{"id":"F2005B01548","name":"AASB 117 - Leases - July 2004","slug":"aasb-117-leases-july-2004","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":111965,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2005B01548-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-03","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards","sectionType":"part","heading":"Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards","content":"## Obtaining Copies of Accounting Standards\n\nCompiled versions of Standards, original Standards and amending Standards (see Compilation Details) are available on the AASB website: www.aasb.gov.au.\n\nPrinted copies of original Standards and amending Standards are available for purchase by contacting:\n\n| The Customer Service OfficerAustralian Accounting Standards BoardLevel 7600 Bourke StreetMelbourne VictoriaAUSTRALIA | Postal address:PO Box 204 Collins Street WestVictoria 8007AUSTRALIA |\n| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n\nPhone: (03) 9617 7637\n\nFax: (03) 9617 7608\n\nE-mail: publications@aasb.gov.au\n\nWebsite: www.aasb.gov.au","sortOrder":0},{"sectionNumber":"Other Enquiries","sectionType":"part","heading":"Other Enquiries","content":"## Other Enquiries\n\nPhone: (03) 9617 7600\n\nFax: (03) 9617 7608\n\nE-mail: standard@aasb.gov.au\n\nCOPYRIGHT\n\n© 2015 Commonwealth of Australia\n\nThis compiled AASB Standard contains IFRS Foundation copyright material. Reproduction within Australia in unaltered form (retaining this notice) is permitted for personal and non-commercial use subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights for commercial purposes within Australia should be addressed to The Director of Finance and Administration, Australian Accounting Standards Board, PO Box 204, Collins Street West, Victoria 8007.\n\nAll existing rights in this material are reserved outside Australia.\n\nReproduction outside Australia in unaltered form (retaining this notice) is permitted for personal and non-commercial use only. Further information and requests for authorisation to reproduce for commercial purposes outside Australia should be addressed to the IFRS Foundation at www.ifrs.org.","sortOrder":1},{"sectionNumber":"CONTENTS","sectionType":"part","heading":"CONTENTS","content":"# CONTENTS\n\nCOMPILATION DETAILS\n\nComparison With IAS 17\n\nAccounting Standard\n\nAASB 117 Leases\n\nParagraphs\n\nObjective 1\n\nApplication Aus1.1 – Aus1.7\n\nReduced Disclosure Requirements Aus1.8 – Aus1.9\n\nScope 2 – 3\n\nDefinitions 4 – 6A\n\nClassification of Leases 7 – 19\n\nLeases in the Financial Statements of Lessees\n\nFinance Leases\n\nInitial recognition 20 – 24\n\nSubsequent measurement 25 – 30\n\nDisclosures 31 – 32\n\nOperating Leases 33 – 34\n\nDisclosures 35\n\nLeases in the Financial Statements of Lessors\n\nFinance Leases\n\nInitial recognition 36 – 38\n\nSubsequent measurement 39 – 46\n\nDisclosures 47 – 48\n\nOperating Leases 49 – 55\n\nDisclosures 56 – 57\n\nSale and Leaseback Transactions 58 – 66\n\nTransitional Provisions 68A\n\nEffective Date 69A\n\nIMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE Page 17\n\nDELETED IAS 17 TEXT Page 18\n\nBASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS ON IAS 17  \n(available on the AASB website)\n\nAustralian Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases (as amended) is set out in paragraphs 1 – 69A. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Terms defined in this Standard are in italics the first time they appear in the Standard. AASB 117 is to be read in the context of other Australian Accounting Standards, including AASB 1048 Interpretation of Standards, which identifies the Australian Accounting Interpretations. In the absence of explicit guidance, AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies.","sortOrder":2},{"sectionNumber":"compilation details","sectionType":"part","heading":"compilation details","content":"# compilation details\n\n## Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases as amended\n\nThis compiled Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. It takes into account amendments up to and including 28 January 2015 and was prepared on 2 April 2015 by the staff of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB).\n\nThis compilation is not a separate Accounting Standard made by the AASB. Instead, it is a representation of AASB 117 (July 2004) as amended by other Accounting Standards, which are listed in the Table below.\n\n### Table of Standards\n\n| Standard     | Date made   | Application date(annual reporting periods ... on or after ...) | Application, saving or transitional provisions |\n| ------------ | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |\n| AASB 117     | 15 Jul 2004 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2005                                         |                                                |\n| AASB 2005-10 | 5 Sep 2005  | (beginning) 1 Jan 2007                                         | see (a) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-2  | 15 Feb 2007 | (ending) 28 Feb 2007                                           | see (b) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-4  | 30 Apr 2007 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2007                                         | see (c) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-8  | 24 Sep 2007 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2009                                         | see (d) below                                  |\n| AASB 2009-5  | 21 May 2009 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2010                                         | see (e) below                                  |\n| AASB 2009-6  | 25 Jun 2009 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2009and (ending) 30 Jun 2009                 | see (f) below                                  |\n| AASB 2010-2  | 30 Jun 2010 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2013                                         | see (g) below                                  |\n| AASB 2011-8  | 2 Sep 2011  | (beginning) 1 Jan 2013                                         | see (h) below                                  |\n| AASB 2014-6  | 12 Dec 2014 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2016                                         | see (i) below                                  |\n| AASB 2015-3  | 28 Jan 2015 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2015                                         | see (j) below                                  |\n\n(a) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2007.\n\n(b) Entities may elect to apply the relevant amendments to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 28 February 2007.\n\n(c) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(d) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(e) Entities may elect to apply this Standard, or its amendments to individual Standards, to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2010.\n\n(f) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods, and to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009 that end before 30 June 2009.\n\n(g) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009 but before 1 July 2013, provided that AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(h) AASB 2011-8 has been amended by AASB 2011-10 (made 5 September 2011) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012).\n\nEntities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013, provided that AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement is also applied to such periods.\n\n(i) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2016.\n\n(j) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014 but before 1 July 2015.\n\n### Table of Amendments\n\n| Paragraph affected                    | How affected                | By … [paragraph]                                  |\n| ------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |\n| Aus1.1                                | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [7, 8]                                |\n| Aus1.4                                | amendeddeleted              | AASB 2007-8 [8]AASB 2015-3 [13, 14]               |\n| Aus1.8-Aus1.9 (and preceding heading) | added                       | AASB 2010-2 [32]                                  |\n| 2                                     | amended                     | AASB 2014-6 [14]                                  |\n| 6A                                    | added                       | AASB 2011-8 [50]                                  |\n| 10 (footnote 1)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 13                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-4 [51]                                  |\n| 14-15                                 | deleted                     | AASB 2009-5 [15]                                  |\n| 15A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |\n| 20                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 22                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 23                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 31                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [50]  |\n| 33 (footnote 2)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 35                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [50]  |\n| 36                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 41                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-4 [51]                                  |\n| 47                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6] AASB 2009-6 [50] |\n| 49                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 50 (footnote 3)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 56                                    | amendedheading added        | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2009-6 [50]                 |\n| 68A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |\n| 69A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |","sortOrder":3},{"sectionNumber":"Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases as a","sectionType":"part","heading":"Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases as amended","content":"## Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases as amended\n\nThis compiled Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. It takes into account amendments up to and including 28 January 2015 and was prepared on 2 April 2015 by the staff of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB).\n\nThis compilation is not a separate Accounting Standard made by the AASB. Instead, it is a representation of AASB 117 (July 2004) as amended by other Accounting Standards, which are listed in the Table below.","sortOrder":4},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Standards","sectionType":"division","heading":"Table of Standards","content":"### Table of Standards\n\n| Standard     | Date made   | Application date(annual reporting periods ... on or after ...) | Application, saving or transitional provisions |\n| ------------ | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |\n| AASB 117     | 15 Jul 2004 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2005                                         |                                                |\n| AASB 2005-10 | 5 Sep 2005  | (beginning) 1 Jan 2007                                         | see (a) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-2  | 15 Feb 2007 | (ending) 28 Feb 2007                                           | see (b) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-4  | 30 Apr 2007 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2007                                         | see (c) below                                  |\n| AASB 2007-8  | 24 Sep 2007 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2009                                         | see (d) below                                  |\n| AASB 2009-5  | 21 May 2009 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2010                                         | see (e) below                                  |\n| AASB 2009-6  | 25 Jun 2009 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2009and (ending) 30 Jun 2009                 | see (f) below                                  |\n| AASB 2010-2  | 30 Jun 2010 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2013                                         | see (g) below                                  |\n| AASB 2011-8  | 2 Sep 2011  | (beginning) 1 Jan 2013                                         | see (h) below                                  |\n| AASB 2014-6  | 12 Dec 2014 | (beginning) 1 Jan 2016                                         | see (i) below                                  |\n| AASB 2015-3  | 28 Jan 2015 | (beginning) 1 Jul 2015                                         | see (j) below                                  |\n\n(a) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2007.\n\n(b) Entities may elect to apply the relevant amendments to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 that end before 28 February 2007.\n\n(c) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 July 2007.\n\n(d) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods.\n\n(e) Entities may elect to apply this Standard, or its amendments to individual Standards, to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2010.\n\n(f) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2009, provided that AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (September 2007) is also applied to such periods, and to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009 that end before 30 June 2009.\n\n(g) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009 but before 1 July 2013, provided that AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards is also applied to such periods.\n\n(h) AASB 2011-8 has been amended by AASB 2011-10 (made 5 September 2011) and AASB 2012-6 (made 10 September 2012).\n\nEntities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2013, provided that AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement is also applied to such periods.\n\n(i) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005 but before 1 January 2016.\n\n(j) Entities may elect to apply this Standard to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2014 but before 1 July 2015.","sortOrder":5},{"sectionNumber":"Table of Amendments","sectionType":"division","heading":"Table of Amendments","content":"### Table of Amendments\n\n| Paragraph affected                    | How affected                | By … [paragraph]                                  |\n| ------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |\n| Aus1.1                                | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [7, 8]                                |\n| Aus1.4                                | amendeddeleted              | AASB 2007-8 [8]AASB 2015-3 [13, 14]               |\n| Aus1.8-Aus1.9 (and preceding heading) | added                       | AASB 2010-2 [32]                                  |\n| 2                                     | amended                     | AASB 2014-6 [14]                                  |\n| 6A                                    | added                       | AASB 2011-8 [50]                                  |\n| 10 (footnote 1)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 13                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-4 [51]                                  |\n| 14-15                                 | deleted                     | AASB 2009-5 [15]                                  |\n| 15A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |\n| 20                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 22                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 23                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 31                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [50]  |\n| 33 (footnote 2)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 35                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6]AASB 2009-6 [50]  |\n| 36                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 41                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-4 [51]                                  |\n| 47                                    | amendedamendedheading added | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2007-8 [6] AASB 2009-6 [50] |\n| 49                                    | amended                     | AASB 2007-8 [6]                                   |\n| 50 (footnote 3)                       | amended                     | AASB 2007-2 [10]                                  |\n| 56                                    | amendedheading added        | AASB 2005-10 [28]AASB 2009-6 [50]                 |\n| 68A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |\n| 69A                                   | added                       | AASB 2009-5 [16]                                  |","sortOrder":6},{"sectionNumber":"Comparison with IAS 17","sectionType":"part","heading":"Comparison with IAS 17","content":"# Comparison with IAS 17\n\n## AASB 117 and IAS 17\n\nAASB 117 Leases as amended incorporates IAS 17 Leases as issued and amended by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Paragraphs that have been added to this Standard (and do not appear in the text of IAS 17) are identified with the prefix “Aus”, followed by the number of the preceding IASB paragraph and decimal numbering.\n\n## Compliance with IAS 17\n\nEntities that comply with AASB 117 as amended will simultaneously be in compliance with IAS 17 as amended, with the exception of entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements.","sortOrder":7},{"sectionNumber":"AASB 117 and IAS 17","sectionType":"part","heading":"AASB 117 and IAS 17","content":"## AASB 117 and IAS 17\n\nAASB 117 Leases as amended incorporates IAS 17 Leases as issued and amended by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Paragraphs that have been added to this Standard (and do not appear in the text of IAS 17) are identified with the prefix “Aus”, followed by the number of the preceding IASB paragraph and decimal numbering.","sortOrder":8},{"sectionNumber":"Compliance with IAS 17","sectionType":"part","heading":"Compliance with IAS 17","content":"## Compliance with IAS 17\n\nEntities that comply with AASB 117 as amended will simultaneously be in compliance with IAS 17 as amended, with the exception of entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements.","sortOrder":9},{"sectionNumber":"aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117","sectionType":"part","heading":"aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117","content":"# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117\n\nLeases","sortOrder":10},{"sectionNumber":"Objective","sectionType":"part","heading":"Objective","content":"## Objective\n\n1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosure to apply in relation to leases.","sortOrder":11},{"sectionNumber":"Application","sectionType":"part","heading":"Application","content":"## Application\n\nAus1.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus1.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.  \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus1.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus1.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus1.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes:\n\n(a) Accounting Standard AASB 1008 Leases as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 491, 6 October 1998; and\n\n(b) AAS 17 Leases as issued in October 1998.\n\nAus1.6 Both AASB 1008 and AAS 17 remain applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus1.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.","sortOrder":12},{"sectionNumber":"Reduced Disclosure Requirements","sectionType":"division","heading":"Reduced Disclosure Requirements","content":"### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus1.8 The following do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements:\n\n(a) paragraphs 31(c), 31(d), 35(b) and 48;\n\n(b) in paragraph 31(b), the text “a reconciliation … present value.” and, in the second sentence, the text “In addition, an entity shall disclose” and “and their present value,”;\n\n(c) in paragraph 35(c), the text “, with separate amounts … sublease payments”; and\n\n(d) in paragraph 56(a), the words “in the aggregate and”.\n\nEntities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus1.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.","sortOrder":13},{"sectionNumber":"Scope","sectionType":"part","heading":"Scope","content":"## Scope\n\n2 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for all leases other than:\n\n(a) leases to explore for or use minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; and\n\n(b) licensing agreements for such items as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights.\n\nHowever, this Standard shall not be applied as the basis of measurement for:\n\n(a) property held by lessees that is accounted for as investment property (see AASB 140 Investment Property);\n\n(b) investment property provided by lessors under operating leases (see AASB 140);\n\n(c) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 Agriculture held by lessees under finance leases; or\n\n(d) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 provided by lessors under operating leases.\n\n3 This Standard applies to agreements that transfer the right to use assets even though substantial services by the lessor may be called for in connection with the operation or maintenance of such assets. This Standard does not apply to agreements that are contracts for services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contracting party to the other.","sortOrder":14},{"sectionNumber":"Definitions","sectionType":"part","heading":"Definitions","content":"## Definitions\n\n4 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nThe commencement of the lease term is the date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate).\n\nContingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time (e.g. percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, future market rates of interest).\n\nEconomic life is either:\n\n(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users; or\n\n(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users.\n\nFair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.\n\nA finance lease is a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred.\n\nGross investment in the lease is the aggregate of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the lessor under a finance lease; and\n\n(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor.\n\nGuaranteed residual value is:\n\n(a) for a lessee, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being the maximum amount that could, in any event, become payable); and\n\n(b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nThe inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. At this date:\n\n(a) a lease is classified as either an operating or a finance lease; and\n\n(b) in the case of a finance lease, the amounts to be recognised at the commencement of the lease are determined.\n\nInitial direct costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.\n\nThe interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments; and\n\n(b) the unguaranteed residual value\n\nto be equal to the sum of:\n\n(c) the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(d) any initial direct costs of the lessor.\n\nA lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.\n\nThe lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to lease the asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continue to lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.\n\nThe lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest is the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.\n\nMinimum lease payments are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor, together with:\n\n(a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by:\n\n(i) the lessee;\n\n(ii) a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nHowever, if the lessee has an option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised, the minimum lease payments comprise the minimum payments payable over the lease term to the expected date of exercise of this purchase option and the payment required to exercise it.\n\nNet investment in the lease is the gross investment in the lease discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease.\n\nA non-cancellable lease is a lease that is cancellable only:\n\n(a) upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;\n\n(b) with the permission of the lessor;\n\n(c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or\n\n(d) upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.\n\nAn operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease.\n\nUnearned finance income is the difference between:\n\n(a) the gross investment in the lease; and\n\n(b) the net investment in the lease.\n\nUnguaranteed residual value is that portion of the residual value of the leased asset, the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor.\n\nUseful life is the estimated remaining period, from the commencement of the lease term, without limitation by the lease term, over which the economic benefits embodied in the asset are expected to be consumed by the entity.\n\n5 A lease agreement or commitment may include a provision to adjust the lease payments for changes in the construction or acquisition cost of the leased property or for changes in some other measure of cost or value, such as general price levels, or in the lessor’s costs of financing the lease, during the period between the inception of the lease and the commencement of the lease term. If so, the effect of any such changes shall be deemed to have taken place at the inception of the lease for the purposes of this Standard.\n\n6 The definition of a lease includes contracts for the hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.\n\n6A AASB 117 uses the term ‘fair value’ in a way that differs in some respects from the definition of fair value in AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement. Therefore, when applying AASB 117 an entity measures fair value in accordance with AASB 117, not AASB 13.","sortOrder":15},{"sectionNumber":"Classification of Leases","sectionType":"part","heading":"Classification of Leases","content":"## Classification of Leases\n\n7 The classification of leases adopted in this Standard is based on the extent to which risks and rewards incidental to ownership of a leased asset lie with the lessor or the lessee. Risks include the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in return because of changing economic conditions. Rewards may be represented by the expectation of profitable operation over the asset’s economic life and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of a residual value.\n\n8 A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership.\n\n9 Because the transaction between a lessor and a lessee is based on a lease agreement between them, it is appropriate to use consistent definitions. The application of these definitions to the differing circumstances of the lessor and lessee may result in the same lease being classified differently by them. For example, this may be the case if the lessor benefits from a residual value guarantee provided by a party unrelated to the lessee.\n\n10 Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form of the contract.[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) Examples of situations that individually or in combination would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;\n\n(b) the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised;\n\n(c) the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset even if title is not transferred;\n\n(d) at the inception of the lease the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(e) the leased assets are of such a specialised nature that only the lessee can use them without major modifications.\n\n11 Indicators of situations that individually or in combination could also lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) if the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee;\n\n(b) gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to the lessee (for example, in the form of a rent rebate equalling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease); and\n\n(c) the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent that is substantially lower than market rent.\n\n12 The examples and indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11 are not always conclusive. If it is clear from other features of the lease that the lease does not transfer substantially all risks and rewards incidental to ownership, the lease is classified as an operating lease. For example, this may be the case if ownership of the asset transfers at the end of the lease for a variable payment equal to its then fair value, or if there are contingent rents, as a result of which the lessee does not have substantially all such risks and rewards.\n\n13 Lease classification is made at the inception of the lease. If at any time the lessee and the lessor agree to change the provisions of the lease, other than by renewing the lease, in a manner that would have resulted in a different classification of the lease under the criteria in paragraphs 7\\-12 if the changed terms had been in effect at the inception of the lease, the revised agreement is regarded as a new agreement over its term. However, changes in estimates (for example, changes in estimates of the economic life or of the residual value of the leased property), or changes in circumstances (for example, default by the lessee), do not give rise to a new classification of a lease for accounting purposes.\n\n14 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15A When a lease includes both land and buildings elements, an entity assesses the classification of each element as a finance or an operating lease separately in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In determining whether the land element is an operating or a finance lease, an important consideration is that land normally has an indefinite economic life.\n\n16 Whenever necessary in order to classify and account for a lease of land and buildings, the minimum lease payments (including any lump-sum upfront payments) are allocated between the land and the buildings elements in proportion to the relative fair values of the leasehold interests in the land element and buildings element of the lease at the inception of the lease. If the lease payments cannot be allocated reliably between these two elements, the entire lease is classified as a finance lease, unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases, in which case the entire lease is classified as an operating lease.\n\n17 For a lease of land and buildings in which the amount that would initially be recognised for the land element, in accordance with paragraph 20, is immaterial, the land and buildings may be treated as a single unit for the purpose of lease classification and classified as a finance or operating lease in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In such a case, the economic life of the buildings is regarded as the economic life of the entire leased asset.\n\n18 Separate measurement of the land and buildings elements is not required when the lessee’s interest in both land and buildings is classified as an investment property in accordance with AASB 140 and the fair value model is adopted. Detailed calculations are required for this assessment only if the classification of one or both elements is otherwise uncertain.\n\n19 In accordance with AASB 140, it is possible for a lessee to classify a property interest held under an operating lease as an investment property. If it does, the property interest is accounted for as if it were a finance lease and, in addition, the fair value model is used for the asset recognised. The lessee shall continue to account for the lease as a finance lease, even if a subsequent event changes the nature of the lessee’s property interest so that it is no longer classified as investment property. This will be the case if, for example, the lessee:\n\n(a) occupies the property, which is then transferred to owner-occupied property at a deemed cost equal to its fair value at the date of change in use; or\n\n(b) grants a sub-lease that transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the interest to an unrelated third party. Such a sub-lease is accounted for by the lessee as a finance lease to the third party, although it may be accounted for as an operating lease by the third party.","sortOrder":16},{"sectionNumber":"Leases in the Financial Statements of Le","sectionType":"part","heading":"Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessees","content":"ACCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117\n\nThe Australian Accounting Standards Board made Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001 on 15 July 2004.\n\nThis compiled version of AASB 117 applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. It incorporates relevant amendments contained in other AASB Standards made by the AASB up to and including 28 January 2015 (see Compilation Details).\n\n# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117\n\nLeases\n\n## Objective\n\n1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosure to apply in relation to leases.\n\n## Application\n\nAus1.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus1.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.  \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus1.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus1.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus1.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes:\n\n(a) Accounting Standard AASB 1008 Leases as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 491, 6 October 1998; and\n\n(b) AAS 17 Leases as issued in October 1998.\n\nAus1.6 Both AASB 1008 and AAS 17 remain applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus1.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.\n\n### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus1.8 The following do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements:\n\n(a) paragraphs 31(c), 31(d), 35(b) and 48;\n\n(b) in paragraph 31(b), the text “a reconciliation … present value.” and, in the second sentence, the text “In addition, an entity shall disclose” and “and their present value,”;\n\n(c) in paragraph 35(c), the text “, with separate amounts … sublease payments”; and\n\n(d) in paragraph 56(a), the words “in the aggregate and”.\n\nEntities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus1.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.\n\n## Scope\n\n2 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for all leases other than:\n\n(a) leases to explore for or use minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; and\n\n(b) licensing agreements for such items as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights.\n\nHowever, this Standard shall not be applied as the basis of measurement for:\n\n(a) property held by lessees that is accounted for as investment property (see AASB 140 Investment Property);\n\n(b) investment property provided by lessors under operating leases (see AASB 140);\n\n(c) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 Agriculture held by lessees under finance leases; or\n\n(d) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 provided by lessors under operating leases.\n\n3 This Standard applies to agreements that transfer the right to use assets even though substantial services by the lessor may be called for in connection with the operation or maintenance of such assets. This Standard does not apply to agreements that are contracts for services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contracting party to the other.\n\n## Definitions\n\n4 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nThe commencement of the lease term is the date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate).\n\nContingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time (e.g. percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, future market rates of interest).\n\nEconomic life is either:\n\n(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users; or\n\n(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users.\n\nFair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.\n\nA finance lease is a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred.\n\nGross investment in the lease is the aggregate of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the lessor under a finance lease; and\n\n(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor.\n\nGuaranteed residual value is:\n\n(a) for a lessee, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being the maximum amount that could, in any event, become payable); and\n\n(b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nThe inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. At this date:\n\n(a) a lease is classified as either an operating or a finance lease; and\n\n(b) in the case of a finance lease, the amounts to be recognised at the commencement of the lease are determined.\n\nInitial direct costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.\n\nThe interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments; and\n\n(b) the unguaranteed residual value\n\nto be equal to the sum of:\n\n(c) the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(d) any initial direct costs of the lessor.\n\nA lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.\n\nThe lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to lease the asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continue to lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.\n\nThe lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest is the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.\n\nMinimum lease payments are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor, together with:\n\n(a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by:\n\n(i) the lessee;\n\n(ii) a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nHowever, if the lessee has an option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised, the minimum lease payments comprise the minimum payments payable over the lease term to the expected date of exercise of this purchase option and the payment required to exercise it.\n\nNet investment in the lease is the gross investment in the lease discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease.\n\nA non-cancellable lease is a lease that is cancellable only:\n\n(a) upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;\n\n(b) with the permission of the lessor;\n\n(c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or\n\n(d) upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.\n\nAn operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease.\n\nUnearned finance income is the difference between:\n\n(a) the gross investment in the lease; and\n\n(b) the net investment in the lease.\n\nUnguaranteed residual value is that portion of the residual value of the leased asset, the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor.\n\nUseful life is the estimated remaining period, from the commencement of the lease term, without limitation by the lease term, over which the economic benefits embodied in the asset are expected to be consumed by the entity.\n\n5 A lease agreement or commitment may include a provision to adjust the lease payments for changes in the construction or acquisition cost of the leased property or for changes in some other measure of cost or value, such as general price levels, or in the lessor’s costs of financing the lease, during the period between the inception of the lease and the commencement of the lease term. If so, the effect of any such changes shall be deemed to have taken place at the inception of the lease for the purposes of this Standard.\n\n6 The definition of a lease includes contracts for the hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.\n\n6A AASB 117 uses the term ‘fair value’ in a way that differs in some respects from the definition of fair value in AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement. Therefore, when applying AASB 117 an entity measures fair value in accordance with AASB 117, not AASB 13.\n\n## Classification of Leases\n\n7 The classification of leases adopted in this Standard is based on the extent to which risks and rewards incidental to ownership of a leased asset lie with the lessor or the lessee. Risks include the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in return because of changing economic conditions. Rewards may be represented by the expectation of profitable operation over the asset’s economic life and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of a residual value.\n\n8 A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership.\n\n9 Because the transaction between a lessor and a lessee is based on a lease agreement between them, it is appropriate to use consistent definitions. The application of these definitions to the differing circumstances of the lessor and lessee may result in the same lease being classified differently by them. For example, this may be the case if the lessor benefits from a residual value guarantee provided by a party unrelated to the lessee.\n\n10 Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form of the contract.[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) Examples of situations that individually or in combination would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;\n\n(b) the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised;\n\n(c) the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset even if title is not transferred;\n\n(d) at the inception of the lease the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(e) the leased assets are of such a specialised nature that only the lessee can use them without major modifications.\n\n11 Indicators of situations that individually or in combination could also lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) if the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee;\n\n(b) gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to the lessee (for example, in the form of a rent rebate equalling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease); and\n\n(c) the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent that is substantially lower than market rent.\n\n12 The examples and indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11 are not always conclusive. If it is clear from other features of the lease that the lease does not transfer substantially all risks and rewards incidental to ownership, the lease is classified as an operating lease. For example, this may be the case if ownership of the asset transfers at the end of the lease for a variable payment equal to its then fair value, or if there are contingent rents, as a result of which the lessee does not have substantially all such risks and rewards.\n\n13 Lease classification is made at the inception of the lease. If at any time the lessee and the lessor agree to change the provisions of the lease, other than by renewing the lease, in a manner that would have resulted in a different classification of the lease under the criteria in paragraphs 7\\-12 if the changed terms had been in effect at the inception of the lease, the revised agreement is regarded as a new agreement over its term. However, changes in estimates (for example, changes in estimates of the economic life or of the residual value of the leased property), or changes in circumstances (for example, default by the lessee), do not give rise to a new classification of a lease for accounting purposes.\n\n14 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15A When a lease includes both land and buildings elements, an entity assesses the classification of each element as a finance or an operating lease separately in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In determining whether the land element is an operating or a finance lease, an important consideration is that land normally has an indefinite economic life.\n\n16 Whenever necessary in order to classify and account for a lease of land and buildings, the minimum lease payments (including any lump-sum upfront payments) are allocated between the land and the buildings elements in proportion to the relative fair values of the leasehold interests in the land element and buildings element of the lease at the inception of the lease. If the lease payments cannot be allocated reliably between these two elements, the entire lease is classified as a finance lease, unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases, in which case the entire lease is classified as an operating lease.\n\n17 For a lease of land and buildings in which the amount that would initially be recognised for the land element, in accordance with paragraph 20, is immaterial, the land and buildings may be treated as a single unit for the purpose of lease classification and classified as a finance or operating lease in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In such a case, the economic life of the buildings is regarded as the economic life of the entire leased asset.\n\n18 Separate measurement of the land and buildings elements is not required when the lessee’s interest in both land and buildings is classified as an investment property in accordance with AASB 140 and the fair value model is adopted. Detailed calculations are required for this assessment only if the classification of one or both elements is otherwise uncertain.\n\n19 In accordance with AASB 140, it is possible for a lessee to classify a property interest held under an operating lease as an investment property. If it does, the property interest is accounted for as if it were a finance lease and, in addition, the fair value model is used for the asset recognised. The lessee shall continue to account for the lease as a finance lease, even if a subsequent event changes the nature of the lessee’s property interest so that it is no longer classified as investment property. This will be the case if, for example, the lessee:\n\n(a) occupies the property, which is then transferred to owner-occupied property at a deemed cost equal to its fair value at the date of change in use; or\n\n(b) grants a sub-lease that transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the interest to an unrelated third party. Such a sub-lease is accounted for by the lessee as a finance lease to the third party, although it may be accounted for as an operating lease by the third party.\n\n## Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessees\n\n### Finance Leases\n\n#### Initial recognition\n\n20 At the commencement of the lease term, lessees shall recognise finance leases as assets and liabilities in their statements of financial position at amounts equal to the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease. The discount rate to be used in calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments is the interest rate implicit in the lease, if this is practicable to determine; if not, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate shall be used. Any initial direct costs of the lessee are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n21 Transactions and other events are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and financial reality and not merely with legal form. Although the legal form of a lease agreement is that the lessee may acquire no legal title to the leased asset, in the case of finance leases the substance and financial reality are that the lessee acquires the economic benefits of the use of the leased asset for the major part of its economic life in return for entering into an obligation to pay for that right an amount approximating, at the inception of the lease, the fair value of the asset and the related finance charge.\n\n22 If such lease transactions are not reflected in the lessee’s statement of financial position, the economic resources and the level of obligations of an entity are understated, thereby distorting financial ratios. Therefore, it is appropriate for a finance lease to be recognised in the lessee’s statement of financial position both as an asset and as an obligation to pay future lease payments. At the commencement of the lease term, the asset and the liability for the future lease payments are recognised in the statement of financial position at the same amounts except for any initial direct costs of the lessee that are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n23 It is not appropriate for the liabilities for leased assets to be presented in the financial statements as a deduction from the leased assets. If for the presentation of liabilities in the statement of financial position a distinction is made between current and non-current liabilities, the same distinction is made for lease liabilities.\n\n24 Initial direct costs are often incurred in connection with specific leasing activities, such as negotiating and securing leasing arrangements. The costs identified as directly attributable to activities performed by the lessee for a finance lease are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n#### Subsequent measurement\n\n25 Minimum lease payments shall be apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge shall be allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Contingent rents shall be charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.\n\n26 In practice, in allocating the finance charge to periods during the lease term, a lessee may use some form of approximation to simplify the calculation.\n\n27 A finance lease gives rise to depreciation expense for depreciable assets as well as finance expense for each reporting period. The depreciation policy for depreciable leased assets shall be consistent with that for depreciable assets that are owned, and the depreciation recognised shall be calculated in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment and AASB 138 Intangible Assets. If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset shall be fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n28 The depreciable amount of a leased asset is allocated to each reporting period during the period of expected use on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation policy the lessee adopts for depreciable assets that are owned. If there is reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the period of expected use is the useful life of the asset; otherwise the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n29 The sum of the depreciation expense for the asset and the finance expense for the period is rarely the same as the lease payments payable for the period, and it is, therefore, inappropriate simply to recognise the lease payments payable as an expense. Accordingly, the asset and the related liability are unlikely to be equal in amount after the commencement of the lease term.\n\n30 To determine whether a leased asset has become impaired, an entity applies AASB 136 Impairment of Assets.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n31 Lessees shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, make the following disclosures for finance leases:\n\n(a) for each class of asset, the net carrying amount at the end of the reporting period;\n\n(b) a reconciliation between the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value. In addition, an entity shall disclose the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value, for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(c) contingent rents recognised as an expense in the period;\n\n(d) the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period; and\n\n(e) a general description of the lessee’s material leasing arrangements including, but not limited to, the following:\n\n(i) the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined;\n\n(ii) the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and\n\n(iii) restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends, additional debt, and further leasing.\n\n32 In addition, the requirements for disclosure in accordance with AASB 116, AASB 136, AASB 138, AASB 140 and AASB 141 apply to lessees for assets leased under finance leases.\n\n### Operating Leases\n\n33 Lease payments under an operating lease shall be recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit.[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2)\n\n34 For operating leases, lease payments (excluding costs for services such as insurance and maintenance) are recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis unless another systematic basis is representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit, even if the payments are not on that basis.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n35 Lessees shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7, make the following disclosures for operating leases:\n\n(a) the total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period;\n\n(c) lease and sublease payments recognised as an expense in the period, with separate amounts for minimum lease payments, contingent rents, and sublease payments;\n\n(d) a general description of the lessee’s significant leasing arrangements including, but not limited to, the following:\n\n(i) the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined;\n\n(ii) the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and\n\n(iii) restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends, additional debt, and further leasing.\n\n## Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessors\n\n### Finance Leases\n\n#### Initial recognition\n\n36 Lessors shall recognise assets held under a finance lease in their statements of financial position and present them as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease.\n\n37 Under a finance lease substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to legal ownership are transferred by the lessor, and thus the lease payment receivable is treated by the lessor as repayment of principal and finance income to reimburse and reward the lessor for its investment and services.\n\n38 Initial direct costs are often incurred by lessors and include amounts such as commissions, legal fees and internal costs that are incremental and directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease. They exclude general overheads such as those incurred by a sales and marketing team. For finance leases other than those involving manufacturer or dealer lessors, initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the finance lease receivable and reduce the amount of income recognised over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in the lease is defined in such a way that the initial direct costs are included automatically in the finance lease receivable; there is no need to add them separately. Costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors in connection with negotiating and arranging a lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs. As a result, they are excluded from the net investment in the lease and are recognised as an expense when the selling profit is recognised, which for a finance lease is normally at the commencement of the lease term.\n\n#### Subsequent measurement\n\n39 The recognition of finance income shall be based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor’s net investment in the finance lease.\n\n40 A lessor aims to allocate finance income over the lease term on a systematic and rational basis. This income allocation is based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic return on the lessor’s net investment in the finance lease. Lease payments relating to the period, excluding costs for services, are applied against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income.\n\n41 Estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the lessor’s gross investment in the lease are reviewed regularly. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the income allocation over the lease term is revised and any reduction in respect of amounts accrued is recognised immediately.\n\n41A An asset under a finance lease that is classified as held for sale (or included in a disposal group that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with AASB 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations shall be accounted for in accordance with that Standard.\n\n42 Manufacturer or dealer lessors shall recognise selling profit or loss in the period, in accordance with the policy followed by the entity for outright sales. If artificially low rates of interest are quoted, selling profit shall be restricted to that which would apply if a market rate of interest were charged. Costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors in connection with negotiating and arranging a lease shall be recognised as an expense when the selling profit is recognised.\n\n43 Manufacturers or dealers often offer to customers the choice of either buying or leasing an asset. A finance lease of an asset by a manufacturer or dealer lessor gives rise to two types of income:\n\n(a) profit or loss equivalent to the profit or loss resulting from an outright sale of the asset being leased, at normal selling prices, reflecting any applicable volume or trade discounts; and\n\n(b) finance income over the lease term.\n\n44 The sales revenue recognised at the commencement of the lease term by a manufacturer or dealer lessor is the fair value of the asset, or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments accruing to the lessor, computed at a market rate of interest. The cost of sale recognised at the commencement of the lease term is the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the leased property less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value. The difference between the sales revenue and the cost of sale is the selling profit, which is recognised in accordance with the entity’s policy for outright sales.\n\n45 Manufacturer or dealer lessors sometimes quote artificially low rates of interest in order to attract customers. The use of such a rate would result in an excessive portion of the total income from the transaction being recognised at the time of sale. If artificially low rates of interest are quoted, selling profit is restricted to that which would apply if a market rate of interest were charged.\n\n46 Costs incurred by a manufacturer or dealer lessor in connection with negotiating and arranging a finance lease are recognised as an expense at the commencement of the lease term because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer’s or dealer’s selling profit.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n47 Lessors shall, in addition to meeting the requirements in AASB 7, disclose the following for finance leases:\n\n(a) a reconciliation between the gross investment in the lease at the end of the reporting period, and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period. In addition, an entity shall disclose the gross investment in the lease and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period, for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) unearned finance income;\n\n(c) the unguaranteed residual values accruing to the benefit of the lessor;\n\n(d) the accumulated allowance for uncollectible minimum lease payments receivable;\n\n(e) contingent rents recognised as income in the period; and\n\n(f) a general description of the lessor’s material leasing arrangements.\n\n48 As an indicator of growth it is often useful also to disclose the gross investment less unearned income in new business added during the period, after deducting the relevant amounts for cancelled leases.\n\n### Operating Leases\n\n49 Lessors shall present assets subject to operating leases in their statements of financial position according to the nature of the asset.\n\n50 Lease income from operating leases shall be recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term, unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit derived from the leased asset is diminished.[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3)\n\n51 Costs, including depreciation, incurred in earning the lease income are recognised as an expense. Lease income (excluding receipts for services provided such as insurance and maintenance) is recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term even if the receipts are not on such a basis, unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit derived from the leased asset is diminished.\n\n52 Initial direct costs incurred by lessors in negotiating and arranging an operating lease shall be added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised as an expense over the lease term on the same basis as the lease income.\n\n53 The depreciation policy for depreciable leased assets shall be consistent with the lessor’s normal depreciation policy for similar assets, and depreciation shall be calculated in accordance with AASB 116 and AASB 138.\n\n54 To determine whether a leased asset has become impaired an entity applies AASB 136.\n\n55 A manufacturer or dealer lessor does not recognise any selling profit on entering into an operating lease because it is not the equivalent of a sale.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n56 Lessors shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7, disclose the following for operating leases:\n\n(a) the future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases in the aggregate and for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) total contingent rents recognised as income in the period; and\n\n(c) a general description of the lessor’s leasing arrangements.\n\n57 In addition, the disclosure requirements in AASB 116, AASB 136, AASB 138, AASB 140 and AASB 141 apply to lessors for assets provided under operating leases.\n\n## Sale and Leaseback Transactions\n\n58 A sale and leaseback transaction involves the sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same asset. The lease payment and the sale price are usually interdependent because they are negotiated as a package. The accounting treatment of a sale and leaseback transaction depends upon the type of lease involved.\n\n59 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in a finance lease, any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount shall not be immediately recognised as income by a seller-lessee. Instead, it shall be deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n60 If the leaseback is a finance lease, the transaction is a means whereby the lessor provides finance to the lessee, with the asset as security. For this reason it is not appropriate to regard an excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount as income. Such excess is deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n61 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in an operating lease, and it is clear that the transaction is established at fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately. If the sale price is below fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately except that, if the loss is compensated for by future lease payments at below market price, it shall be deferred and amortised in proportion to the lease payments over the period for which the asset is expected to be used. If the sale price is above fair value, the excess over fair value shall be deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used.\n\n62 If the leaseback is an operating lease, and the lease payments and the sale price are at fair value, there has in effect been a normal sale transaction and any profit or loss is recognised immediately.\n\n63 For operating leases, if the fair value at the time of a sale and leaseback transaction is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss equal to the amount of the difference between the carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised immediately.\n\n64 For finance leases, no such adjustment is necessary unless there has been an impairment in value, in which case the carrying amount is reduced to recoverable amount in accordance with AASB 136.\n\n65 Disclosure requirements for lessees and lessors apply equally to sale and leaseback transactions. The required description of material leasing arrangements leads to disclosure of unique or unusual provisions of the agreement or terms of the sale and leaseback transactions.\n\n66 Sale and leaseback transactions may trigger the separate disclosure criteria in AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements.\n\n## Transitional Provisions\n\n67 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68A An entity shall reassess the classification of land elements of unexpired leases at the date it adopts the amendments referred to in paragraph 69A on the basis of information existing at the inception of those leases. It shall recognise a lease newly classified as a finance lease retrospectively in accordance with AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. However, if an entity does not have the information necessary to apply the amendments retrospectively, it shall:\n\n(a) apply the amendments to those leases on the basis of the facts and circumstances existing on the date it adopts the amendments; and\n\n(b) recognise the asset and liability related to a land lease newly classified as a finance lease at their fair values on that date; any difference between those fair values is recognised in retained earnings.\n\n## Effective Date\n\n69 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n69A Paragraphs 14 and 15 were deleted, and paragraphs 15A and 68A were added as part of AASB 2009-5 Further Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project issued in May 2009. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.\n\n## Withdrawal of IAS 17 (revised 1997)\n\n70 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":17},{"sectionNumber":"Finance Leases","sectionType":"division","heading":"Finance Leases","content":"ACCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117\n\nThe Australian Accounting Standards Board made Accounting Standard AASB 117 Leases under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001 on 15 July 2004.\n\nThis compiled version of AASB 117 applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2016. It incorporates relevant amendments contained in other AASB Standards made by the AASB up to and including 28 January 2015 (see Compilation Details).\n\n# aCCOUNTING STANDARD AASB 117\n\nLeases\n\n## Objective\n\n1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosure to apply in relation to leases.\n\n## Application\n\nAus1.1 This Standard applies to:\n\n(a) each entity that is required to prepare financial reports in accordance with Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act and that is a reporting entity;\n\n(b) general purpose financial statements of each other reporting entity; and\n\n(c) financial statements that are, or are held out to be, general purpose financial statements.\n\nAus1.2 This Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.  \n\\[Note: For application dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.\\]\n\nAus1.3 This Standard shall not be applied to annual reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2005.\n\nAus1.4 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\nAus1.5 When applicable, this Standard supersedes:\n\n(a) Accounting Standard AASB 1008 Leases as notified in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 491, 6 October 1998; and\n\n(b) AAS 17 Leases as issued in October 1998.\n\nAus1.6 Both AASB 1008 and AAS 17 remain applicable until superseded by this Standard.\n\nAus1.7 Notice of this Standard was published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No S 294, 22 July 2004.\n\n### Reduced Disclosure Requirements\n\nAus1.8 The following do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements:\n\n(a) paragraphs 31(c), 31(d), 35(b) and 48;\n\n(b) in paragraph 31(b), the text “a reconciliation … present value.” and, in the second sentence, the text “In addition, an entity shall disclose” and “and their present value,”;\n\n(c) in paragraph 35(c), the text “, with separate amounts … sublease payments”; and\n\n(d) in paragraph 56(a), the words “in the aggregate and”.\n\nEntities applying Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements may elect to comply with some or all of these excluded requirements.\n\nAus1.9 The requirements that do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements under Australian Accounting Standards – Reduced Disclosure Requirements are identified in this Standard by shading of the relevant text.\n\n## Scope\n\n2 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for all leases other than:\n\n(a) leases to explore for or use minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; and\n\n(b) licensing agreements for such items as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights.\n\nHowever, this Standard shall not be applied as the basis of measurement for:\n\n(a) property held by lessees that is accounted for as investment property (see AASB 140 Investment Property);\n\n(b) investment property provided by lessors under operating leases (see AASB 140);\n\n(c) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 Agriculture held by lessees under finance leases; or\n\n(d) biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 provided by lessors under operating leases.\n\n3 This Standard applies to agreements that transfer the right to use assets even though substantial services by the lessor may be called for in connection with the operation or maintenance of such assets. This Standard does not apply to agreements that are contracts for services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contracting party to the other.\n\n## Definitions\n\n4 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified.\n\nThe commencement of the lease term is the date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate).\n\nContingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time (e.g. percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, future market rates of interest).\n\nEconomic life is either:\n\n(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users; or\n\n(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users.\n\nFair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.\n\nA finance lease is a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred.\n\nGross investment in the lease is the aggregate of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the lessor under a finance lease; and\n\n(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor.\n\nGuaranteed residual value is:\n\n(a) for a lessee, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being the maximum amount that could, in any event, become payable); and\n\n(b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nThe inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. At this date:\n\n(a) a lease is classified as either an operating or a finance lease; and\n\n(b) in the case of a finance lease, the amounts to be recognised at the commencement of the lease are determined.\n\nInitial direct costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.\n\nThe interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of:\n\n(a) the minimum lease payments; and\n\n(b) the unguaranteed residual value\n\nto be equal to the sum of:\n\n(c) the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(d) any initial direct costs of the lessor.\n\nA lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.\n\nThe lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to lease the asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continue to lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.\n\nThe lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest is the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.\n\nMinimum lease payments are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor, together with:\n\n(a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by:\n\n(i) the lessee;\n\n(ii) a party related to the lessee; or\n\n(iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.\n\nHowever, if the lessee has an option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised, the minimum lease payments comprise the minimum payments payable over the lease term to the expected date of exercise of this purchase option and the payment required to exercise it.\n\nNet investment in the lease is the gross investment in the lease discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease.\n\nA non-cancellable lease is a lease that is cancellable only:\n\n(a) upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;\n\n(b) with the permission of the lessor;\n\n(c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or\n\n(d) upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.\n\nAn operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease.\n\nUnearned finance income is the difference between:\n\n(a) the gross investment in the lease; and\n\n(b) the net investment in the lease.\n\nUnguaranteed residual value is that portion of the residual value of the leased asset, the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor.\n\nUseful life is the estimated remaining period, from the commencement of the lease term, without limitation by the lease term, over which the economic benefits embodied in the asset are expected to be consumed by the entity.\n\n5 A lease agreement or commitment may include a provision to adjust the lease payments for changes in the construction or acquisition cost of the leased property or for changes in some other measure of cost or value, such as general price levels, or in the lessor’s costs of financing the lease, during the period between the inception of the lease and the commencement of the lease term. If so, the effect of any such changes shall be deemed to have taken place at the inception of the lease for the purposes of this Standard.\n\n6 The definition of a lease includes contracts for the hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.\n\n6A AASB 117 uses the term ‘fair value’ in a way that differs in some respects from the definition of fair value in AASB 13 Fair Value Measurement. Therefore, when applying AASB 117 an entity measures fair value in accordance with AASB 117, not AASB 13.\n\n## Classification of Leases\n\n7 The classification of leases adopted in this Standard is based on the extent to which risks and rewards incidental to ownership of a leased asset lie with the lessor or the lessee. Risks include the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in return because of changing economic conditions. Rewards may be represented by the expectation of profitable operation over the asset’s economic life and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of a residual value.\n\n8 A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership.\n\n9 Because the transaction between a lessor and a lessee is based on a lease agreement between them, it is appropriate to use consistent definitions. The application of these definitions to the differing circumstances of the lessor and lessee may result in the same lease being classified differently by them. For example, this may be the case if the lessor benefits from a residual value guarantee provided by a party unrelated to the lessee.\n\n10 Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form of the contract.[\\[1\\]](#_ftn1) Examples of situations that individually or in combination would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;\n\n(b) the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised;\n\n(c) the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset even if title is not transferred;\n\n(d) at the inception of the lease the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset; and\n\n(e) the leased assets are of such a specialised nature that only the lessee can use them without major modifications.\n\n11 Indicators of situations that individually or in combination could also lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:\n\n(a) if the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee;\n\n(b) gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to the lessee (for example, in the form of a rent rebate equalling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease); and\n\n(c) the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent that is substantially lower than market rent.\n\n12 The examples and indicators in paragraphs 10 and 11 are not always conclusive. If it is clear from other features of the lease that the lease does not transfer substantially all risks and rewards incidental to ownership, the lease is classified as an operating lease. For example, this may be the case if ownership of the asset transfers at the end of the lease for a variable payment equal to its then fair value, or if there are contingent rents, as a result of which the lessee does not have substantially all such risks and rewards.\n\n13 Lease classification is made at the inception of the lease. If at any time the lessee and the lessor agree to change the provisions of the lease, other than by renewing the lease, in a manner that would have resulted in a different classification of the lease under the criteria in paragraphs 7\\-12 if the changed terms had been in effect at the inception of the lease, the revised agreement is regarded as a new agreement over its term. However, changes in estimates (for example, changes in estimates of the economic life or of the residual value of the leased property), or changes in circumstances (for example, default by the lessee), do not give rise to a new classification of a lease for accounting purposes.\n\n14 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15 \\[Deleted by the IASB\\]\n\n15A When a lease includes both land and buildings elements, an entity assesses the classification of each element as a finance or an operating lease separately in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In determining whether the land element is an operating or a finance lease, an important consideration is that land normally has an indefinite economic life.\n\n16 Whenever necessary in order to classify and account for a lease of land and buildings, the minimum lease payments (including any lump-sum upfront payments) are allocated between the land and the buildings elements in proportion to the relative fair values of the leasehold interests in the land element and buildings element of the lease at the inception of the lease. If the lease payments cannot be allocated reliably between these two elements, the entire lease is classified as a finance lease, unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases, in which case the entire lease is classified as an operating lease.\n\n17 For a lease of land and buildings in which the amount that would initially be recognised for the land element, in accordance with paragraph 20, is immaterial, the land and buildings may be treated as a single unit for the purpose of lease classification and classified as a finance or operating lease in accordance with paragraphs 7-13. In such a case, the economic life of the buildings is regarded as the economic life of the entire leased asset.\n\n18 Separate measurement of the land and buildings elements is not required when the lessee’s interest in both land and buildings is classified as an investment property in accordance with AASB 140 and the fair value model is adopted. Detailed calculations are required for this assessment only if the classification of one or both elements is otherwise uncertain.\n\n19 In accordance with AASB 140, it is possible for a lessee to classify a property interest held under an operating lease as an investment property. If it does, the property interest is accounted for as if it were a finance lease and, in addition, the fair value model is used for the asset recognised. The lessee shall continue to account for the lease as a finance lease, even if a subsequent event changes the nature of the lessee’s property interest so that it is no longer classified as investment property. This will be the case if, for example, the lessee:\n\n(a) occupies the property, which is then transferred to owner-occupied property at a deemed cost equal to its fair value at the date of change in use; or\n\n(b) grants a sub-lease that transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the interest to an unrelated third party. Such a sub-lease is accounted for by the lessee as a finance lease to the third party, although it may be accounted for as an operating lease by the third party.\n\n## Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessees\n\n### Finance Leases\n\n#### Initial recognition\n\n20 At the commencement of the lease term, lessees shall recognise finance leases as assets and liabilities in their statements of financial position at amounts equal to the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease. The discount rate to be used in calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments is the interest rate implicit in the lease, if this is practicable to determine; if not, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate shall be used. Any initial direct costs of the lessee are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n21 Transactions and other events are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and financial reality and not merely with legal form. Although the legal form of a lease agreement is that the lessee may acquire no legal title to the leased asset, in the case of finance leases the substance and financial reality are that the lessee acquires the economic benefits of the use of the leased asset for the major part of its economic life in return for entering into an obligation to pay for that right an amount approximating, at the inception of the lease, the fair value of the asset and the related finance charge.\n\n22 If such lease transactions are not reflected in the lessee’s statement of financial position, the economic resources and the level of obligations of an entity are understated, thereby distorting financial ratios. Therefore, it is appropriate for a finance lease to be recognised in the lessee’s statement of financial position both as an asset and as an obligation to pay future lease payments. At the commencement of the lease term, the asset and the liability for the future lease payments are recognised in the statement of financial position at the same amounts except for any initial direct costs of the lessee that are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n23 It is not appropriate for the liabilities for leased assets to be presented in the financial statements as a deduction from the leased assets. If for the presentation of liabilities in the statement of financial position a distinction is made between current and non-current liabilities, the same distinction is made for lease liabilities.\n\n24 Initial direct costs are often incurred in connection with specific leasing activities, such as negotiating and securing leasing arrangements. The costs identified as directly attributable to activities performed by the lessee for a finance lease are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n#### Subsequent measurement\n\n25 Minimum lease payments shall be apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge shall be allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Contingent rents shall be charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.\n\n26 In practice, in allocating the finance charge to periods during the lease term, a lessee may use some form of approximation to simplify the calculation.\n\n27 A finance lease gives rise to depreciation expense for depreciable assets as well as finance expense for each reporting period. The depreciation policy for depreciable leased assets shall be consistent with that for depreciable assets that are owned, and the depreciation recognised shall be calculated in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment and AASB 138 Intangible Assets. If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset shall be fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n28 The depreciable amount of a leased asset is allocated to each reporting period during the period of expected use on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation policy the lessee adopts for depreciable assets that are owned. If there is reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the period of expected use is the useful life of the asset; otherwise the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n29 The sum of the depreciation expense for the asset and the finance expense for the period is rarely the same as the lease payments payable for the period, and it is, therefore, inappropriate simply to recognise the lease payments payable as an expense. Accordingly, the asset and the related liability are unlikely to be equal in amount after the commencement of the lease term.\n\n30 To determine whether a leased asset has become impaired, an entity applies AASB 136 Impairment of Assets.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n31 Lessees shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, make the following disclosures for finance leases:\n\n(a) for each class of asset, the net carrying amount at the end of the reporting period;\n\n(b) a reconciliation between the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value. In addition, an entity shall disclose the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value, for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(c) contingent rents recognised as an expense in the period;\n\n(d) the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period; and\n\n(e) a general description of the lessee’s material leasing arrangements including, but not limited to, the following:\n\n(i) the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined;\n\n(ii) the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and\n\n(iii) restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends, additional debt, and further leasing.\n\n32 In addition, the requirements for disclosure in accordance with AASB 116, AASB 136, AASB 138, AASB 140 and AASB 141 apply to lessees for assets leased under finance leases.\n\n### Operating Leases\n\n33 Lease payments under an operating lease shall be recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit.[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2)\n\n34 For operating leases, lease payments (excluding costs for services such as insurance and maintenance) are recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis unless another systematic basis is representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit, even if the payments are not on that basis.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n35 Lessees shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7, make the following disclosures for operating leases:\n\n(a) the total of future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period;\n\n(c) lease and sublease payments recognised as an expense in the period, with separate amounts for minimum lease payments, contingent rents, and sublease payments;\n\n(d) a general description of the lessee’s significant leasing arrangements including, but not limited to, the following:\n\n(i) the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined;\n\n(ii) the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and\n\n(iii) restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends, additional debt, and further leasing.\n\n## Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessors\n\n### Finance Leases\n\n#### Initial recognition\n\n36 Lessors shall recognise assets held under a finance lease in their statements of financial position and present them as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease.\n\n37 Under a finance lease substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to legal ownership are transferred by the lessor, and thus the lease payment receivable is treated by the lessor as repayment of principal and finance income to reimburse and reward the lessor for its investment and services.\n\n38 Initial direct costs are often incurred by lessors and include amounts such as commissions, legal fees and internal costs that are incremental and directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease. They exclude general overheads such as those incurred by a sales and marketing team. For finance leases other than those involving manufacturer or dealer lessors, initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the finance lease receivable and reduce the amount of income recognised over the lease term. The interest rate implicit in the lease is defined in such a way that the initial direct costs are included automatically in the finance lease receivable; there is no need to add them separately. Costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors in connection with negotiating and arranging a lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs. As a result, they are excluded from the net investment in the lease and are recognised as an expense when the selling profit is recognised, which for a finance lease is normally at the commencement of the lease term.\n\n#### Subsequent measurement\n\n39 The recognition of finance income shall be based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor’s net investment in the finance lease.\n\n40 A lessor aims to allocate finance income over the lease term on a systematic and rational basis. This income allocation is based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic return on the lessor’s net investment in the finance lease. Lease payments relating to the period, excluding costs for services, are applied against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income.\n\n41 Estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the lessor’s gross investment in the lease are reviewed regularly. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the income allocation over the lease term is revised and any reduction in respect of amounts accrued is recognised immediately.\n\n41A An asset under a finance lease that is classified as held for sale (or included in a disposal group that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with AASB 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations shall be accounted for in accordance with that Standard.\n\n42 Manufacturer or dealer lessors shall recognise selling profit or loss in the period, in accordance with the policy followed by the entity for outright sales. If artificially low rates of interest are quoted, selling profit shall be restricted to that which would apply if a market rate of interest were charged. Costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors in connection with negotiating and arranging a lease shall be recognised as an expense when the selling profit is recognised.\n\n43 Manufacturers or dealers often offer to customers the choice of either buying or leasing an asset. A finance lease of an asset by a manufacturer or dealer lessor gives rise to two types of income:\n\n(a) profit or loss equivalent to the profit or loss resulting from an outright sale of the asset being leased, at normal selling prices, reflecting any applicable volume or trade discounts; and\n\n(b) finance income over the lease term.\n\n44 The sales revenue recognised at the commencement of the lease term by a manufacturer or dealer lessor is the fair value of the asset, or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments accruing to the lessor, computed at a market rate of interest. The cost of sale recognised at the commencement of the lease term is the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the leased property less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value. The difference between the sales revenue and the cost of sale is the selling profit, which is recognised in accordance with the entity’s policy for outright sales.\n\n45 Manufacturer or dealer lessors sometimes quote artificially low rates of interest in order to attract customers. The use of such a rate would result in an excessive portion of the total income from the transaction being recognised at the time of sale. If artificially low rates of interest are quoted, selling profit is restricted to that which would apply if a market rate of interest were charged.\n\n46 Costs incurred by a manufacturer or dealer lessor in connection with negotiating and arranging a finance lease are recognised as an expense at the commencement of the lease term because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer’s or dealer’s selling profit.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n47 Lessors shall, in addition to meeting the requirements in AASB 7, disclose the following for finance leases:\n\n(a) a reconciliation between the gross investment in the lease at the end of the reporting period, and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period. In addition, an entity shall disclose the gross investment in the lease and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the end of the reporting period, for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) unearned finance income;\n\n(c) the unguaranteed residual values accruing to the benefit of the lessor;\n\n(d) the accumulated allowance for uncollectible minimum lease payments receivable;\n\n(e) contingent rents recognised as income in the period; and\n\n(f) a general description of the lessor’s material leasing arrangements.\n\n48 As an indicator of growth it is often useful also to disclose the gross investment less unearned income in new business added during the period, after deducting the relevant amounts for cancelled leases.\n\n### Operating Leases\n\n49 Lessors shall present assets subject to operating leases in their statements of financial position according to the nature of the asset.\n\n50 Lease income from operating leases shall be recognised in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term, unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit derived from the leased asset is diminished.[\\[3\\]](#_ftn3)\n\n51 Costs, including depreciation, incurred in earning the lease income are recognised as an expense. Lease income (excluding receipts for services provided such as insurance and maintenance) is recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term even if the receipts are not on such a basis, unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit derived from the leased asset is diminished.\n\n52 Initial direct costs incurred by lessors in negotiating and arranging an operating lease shall be added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised as an expense over the lease term on the same basis as the lease income.\n\n53 The depreciation policy for depreciable leased assets shall be consistent with the lessor’s normal depreciation policy for similar assets, and depreciation shall be calculated in accordance with AASB 116 and AASB 138.\n\n54 To determine whether a leased asset has become impaired an entity applies AASB 136.\n\n55 A manufacturer or dealer lessor does not recognise any selling profit on entering into an operating lease because it is not the equivalent of a sale.\n\n#### Disclosures\n\n56 Lessors shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7, disclose the following for operating leases:\n\n(a) the future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases in the aggregate and for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(b) total contingent rents recognised as income in the period; and\n\n(c) a general description of the lessor’s leasing arrangements.\n\n57 In addition, the disclosure requirements in AASB 116, AASB 136, AASB 138, AASB 140 and AASB 141 apply to lessors for assets provided under operating leases.\n\n## Sale and Leaseback Transactions\n\n58 A sale and leaseback transaction involves the sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same asset. The lease payment and the sale price are usually interdependent because they are negotiated as a package. The accounting treatment of a sale and leaseback transaction depends upon the type of lease involved.\n\n59 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in a finance lease, any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount shall not be immediately recognised as income by a seller-lessee. Instead, it shall be deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n60 If the leaseback is a finance lease, the transaction is a means whereby the lessor provides finance to the lessee, with the asset as security. For this reason it is not appropriate to regard an excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount as income. Such excess is deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n61 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in an operating lease, and it is clear that the transaction is established at fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately. If the sale price is below fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately except that, if the loss is compensated for by future lease payments at below market price, it shall be deferred and amortised in proportion to the lease payments over the period for which the asset is expected to be used. If the sale price is above fair value, the excess over fair value shall be deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used.\n\n62 If the leaseback is an operating lease, and the lease payments and the sale price are at fair value, there has in effect been a normal sale transaction and any profit or loss is recognised immediately.\n\n63 For operating leases, if the fair value at the time of a sale and leaseback transaction is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss equal to the amount of the difference between the carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised immediately.\n\n64 For finance leases, no such adjustment is necessary unless there has been an impairment in value, in which case the carrying amount is reduced to recoverable amount in accordance with AASB 136.\n\n65 Disclosure requirements for lessees and lessors apply equally to sale and leaseback transactions. The required description of material leasing arrangements leads to disclosure of unique or unusual provisions of the agreement or terms of the sale and leaseback transactions.\n\n66 Sale and leaseback transactions may trigger the separate disclosure criteria in AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements.\n\n## Transitional Provisions\n\n67 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68A An entity shall reassess the classification of land elements of unexpired leases at the date it adopts the amendments referred to in paragraph 69A on the basis of information existing at the inception of those leases. It shall recognise a lease newly classified as a finance lease retrospectively in accordance with AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. However, if an entity does not have the information necessary to apply the amendments retrospectively, it shall:\n\n(a) apply the amendments to those leases on the basis of the facts and circumstances existing on the date it adopts the amendments; and\n\n(b) recognise the asset and liability related to a land lease newly classified as a finance lease at their fair values on that date; any difference between those fair values is recognised in retained earnings.\n\n## Effective Date\n\n69 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n69A Paragraphs 14 and 15 were deleted, and paragraphs 15A and 68A were added as part of AASB 2009-5 Further Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project issued in May 2009. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.\n\n## Withdrawal of IAS 17 (revised 1997)\n\n70 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":18},{"sectionNumber":"Initial recognition","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"Initial recognition","content":"#### Initial recognition\n\n20 At the commencement of the lease term, lessees shall recognise finance leases as assets and liabilities in their statements of financial position at amounts equal to the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the inception of the lease. The discount rate to be used in calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments is the interest rate implicit in the lease, if this is practicable to determine; if not, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate shall be used. Any initial direct costs of the lessee are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n21 Transactions and other events are accounted for and presented in accordance with their substance and financial reality and not merely with legal form. Although the legal form of a lease agreement is that the lessee may acquire no legal title to the leased asset, in the case of finance leases the substance and financial reality are that the lessee acquires the economic benefits of the use of the leased asset for the major part of its economic life in return for entering into an obligation to pay for that right an amount approximating, at the inception of the lease, the fair value of the asset and the related finance charge.\n\n22 If such lease transactions are not reflected in the lessee’s statement of financial position, the economic resources and the level of obligations of an entity are understated, thereby distorting financial ratios. Therefore, it is appropriate for a finance lease to be recognised in the lessee’s statement of financial position both as an asset and as an obligation to pay future lease payments. At the commencement of the lease term, the asset and the liability for the future lease payments are recognised in the statement of financial position at the same amounts except for any initial direct costs of the lessee that are added to the amount recognised as an asset.\n\n23 It is not appropriate for the liabilities for leased assets to be presented in the financial statements as a deduction from the leased assets. If for the presentation of liabilities in the statement of financial position a distinction is made between current and non-current liabilities, the same distinction is made for lease liabilities.\n\n24 Initial direct costs are often incurred in connection with specific leasing activities, such as negotiating and securing leasing arrangements. The costs identified as directly attributable to activities performed by the lessee for a finance lease are added to the amount recognised as an asset.","sortOrder":19},{"sectionNumber":"Subsequent measurement","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"Subsequent measurement","content":"#### Subsequent measurement\n\n25 Minimum lease payments shall be apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability. The finance charge shall be allocated to each period during the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Contingent rents shall be charged as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.\n\n26 In practice, in allocating the finance charge to periods during the lease term, a lessee may use some form of approximation to simplify the calculation.\n\n27 A finance lease gives rise to depreciation expense for depreciable assets as well as finance expense for each reporting period. The depreciation policy for depreciable leased assets shall be consistent with that for depreciable assets that are owned, and the depreciation recognised shall be calculated in accordance with AASB 116 Property, Plant and Equipment and AASB 138 Intangible Assets. If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset shall be fully depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n28 The depreciable amount of a leased asset is allocated to each reporting period during the period of expected use on a systematic basis consistent with the depreciation policy the lessee adopts for depreciable assets that are owned. If there is reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the period of expected use is the useful life of the asset; otherwise the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and its useful life.\n\n29 The sum of the depreciation expense for the asset and the finance expense for the period is rarely the same as the lease payments payable for the period, and it is, therefore, inappropriate simply to recognise the lease payments payable as an expense. Accordingly, the asset and the related liability are unlikely to be equal in amount after the commencement of the lease term.\n\n30 To determine whether a leased asset has become impaired, an entity applies AASB 136 Impairment of Assets.","sortOrder":20},{"sectionNumber":"Disclosures","sectionType":"subdivision","heading":"Disclosures","content":"#### Disclosures\n\n31 Lessees shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of AASB 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, make the following disclosures for finance leases:\n\n(a) for each class of asset, the net carrying amount at the end of the reporting period;\n\n(b) a reconciliation between the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value. In addition, an entity shall disclose the total of future minimum lease payments at the end of the reporting period, and their present value, for each of the following periods:\n\n(i) not later than one year;\n\n(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;\n\n(iii) later than five years;\n\n(c) contingent rents recognised as an expense in the period;\n\n(d) the total of future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the end of the reporting period; and\n\n(e) a general description of the lessee’s material leasing arrangements including, but not limited to, the following:\n\n(i) the basis on which contingent rent payable is determined;\n\n(ii) the existence and terms of renewal or purchase options and escalation clauses; and\n\n(iii) restrictions imposed by lease arrangements, such as those concerning dividends, additional debt, and further leasing.\n\n32 In addition, the requirements for disclosure in accordance with AASB 116, AASB 136, AASB 138, AASB 140 and AASB 141 apply to lessees for assets leased under finance leases.","sortOrder":21},{"sectionNumber":"Operating Leases","sectionType":"division","heading":"Operating Leases","content":"### Operating Leases\n\n33 Lease payments under an operating lease shall be recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit.[\\[2\\]](#_ftn2)\n\n34 For operating leases, lease payments (excluding costs for services such as insurance and maintenance) are recognised as an expense on a straight-line basis unless another systematic basis is representative of the time pattern of the user’s benefit, even if the payments are not on that basis.","sortOrder":22},{"sectionNumber":"Sale and Leaseback Transactions","sectionType":"part","heading":"Sale and Leaseback Transactions","content":"## Sale and Leaseback Transactions\n\n58 A sale and leaseback transaction involves the sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same asset. The lease payment and the sale price are usually interdependent because they are negotiated as a package. The accounting treatment of a sale and leaseback transaction depends upon the type of lease involved.\n\n59 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in a finance lease, any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount shall not be immediately recognised as income by a seller-lessee. Instead, it shall be deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n60 If the leaseback is a finance lease, the transaction is a means whereby the lessor provides finance to the lessee, with the asset as security. For this reason it is not appropriate to regard an excess of sales proceeds over the carrying amount as income. Such excess is deferred and amortised over the lease term.\n\n61 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in an operating lease, and it is clear that the transaction is established at fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately. If the sale price is below fair value, any profit or loss shall be recognised immediately except that, if the loss is compensated for by future lease payments at below market price, it shall be deferred and amortised in proportion to the lease payments over the period for which the asset is expected to be used. If the sale price is above fair value, the excess over fair value shall be deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used.\n\n62 If the leaseback is an operating lease, and the lease payments and the sale price are at fair value, there has in effect been a normal sale transaction and any profit or loss is recognised immediately.\n\n63 For operating leases, if the fair value at the time of a sale and leaseback transaction is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss equal to the amount of the difference between the carrying amount and fair value shall be recognised immediately.\n\n64 For finance leases, no such adjustment is necessary unless there has been an impairment in value, in which case the carrying amount is reduced to recoverable amount in accordance with AASB 136.\n\n65 Disclosure requirements for lessees and lessors apply equally to sale and leaseback transactions. The required description of material leasing arrangements leads to disclosure of unique or unusual provisions of the agreement or terms of the sale and leaseback transactions.\n\n66 Sale and leaseback transactions may trigger the separate disclosure criteria in AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements.","sortOrder":31},{"sectionNumber":"Transitional Provisions","sectionType":"part","heading":"Transitional Provisions","content":"## Transitional Provisions\n\n67 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n68A An entity shall reassess the classification of land elements of unexpired leases at the date it adopts the amendments referred to in paragraph 69A on the basis of information existing at the inception of those leases. It shall recognise a lease newly classified as a finance lease retrospectively in accordance with AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. However, if an entity does not have the information necessary to apply the amendments retrospectively, it shall:\n\n(a) apply the amendments to those leases on the basis of the facts and circumstances existing on the date it adopts the amendments; and\n\n(b) recognise the asset and liability related to a land lease newly classified as a finance lease at their fair values on that date; any difference between those fair values is recognised in retained earnings.","sortOrder":32},{"sectionNumber":"Effective Date","sectionType":"part","heading":"Effective Date","content":"## Effective Date\n\n69 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]\n\n69A Paragraphs 14 and 15 were deleted, and paragraphs 15A and 68A were added as part of AASB 2009-5 Further Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards arising from the Annual Improvements Project issued in May 2009. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.","sortOrder":33},{"sectionNumber":"Withdrawal of IAS 17 (revised 1997)","sectionType":"part","heading":"Withdrawal of IAS 17 (revised 1997)","content":"## Withdrawal of IAS 17 (revised 1997)\n\n70 \\[Deleted by the AASB\\]","sortOrder":34},{"sectionNumber":"IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE","sectionType":"part","heading":"IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE","content":"## IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE\n\nThis guidance accompanies, but is not part of, AASB 117.","sortOrder":35},{"sectionNumber":"Illustrative Examples of Sale and Leaseb","sectionType":"division","heading":"Illustrative Examples of Sale and Leaseback Transactions that Result in Operating Leases","content":"### Illustrative Examples of Sale and Leaseback Transactions that Result in Operating Leases\n\nA sale and leaseback transaction that results in an operating lease may give rise to profit or a loss, the determination and treatment of which depends on the leased asset’s carrying amount, fair value and selling price. The table below shows the requirements of the Standard in various circumstances.\n\n| Sale price at fair value(paragraph 61) | Carrying amount equal to fair value | Carrying amount less than fair value | Carrying amount abovefair value |\n| -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- |\n| Profit                                 | no profit                           | recognise profit immediately         | not applicable                  |\n| Loss                                   | no loss                             | not applicable                       | recognise loss immediately      |\n\n| Sale price below fair value(paragraph 61)                               | Carrying amount equal to fair value | Carrying amount less than fair value | Carrying amount abovefair value |\n| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- |\n| Profit                                                                  | no profit                           | recognise profit immediately         | no profit(note 1)               |\n| Loss not compensated for by future lease payments at below market price | recognise loss immediately          | recognise loss immediately           | (note 1)                        |\n| Loss compensated for by future lease payments at below market price     | defer and amortise loss             | defer and amortise loss              | (note 1)                        |\n\n| Sale price above fair value(paragraph 61) | Carrying amount equal to fair value | Carrying amount less than fair value                                                                                               | Carrying amount abovefair value   |\n| ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |\n| Profit                                    | defer and amortise profit           | defer and amortise excess of sale price over fair valuerecognise any excess of fair value over carrying amount immediately(note 3) | defer and amortise profit(note 2) |\n| Loss                                      | no loss                             | no loss                                                                                                                            | (note 1)                          |\n\nNote 1 These parts of the table represent circumstances dealt with in paragraph 63 of the Standard. Paragraph 63 requires the carrying amount of an asset to be written down to fair value where it is subject to a sale and leaseback.\n\nNote 2 Profit is the difference between fair value and sale price because the carrying amount would have been written down to fair value in accordance with paragraph 63.\n\nNote 3 The excess profit (the excess of sale price over fair value) is deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is expected to be used. Any excess of fair value over the carrying amount is recognised immediately.","sortOrder":36},{"sectionNumber":"DELETED ias 17 TEXT","sectionType":"part","heading":"DELETED ias 17 TEXT","content":"# DELETED ias 17 TEXT\n\nDeleted IAS 17 text is not part of AASB 117.\n\nParagraph 67\n\nSubject to paragraph 68, retrospective application of this Standard is encouraged but not required. If the Standard is not applied retrospectively, the balance of any pre-existing finance lease is deemed to have been properly determined by the lessor and shall be accounted for thereafter in accordance with the provisions of this Standard.\n\nParagraph 68\n\nAn entity that has previously applied IAS 17 (revised 1997) shall apply the amendments made by this Standard retrospectively for all leases or, if IAS 17 (revised 1997) was not applied retrospectively, for all leases entered into since it first applied that Standard.\n\nParagraph 69\n\nAn entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.\n\nParagraph 70\n\nThis Standard supersedes IAS 17 Leases (revised in 1997).","sortOrder":37}],"analysis":{"flash_summary":{"complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The Standard retains its original scope of prescribing accounting policies and disclosures for leases (objective and scope, paras 1–3; 2). Amendments and Australian-specific paragraphs (Aus1.x, 6A, 15A, 68A) add clarification, exceptions and disclosure tiers (Aus1.8) but do not extend or narrow the fundamental scope of lease accounting; they refine application and transitional mechanics (see Aus1.1; 6A; 15A; 68A)."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive judgment required to classify leases as finance or operating (paras 7–13, 15A).","Measurement requires discounting, use of interest rate implicit or incremental borrowing rate (para 20; definitions).","Multiple cross-references to other standards for depreciation, impairment and disclosures (AASB 116, 136, 138, 140, 141; paras 27,30,32,54,57).","Detailed and tiered disclosure requirements for lessees and lessors (paras 31–35, 47–56) and Reduced Disclosure Requirements exceptions (Aus1.8).","Special rules for manufacturer/dealer lessors and sale-and-leaseback accounting (paras 38,42–46,58–66).","Transitional and retrospective application rules, and reassessment of land elements (paras 68A,69A) increase implementation complexity.","Local amendments and additions (Aus paragraphs, 6A) introduce differences from IAS 17 and additional application choices."],"plain_english_summary":"AASB 117 sets how lessees and lessors must recognise, measure and disclose leases in general purpose financial statements. It defines when a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease (paras 7–13) and requires lessees to put finance leases on the balance sheet (para 20), with measurement, depreciation and disclosure rules for both parties (paras 25–35; 36–57). It applies to reporting entities (Aus1.1) and changes what preparers must report, who decides classification (para 13), and the compliance and disclosure effort required."},"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":2998},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":8,"scope_assessment":{"changed":true,"description":"The scope has been modified since the original 2004 issuance. Notable changes include the addition of Reduced Disclosure Requirements (Aus1.8-Aus1.9) in 2010, which created a two-tier system allowing certain eligible entities to avoid specific disclosure paragraphs. Additionally, amendments have narrowed the scope by adding exclusions for biological assets within the scope of AASB 141 (AASB 2014-6) and have refined the treatment of land elements in leases and interactions with investment property standards (AASB 2009-5)."},"complexity_factors":["Over 20 technical defined terms including 'interest rate implicit in the lease,' 'unguaranteed residual value,' and 'lessee's incremental borrowing rate'","Classification requires subjective judgment about 'substantially all' risks and rewards plus complex present value calculations","Dual accounting models (finance vs operating) with fundamentally different recognition patterns for assets, liabilities, and expenses","Specialized provisions for manufacturer/dealer lessors distinct from other lessors, including immediate profit recognition rules","Mandatory separation of land and building components for classification and measurement purposes","Extensive cross-references to other accounting standards (AASB 7, 116, 136, 138, 140, 141, 101)","Multiple layered amendments since 2004 creating conditional application dates and transitional provisions","Complex sale and leaseback transaction rules with different accounting outcomes based on fair value relationships and whether the leaseback is finance or operating"],"plain_english_summary":"This standard tells Australian reporting entities how to account for leases, covering both lessees (asset users) and lessors (asset owners). It distinguishes finance leases (treated like asset purchase with a corresponding liability) from operating leases (rental expense), sets measurement rules and disclosure requirements, and has special cases for dealers and sale‑and‑leasebacks. \n\nIt prevents off‑balance‑sheet financing so investors and creditors see a truer view of assets and obligations."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004","history":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004/history","analysis":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/aasb-117-leases-july-2004/documents"}}