreign operations that are included in the financial statements of the entity by consolidation or the equity method; and\n\n(c) in translating an entity’s results and financial position into a presentation currency.\n\n4 AASB 9 applies to many foreign currency derivatives and, accordingly, these are excluded from the scope of this Standard. However, those foreign currency derivatives that are not within the scope of AASB 9 (e.g. some foreign currency derivatives that are embedded in other contracts) are within the scope of this Standard. In addition, this Standard applies when an entity translates amounts relating to derivatives from its functional currency to its presentation currency.\n\n5 This Standard does not apply to hedge accounting for foreign currency items, including the hedging of a net investment in a foreign operation. AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting.\n\n6 This Standard applies to the presentation of an entity’s financial statements in a foreign currency and sets out requirements for the resulting financial statements to be described as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For translations of financial information into a foreign currency that do not meet these requirements, this Standard specifies information to be disclosed.\n\n7 This Standard does not apply to the presentation in a statement of cash flows of the cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency, or to the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AASB 107 Statement of Cash Flows).\n\n## Definitions\n\n8 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nClosing rate is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period.\n\nExchange difference is the difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates.\n\nExchange rate is the ratio of exchange for two currencies.\n\nFair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (See AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement.)\n\nForeign currency is a currency other than the functional currency of the entity.\n\nForeign operation is an entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint arrangement or branch of a reporting entity, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity.\n\nFunctional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.\n\nA group is a parent and all its subsidiaries.\n\nMonetary items are units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in a fixed or determinable number of units of currency.\n\nNet investment in a foreign operation is the amount of the reporting entity’s interest in the net assets of that operation.\n\nPresentation currency is the currency in which the financial statements are presented.\n\nSpot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery.\n\n### Elaboration on the Definitions\n\nFunctional Currency\n\n9 The primary economic environment in which an entity operates is normally the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash. An entity considers the following factors in determining its functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency:\n\n(i) that mainly influences sales prices for goods and services (this will often be the currency in which sales prices for its goods and services are denominated and settled); and\n\n(ii) of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales price of its goods and services;\n\n(b) the currency that mainly influences labour, material and other costs of providing goods or services (this will often be the currency in which such costs are denominated and settled).\n\n10 The following factors may also provide evidence of an entity’s functional currency:\n\n(a) the currency in which funds from financing activities (i.e. issuing debt and equity instruments) are generated;\n\n(b) the currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained.\n\n11 The following additional factors are considered in determining the functional currency of a foreign operation, and whether its functional currency is the same as that of the reporting entity (the reporting entity, in this context, being the entity that has the foreign operation as its subsidiary, branch, associate or joint arrangement):\n\n(a) whether the activities of the foreign operation are carried out as an extension of the reporting entity, rather than being carried out with a significant degree of autonomy. An example of the former is when the foreign operation only sells goods imported from the reporting entity and remits the proceeds to it. An example of the latter is when the operation accumulates cash and other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency;\n\n(b) whether transactions with the reporting entity are a high or low proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;\n\n(c) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation directly affect the cash flows of the reporting entity and are readily available for remittance to it;\n\n(d) whether cash flows from the activities of the foreign operation are sufficient to service existing and normally expected debt obligations without funds being made available by the reporting entity.\n\n12 When the above indicators are mixed and the functional currency is not obvious, management uses its judgement to determine the functional currency that most faithfully represents the economic effects of the underlying transactions, events and conditions. As part of this approach, management gives priority to the primary indicators in paragraph 9 before considering the indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11, which are designed to provide additional supporting evidence to determine an entity’s functional currency.\n\n13 An entity’s functional currency reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to it. Accordingly, once determined, the functional currency is not changed unless there is a change in those underlying transactions, events and conditions.\n\n14 If the functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity’s financial statements are restated in accordance with AASB 129 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies. An entity cannot avoid restatement in accordance with AASB 129 by, for example, adopting as its functional currency a currency other than the functional currency determined in accordance with this Standard (such as the functional currency of its parent).\n\nNet Investment in a Foreign Operation\n\n15 An entity may have a monetary item that is receivable from or payable to a foreign operation. An item for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, a part of the entity’s net investment in that foreign operation, and is accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 33. Such monetary items may include long-term receivables or loans. They do not include trade receivables or trade payables.\n\n15A The entity that has a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation described in paragraph 15 may be any subsidiary of the group. For example, an entity has two subsidiaries, A and B. Subsidiary B is a foreign operation. Subsidiary A grants a loan to Subsidiary B. Subsidiary A’s loan receivable from Subsidiary B would be part of the entity’s net investment in Subsidiary B if settlement of the loan is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future. This would also be true if Subsidiary A were itself a foreign operation.\n\nMonetary Items\n\n16 The essential feature of a monetary item is a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: pensions and other employee benefits to be paid in cash; provisions that are to be settled in cash; and cash dividends that are recognised as a liability. Similarly, a contract to receive (or deliver) a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments or a variable amount of assets in which the fair value to be received (or delivered) equals a fixed or determinable number of units of currency is a monetary item. Conversely, the essential feature of a non-monetary item is the absence of a right to receive (or an obligation to deliver) a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. Examples include: amounts prepaid for goods and services (e.g. prepaid rent); goodwill; intangible assets; inventories; property, plant and equipment; and provisions that are to be settled by the delivery of a non-monetary asset.\n\n## Summary of the Approach Required by this Standard\n\n17 In preparing financial statements, each entity – whether a stand-alone entity, an entity with foreign operations (such as a parent) or a foreign operation (such as a subsidiary or branch) – determines its functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 9-14. The entity translates foreign currency items into its functional currency and reports the effects of such translation in accordance with paragraphs 20-37 and 50.\n\n18 Many reporting entities comprise a number of individual entities (e.g. a group is made up of a parent and one or more subsidiaries). Various types of entities, whether members of a group or otherwise, may have investments in associates or joint arrangements. They may also have branches. It is necessary for the results and financial position of each individual entity included in the reporting entity to be translated into the currency in which the reporting entity presents its financial statements. This Standard permits the presentation currency of a reporting entity to be any currency (or currencies). The results and financial position of any individual entity within the reporting entity whose functional currency differs from the presentation currency are translated in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.\n\n19 This Standard also permits a stand-alone entity preparing financial statements or an entity preparing separate financial statements in accordance with AASB 127 Separate Financial Statements to present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the entity’s presentation currency differs from its functional currency, its results and financial position are also translated into the presentation currency in accordance with paragraphs 38-50.\n\n## Reporting Foreign Currency Transactions in the Functional Currency\n\n### Initial Recognition\n\n20 A foreign currency transaction is a transaction that is denominated or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising when an entity:\n\n(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a foreign currency;\n\n(b) borrows or lends funds when the amounts payable or receivable are denominated in a foreign currency; or\n\n(c) otherwise acquires or disposes of assets, or incurs or settles liabilities, denominated in a foreign currency.\n\n21 A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.\n\n22 The date of a transaction is the date on which the transaction first qualifies for recognition in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.\n\n### Reporting at the Ends of Subsequent Reporting Periods\n\n23 At each end of the reporting period:\n\n(a) foreign currency monetary items shall be translated using the closing rate;\n\n(b) non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and\n\n(c) non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency shall be translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.\n\n24 The carrying amount of an item is determined in conjunction with other relevant Standards. For example, property, plant and equipment may be measured in terms of fair value or historical cost in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment. Whether the carrying amount is determined on the basis of historical cost or on the basis of fair value, if the amount is determined in a foreign currency it is then translated into the functional currency in accordance with this Standard.\n\n25 The carrying amount of some items is determined by comparing two or more amounts. For example, the carrying amount of inventories is the lower of cost and net realisable value in accordance with AASB 102 Inventories. Similarly, in accordance with AASB 136 Impairment of Assets, the carrying amount of an asset for which there is an indication of impairment is the lower of its carrying amount before considering possible impairment losses and its recoverable amount. When such an asset is non-monetary and is measured in a foreign currency, the carrying amount is determined by comparing:\n\n(a) the cost or carrying amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that amount was determined (i.e. the rate at the date of the transaction for an item measured in terms of historical cost); and\n\n(b) the net realisable value or recoverable amount, as appropriate, translated at the exchange rate at the date when that value was determined (e.g. the closing rate at the end of the reporting period).\n\nThe effect of this comparison may be that an impairment loss is recognised in the functional currency but would not be recognised in the foreign currency, or vice versa.\n\n26 When several exchange rates are available, the rate used is that at which the future cash flows represented by the transaction or balance could have been settled if those cash flows had occurred at the measurement date. If exchangeability between two currencies is temporarily lacking, the rate used is the first subsequent rate at which exchanges could be made.\n\n### Recognition of Exchange Differences\n\n27 As noted in paragraphs 3(a) and 5, AASB 9 applies to hedge accounting for foreign currency items. The application of hedge accounting requires an entity to account for some exchange differences differently from the treatment of exchange differences required by this Standard. For example, AASB 9 requires that exchange differences on monetary items that qualify as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge are recognised initially in other comprehensive income to the extent that the hedge is effective.\n\n28 Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements, shall be recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise, except as described in paragraph 32.\n\n29 When monetary items arise from a foreign currency transaction and there is a change in the exchange rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement, an exchange difference results. When the transaction is settled within the same reporting period as that in which it occurred, all the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the transaction is settled in a subsequent reporting period, the exchange difference recognised in each period up to the date of settlement is determined by the change in exchange rates during each period.\n\n30 When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in profit or loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss shall be recognised in profit or loss.\n\n31 Other Australian Accounting Standards require some gains and losses to be recognised in other comprehensive income. For example, AASB 116 requires some gains and losses arising on a revaluation of property, plant and equipment to be recognised in other comprehensive income. When such an asset is measured in a foreign currency, paragraph 23(c) of this Standard requires the revalued amount to be translated using the rate at the date the value is determined, resulting in an exchange difference that is also recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n32 Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation (see paragraph 15) shall be recognised in profit or loss in the separate financial statements of the reporting entity or the individual financial statements of the foreign operation as appropriate. In the financial statements that includes the foreign operation and the reporting entity (e.g. the consolidated financial statements when the foreign operation is a subsidiary), such exchange differences shall be recognised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment in accordance with paragraph 48.\n\n33 When a monetary item forms part of a reporting entity’s net investment in a foreign operation and is denominated in the functional currency of the reporting entity, an exchange difference arises in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in the functional currency of the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. If such an item is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of either the reporting entity or the foreign operation, an exchange difference arises in the reporting entity’s separate financial statements and in the foreign operation’s individual financial statements in accordance with paragraph 28. Such exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income in the financial statements that include the foreign operation and the reporting entity (i.e. financial statements in which the foreign operation is consolidated or accounted for using the equity method).\n\n34 When an entity keeps its books and records in a currency other than its functional currency, at the time the entity prepares its financial statements, all amounts are translated into the functional currency in accordance with paragraphs 20-26. This produces the same amounts in the functional currency as would have occurred had the items been recorded initially in the functional currency. For example, monetary items are translated into the functional currency using the closing rate, and non-monetary items that are measured on a historical cost basis are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction that resulted in their recognition.\n\n### Change in Functional Currency\n\n35 When there is a change in an entity’s functional currency, the entity shall apply the translation procedures applicable to the new functional currency prospectively from the date of the change.\n\n36 As noted in paragraph 13, the functional currency of an entity reflects the underlying transactions, events and conditions that are relevant to the entity. Accordingly, once the functional currency is determined, it can be changed only if there is a change to those underlying transactions, events and conditions. For example, a change in the currency that mainly influences the sales prices of goods and services may lead to a change in an entity’s functional currency.\n\n37 The effect of a change in functional currency is accounted for prospectively. In other words, an entity translates all items into the new functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the change. The resulting translated amounts for non-monetary items are treated as their historical cost. Exchange differences arising from the translation of a foreign operation previously recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraphs 32 and 39(c) are not reclassified from equity to profit or loss until the disposal of the operation.\n\n## Use of a Presentation Currency other than the Functional Currency\n\n### Translation to the Presentation Currency\n\n38 An entity may present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the presentation currency differs from the entity’s functional currency, it translates its results and financial position into the presentation currency. For example, when a group contains individual entities with different functional currencies, the results and financial position of each entity are expressed in a common currency so that the consolidated financial statements may be presented.\n\n39 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position;\n\n(b) income and expenses for each statement presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and\n\n(c) all resulting exchange differences shall be recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n40 For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate income and expense items. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.\n\n41 The exchange differences referred to in paragraph 39(c) result from:\n\n(a) translating income and expenses at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing rate; and\n\n(b) translating the opening net assets at a closing rate that differs from the previous closing rate.\n\nThese exchange differences are not recognised in profit or loss because the changes in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations. The cumulative amount of the exchange differences is presented in a separate component of equity until disposal of the foreign operation. When the exchange differences relate to a foreign operation that is consolidated but not wholly-owned, accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable to non-controlling interests are allocated to, and recognised as part of, non-controlling interests in the consolidated statement of financial position.\n\n42 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) all amounts (i.e. assets, liabilities, equity items, income and expenses, including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of the most recent statement of financial position, except that\n\n(b) when amounts are translated into the currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy, comparative amounts shall be those that were presented as current year amounts in the relevant prior year financial statements (i.e. not adjusted for subsequent changes in the price level or subsequent changes in exchange rates).\n\n43 When an entity’s functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity shall restate its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129 before applying the translation method set out in paragraph 42, except for comparative amounts that are translated into a currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy (see paragraph 42(b)). When the economy ceases to be hyperinflationary and the entity no longer restates its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129, it shall use as the historical costs for translation into the presentation currency the amounts restated to the price level at the date the entity ceased restating its financial statements.\n\n### Translation of a Foreign Operation\n\n44 Paragraphs 45-47, in addition to paragraphs 38-43, apply when the results and financial position of a foreign operation are translated into a presentation currency so that the foreign operation can be included in the financial statements of the reporting entity by consolidation or the equity method.\n\n45 The incorporation of the results and financial position of a foreign operation with those of the reporting entity follows normal consolidation procedures, such as the elimination of intragroup balances and intragroup transactions of a subsidiary (see AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements). However, an intragroup monetary asset (or liability), whether short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against the corresponding intragroup liability (or asset) without showing the results of currency fluctuations in the consolidated financial statements. This is because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes the reporting entity to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations. Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting entity, such an exchange difference is recognised in profit or loss or, if it arises from the circumstances described in paragraph 32, it is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity until the disposal of the foreign operation.\n\n46 When the financial statements of a foreign operation are as of a date different from that of the reporting entity, the foreign operation often prepares additional statements as of the same date as the reporting entity’s financial statements. When this is not done, AASB 10 allows the use of a different date provided that the difference is no greater than three months and adjustments are made for the effects of any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period of the foreign operation. Adjustments are made for significant changes in exchange rates up to the end of the reporting period of the reporting entity in accordance with AASB 10. The same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and joint ventures in accordance with AASB 128 (August 2011).\n\n47 Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation shall be treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus they shall be expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and shall be translated at the closing rate in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 42.\n\n### Disposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreign Operation\n\n48 On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, shall be reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gain or loss on disposal is recognised (see AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)).\n\n48A In addition to the disposal of an entity’s entire interest in a foreign operation, the following partial disposals are accounted for as disposals:\n\n(a) when the partial disposal involves the loss of control of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, regardless of whether the entity retains a non-controlling interest in its former subsidiary after the partial disposal; and\n\n(b) when the retained interest after the partial disposal of an interest in a joint arrangement or a partial disposal of an interest in an associate that includes a foreign operation is a financial asset that includes a foreign operation.\n\n48B On disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation that have been attributed to the non-controlling interests shall be derecognised, but shall not be reclassified to profit or loss.\n\n48C On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the entity shall re-attribute the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation the entity shall reclassify to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n48D A partial disposal of an entity’s interest in a foreign operation is any reduction in an entity’s ownership interest in a foreign operation, except those reductions in paragraph 48A that are accounted for as disposals.\n\n49 An entity may dispose or partially dispose of its interest in a foreign operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital or abandonment of all, or part of, that entity. A write-down of the carrying amount of a foreign operation, either because of its own losses or because of an impairment recognised by the investor, does not constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the foreign exchange gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss at the time of a write-down.\n\n## Tax Effects of All Exchange Differences\n\n50 Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and exchange differences arising on translating the results and financial position of an entity (including a foreign operation) into a different currency may have tax effects. AASB 112 Income Taxes applies to these tax effects.\n\n## Disclosure\n\n51 In paragraphs 53 and 55-57 references to ‘functional currency’ apply, in the case of a group, to the functional currency of the parent.\n\n52 An entity shall disclose:\n\n(a) the amount of exchange differences recognised in profit or loss except for those arising on financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with AASB 9; and\n\n(b) net exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange differences at the beginning and end of the period.\n\n53 When the presentation currency is different from the functional currency, that fact shall be stated, together with disclosure of the functional currency and the reason for using a different presentation currency.\n\n54 When there is a change in the functional currency of either the reporting entity or a significant foreign operation, that fact and the reason for the change in functional currency shall be disclosed.\n\n55 When an entity presents its financial statements in a currency that is different from its functional currency, it shall describe the financial statements as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs only if they comply with all the requirements of Australian equivalents to IFRSs including the translation method set out in paragraphs 39 and 42.\n\n56 An entity sometimes presents its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is not its functional currency without meeting the requirements of paragraph 55. For example, an entity may convert into another currency only selected items from its financial statements. Or, an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy may convert the financial statements into another currency by translating all items at the most recent closing rate. Such conversions are not in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs and the disclosures set out in paragraph 57 are required.\n\n57 When an entity displays its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is different from either its functional currency or its presentation currency and the requirements of paragraph 55 are not met, it shall:\n\n(a) clearly identify the information as supplementary information to distinguish it from the information that complies with Australian equivalents to IFRSs;\n\n(b) disclose the currency in which the supplementary information is displayed; and\n\n(c) disclose the entity’s functional currency and the method of translation used to determine the supplementary information.\n\n## Effective Date and Transition\n\n58 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n58A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n59 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60B AASB 2008-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 3 and AASB 127 added paragraphs 48A-48D and amended paragraph 49. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies AASB 127 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.\n\n60C \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60D Paragraph 60B was added by AASB 2010-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project, issued in June 2010. An entity shall apply the amendments noted in paragraph 60B prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2010. Earlier application is permitted.\n\n60E \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60F AASB 2011-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Consolidation and Joint Arrangements Standards, issued in August 2011, amended paragraphs 3(b), 8, 11, 18, 19, 33, 44\\-46 and 48A. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 10 and AASB 11 Joint Arrangements.\n\n60G AASB 2011-8 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 13, issued in September 2011, amended the definition of fair value in paragraph 8 and amended paragraph 23. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 13.\n\n60H AASB 2011-9 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income, issued in September 2011, amended paragraph 39. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies AASB 101 as amended in September 2011.\n\n60I \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60J AASB 2010-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2010) (as amended) and AASB 2014-1 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards amended paragraphs 3(a), 3(b), 4, 5, 27 and 52(a) and deleted paragraph 60C. Paragraph 60E, added by AASB 2010-7, was deleted by AASB 2014-1. Paragraph 60I, added by AASB 2014‑1, was deleted by AASB 2014-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2014). An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 9 (December 2014).\n\n## Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements of the IASB\n\n61 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n62 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":24},{"sectionNumber":"Translation to the Presentation Currency","sectionType":"division","heading":"Translation to the Presentation Currency","content":"### Translation to the Presentation Currency\n\n38 An entity may present its financial statements in any currency (or currencies). If the presentation currency differs from the entity’s functional currency, it translates its results and financial position into the presentation currency. For example, when a group contains individual entities with different functional currencies, the results and financial position of each entity are expressed in a common currency so that the consolidated financial statements may be presented.\n\n39 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position;\n\n(b) income and expenses for each statement presenting profit or loss and other comprehensive income (i.e. including comparatives) shall be translated at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and\n\n(c) all resulting exchange differences shall be recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n40 For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate income and expense items. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is inappropriate.\n\n41 The exchange differences referred to in paragraph 39(c) result from:\n\n(a) translating income and expenses at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing rate; and\n\n(b) translating the opening net assets at a closing rate that differs from the previous closing rate.\n\nThese exchange differences are not recognised in profit or loss because the changes in exchange rates have little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations. The cumulative amount of the exchange differences is presented in a separate component of equity until disposal of the foreign operation. When the exchange differences relate to a foreign operation that is consolidated but not wholly-owned, accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable to non-controlling interests are allocated to, and recognised as part of, non-controlling interests in the consolidated statement of financial position.\n\n42 The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy shall be translated into a different presentation currency using the following procedures:\n\n(a) all amounts (i.e. assets, liabilities, equity items, income and expenses, including comparatives) shall be translated at the closing rate at the date of the most recent statement of financial position, except that\n\n(b) when amounts are translated into the currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy, comparative amounts shall be those that were presented as current year amounts in the relevant prior year financial statements (i.e. not adjusted for subsequent changes in the price level or subsequent changes in exchange rates).\n\n43 When an entity’s functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the entity shall restate its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129 before applying the translation method set out in paragraph 42, except for comparative amounts that are translated into a currency of a non-hyperinflationary economy (see paragraph 42(b)). When the economy ceases to be hyperinflationary and the entity no longer restates its financial statements in accordance with AASB 129, it shall use as the historical costs for translation into the presentation currency the amounts restated to the price level at the date the entity ceased restating its financial statements.","sortOrder":25},{"sectionNumber":"Translation of a Foreign Operation","sectionType":"division","heading":"Translation of a Foreign Operation","content":"### Translation of a Foreign Operation\n\n44 Paragraphs 45-47, in addition to paragraphs 38-43, apply when the results and financial position of a foreign operation are translated into a presentation currency so that the foreign operation can be included in the financial statements of the reporting entity by consolidation or the equity method.\n\n45 The incorporation of the results and financial position of a foreign operation with those of the reporting entity follows normal consolidation procedures, such as the elimination of intragroup balances and intragroup transactions of a subsidiary (see AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements). However, an intragroup monetary asset (or liability), whether short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against the corresponding intragroup liability (or asset) without showing the results of currency fluctuations in the consolidated financial statements. This is because the monetary item represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes the reporting entity to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations. Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting entity, such an exchange difference is recognised in profit or loss or, if it arises from the circumstances described in paragraph 32, it is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity until the disposal of the foreign operation.\n\n46 When the financial statements of a foreign operation are as of a date different from that of the reporting entity, the foreign operation often prepares additional statements as of the same date as the reporting entity’s financial statements. When this is not done, AASB 10 allows the use of a different date provided that the difference is no greater than three months and adjustments are made for the effects of any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period of the foreign operation. Adjustments are made for significant changes in exchange rates up to the end of the reporting period of the reporting entity in accordance with AASB 10. The same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and joint ventures in accordance with AASB 128 (August 2011).\n\n47 Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation shall be treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus they shall be expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and shall be translated at the closing rate in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 42.","sortOrder":26},{"sectionNumber":"Disposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreig","sectionType":"division","heading":"Disposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreign Operation","content":"### Disposal or Partial Disposal of a Foreign Operation\n\n48 On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, shall be reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gain or loss on disposal is recognised (see AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)).\n\n48A In addition to the disposal of an entity’s entire interest in a foreign operation, the following partial disposals are accounted for as disposals:\n\n(a) when the partial disposal involves the loss of control of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, regardless of whether the entity retains a non-controlling interest in its former subsidiary after the partial disposal; and\n\n(b) when the retained interest after the partial disposal of an interest in a joint arrangement or a partial disposal of an interest in an associate that includes a foreign operation is a financial asset that includes a foreign operation.\n\n48B On disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation that have been attributed to the non-controlling interests shall be derecognised, but shall not be reclassified to profit or loss.\n\n48C On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the entity shall re-attribute the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation the entity shall reclassify to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income.\n\n48D A partial disposal of an entity’s interest in a foreign operation is any reduction in an entity’s ownership interest in a foreign operation, except those reductions in paragraph 48A that are accounted for as disposals.\n\n49 An entity may dispose or partially dispose of its interest in a foreign operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital or abandonment of all, or part of, that entity. A write-down of the carrying amount of a foreign operation, either because of its own losses or because of an impairment recognised by the investor, does not constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the foreign exchange gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss at the time of a write-down.","sortOrder":27},{"sectionNumber":"Tax Effects of All Exchange Differences","sectionType":"part","heading":"Tax Effects of All Exchange Differences","content":"## Tax Effects of All Exchange Differences\n\n50 Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and exchange differences arising on translating the results and financial position of an entity (including a foreign operation) into a different currency may have tax effects. AASB 112 Income Taxes applies to these tax effects.","sortOrder":28},{"sectionNumber":"Disclosure","sectionType":"part","heading":"Disclosure","content":"## Disclosure\n\n51 In paragraphs 53 and 55-57 references to ‘functional currency’ apply, in the case of a group, to the functional currency of the parent.\n\n52 An entity shall disclose:\n\n(a) the amount of exchange differences recognised in profit or loss except for those arising on financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with AASB 9; and\n\n(b) net exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a separate component of equity, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange differences at the beginning and end of the period.\n\n53 When the presentation currency is different from the functional currency, that fact shall be stated, together with disclosure of the functional currency and the reason for using a different presentation currency.\n\n54 When there is a change in the functional currency of either the reporting entity or a significant foreign operation, that fact and the reason for the change in functional currency shall be disclosed.\n\n55 When an entity presents its financial statements in a currency that is different from its functional currency, it shall describe the financial statements as complying with Australian equivalents to IFRSs only if they comply with all the requirements of Australian equivalents to IFRSs including the translation method set out in paragraphs 39 and 42.\n\n56 An entity sometimes presents its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is not its functional currency without meeting the requirements of paragraph 55. For example, an entity may convert into another currency only selected items from its financial statements. Or, an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy may convert the financial statements into another currency by translating all items at the most recent closing rate. Such conversions are not in accordance with Australian equivalents to IFRSs and the disclosures set out in paragraph 57 are required.\n\n57 When an entity displays its financial statements or other financial information in a currency that is different from either its functional currency or its presentation currency and the requirements of paragraph 55 are not met, it shall:\n\n(a) clearly identify the information as supplementary information to distinguish it from the information that complies with Australian equivalents to IFRSs;\n\n(b) disclose the currency in which the supplementary information is displayed; and\n\n(c) disclose the entity’s functional currency and the method of translation used to determine the supplementary information.","sortOrder":29},{"sectionNumber":"Effective Date and Transition","sectionType":"part","heading":"Effective Date and Transition","content":"## Effective Date and Transition\n\n58 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n58A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n59 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60A \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n60B AASB 2008-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 3 and AASB 127 added paragraphs 48A-48D and amended paragraph 49. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies AASB 127 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.\n\n60C \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60D Paragraph 60B was added by AASB 2010-3 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project, issued in June 2010. An entity shall apply the amendments noted in paragraph 60B prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2010. Earlier application is permitted.\n\n60E \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60F AASB 2011-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Consolidation and Joint Arrangements Standards, issued in August 2011, amended paragraphs 3(b), 8, 11, 18, 19, 33, 44\\-46 and 48A. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 10 and AASB 11 Joint Arrangements.\n\n60G AASB 2011-8 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 13, issued in September 2011, amended the definition of fair value in paragraph 8 and amended paragraph 23. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 13.\n\n60H AASB 2011-9 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Presentation of Items of Other Comprehensive Income, issued in September 2011, amended paragraph 39. An entity shall apply that amendment when it applies AASB 101 as amended in September 2011.\n\n60I \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n60J AASB 2010-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2010) (as amended) and AASB 2014-1 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards amended paragraphs 3(a), 3(b), 4, 5, 27 and 52(a) and deleted paragraph 60C. Paragraph 60E, added by AASB 2010-7, was deleted by AASB 2014-1. Paragraph 60I, added by AASB 2014‑1, was deleted by AASB 2014-7 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from AASB 9 (December 2014). An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 9 (December 2014).","sortOrder":30},{"sectionNumber":"Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements of th","sectionType":"part","heading":"Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements of the IASB","content":"## Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements of the IASB\n\n61 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n62 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"DELETED ias 21 TEXT","sectionType":"part","heading":"DELETED ias 21 TEXT","content":"# DELETED ias 21 TEXT\n\nDeleted IAS 21 text is not part of AASB 121.\n\nParagraph 58\n\nAn entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.\n\nParagraph 58A\n\nNet Investment in a Foreign Operation (Amendment to IAS 21), issued in December 2005, added paragraph 15A and amended paragraph 33. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2006. Earlier application is encouraged.\n\nParagraph 59\n\nAn entity shall apply paragraph 47 prospectively to all acquisitions occurring after the beginning of the financial reporting period in which this Standard is first applied. Retrospective application of paragraph 47 to earlier acquisitions is permitted. For an acquisition of a foreign operation treated prospectively but which occurred before the date on which this Standard is first applied, the entity shall not restate prior years and accordingly may, when appropriate, treat goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on that acquisition as assets and liabilities of the entity rather than as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Therefore, those goodwill and fair value adjustments either are already expressed in the entity’s functional currency or are non-monetary foreign currency items, which are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the acquisition.\n\nParagraph 60\n\nAll other changes resulting from the application of this Standard shall be accounted for in accordance with the requirements of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.\n\nParagraph 60A\n\nIAS 1 (as revised in 2007) amended the terminology used throughout IFRSs. In addition it amended paragraphs 27, 30-33, 37, 39, 41, 45, 48 and 52. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. If an entity applies IAS 1 (revised 2007) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.\n\nParagraph 61\n\nThis Standard supersedes IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised in 1993).\n\nParagraph 62\n\nThis Standard supersedes the following Interpretations:\n\n(a) SIC-11 Foreign Exchange – Capitalisation of Losses Resulting from Severe Currency Devaluations;\n\n(b) SIC-19 Reporting Currency – Measurement and Presentation of Financial Statements under IAS 21 and IAS 29; and\n\n(c) SIC-30 Reporting Currency – Translation from Measurement Currency to Presentation Currency.","sortOrder":32}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":3364},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Originally a straightforward foreign currency translation standard, AASB 121 has expanded significantly to cover partial disposals of foreign operations, joint arrangements (from AASB 11), fair value measurement interactions (AASB 13), and a tiered disclosure framework. It has been substantially rewritten to integrate with the new financial instruments standard (AASB 9) replacing hedge accounting references, and updated consolidation standards (AASB 10), making it far more technically comprehensive than the 2004 original."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive cross-referencing to other accounting standards (AASB 9 Financial Instruments, AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement, etc.)","Technical distinction between functional currency and presentation currency requiring entity-specific determination based on economic factors","Different accounting treatments for monetary versus non-monetary items with specific translation rates for each","Complex partial disposal rules (paragraphs 48A-48D) distinguishing between loss of control versus simple ownership reductions","Special provisions for hyperinflationary economies requiring restatement before translation","Multi-layered consolidation rules for intragroup balances and net investments in foreign operations","Australian-specific modifications (Aus paragraphs) layered atop international IFRS base text","22 separate amendment standards incorporated into this compilation with intricate transitional provisions"],"plain_english_summary":"This standard tells Australian entities how to record foreign‑currency transactions and translate overseas operations into their financial statements. It applies to companies trading in foreign currencies, businesses with foreign subsidiaries/branches/joint ventures, and any entity presenting accounts in a currency different from its functional currency.\n\nIt requires using transaction and closing exchange rates to value items, treats monetary and non‑monetary items differently, and channels most exchange gains/losses to profit or loss (with some foreign‑operation equity effects in other comprehensive income), ensuring consistent reporting of currency risk."},"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"Compared with the IASB text incorporated, the AASB version introduces Australian‑specific application paragraphs and amendments and narrows or reallocates scope in places by deferring derivative and hedge accounting to AASB 9 (paras 3–5, 27, 60J; Aus2.1–Aus2.3). It also adds specific rules on partial disposals and non‑controlling interests (paras 48A–48D, 48B–48C) and contains multiple later amendments and transitional provisions that alter when and how parts of the Standard apply (Compilation Details; paras 60B–60J)."},"complexity_factors":["Cross‑standard interactions: scope exclusions for many foreign‑currency derivatives and hedge accounting mean readers must apply AASB 9 as well as AASB 121 (paras 3–5, 27, 60J).","Judgemental determinations: identifying the functional currency relies on mixed indicators and management judgement (paras 9–13).","Multiple measurement bases: different translation rules for monetary vs non‑monetary and historical cost vs fair value items (paras 23–26, 30).","Profit vs OCI allocation: intricate rules when exchange differences go to profit or loss or to other comprehensive income, especially for net investments and reclassification on disposal (paras 28, 32–33, 39, 41, 48).","Additional Australian material: Aus paragraphs add jurisdictional application and reduced‑disclosure options, increasing local variation from IAS 21 (Aus2.1–Aus2.9, Aus38.1).","Partial disposal and non‑controlling interest plumbing added later (paras 48A–48D, 48B–48C), increasing consolidation accounting complexity.","Hyperinflation linkage: restatement and translation interact with AASB 129 rules (paras 14, 42–43).","Practical rate selection: guidance permits averages but warns when rates fluctuate, requiring judgement on what ‘approximates’ transaction dates (paras 22, 40, 26).","Extensive amendments and transition mechanics: many amending Standards and staggered application dates create implementation and comparability issues (Compilation Details; paras 60B–60J)."],"plain_english_summary":"AASB 121 sets the rules for translating foreign‑currency transactions, balances and foreign operations into an entity’s functional or presentation currency. It prescribes which exchange rates to use, when exchange differences hit profit or loss versus other comprehensive income, treatment of net investments and partial disposals, and required disclosures. It affects any reporting entity with foreign‑currency activity (parents, subsidiaries, branches, associates) and therefore changes reported profit, equity and tax consequences while imposing judgemental decisions and compliance tasks on management and auditors."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004","history":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004/history","analysis":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/aasb-121-the-effects-of-changes-in-foreign-exchange-rates-july-2004/documents"}}